Succession In The Lion King

Succession In The Lion King
Ecology is the scientific study of how organisms interact with the environment. Some examples of ecology include ecological succession, symbiotic
relationships, and how organisms in general react and respond to their environment. In the movie, "The Lion King", something that is shown
throughout the whole movie is ecology. It is shown to be linked with ecology in many places such as when secondary succession occurs after Scar's
death, and also shown due to the symbiotic relationship between Zazu and the monkeys. The topics being discussed today however deal with
ecological succession, symbiotic relationships, and how organisms respond to their external factors. Ecological succession, which is also known as
predictable changes over time, is categorized... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another example that actually portrays a symbiotic relationship well is the relationship between the monkeys and the bird Zazu. Numerous times
throughout the movie, monkeys are eating the bugs off of Zazu's beak and body. This example portrays a good example of mutualism since while the
monkeys benefit due to the food, Zazu benefits since the bugs will stop irritating him showing how both benefit. One example in real life that does not
however show mutualism is when humans eat tapeworms. This is an example of parasitism since the tapeworms gets food to eat whereas the humans
lose their nutrients and might get their stomach enlarged due to the tapeworm growing in size just due to their ambition in losing weight gone wrong.
In general, although there are three relationships, the main relationships shown throughout the Lion King are mutualism another of which includes the
relationship between Timon and Pumba whereas in real life, all three examples are being used
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Bird Species in Belize Essay
This past week in Belize was undoubtedly one of the best experiences I have ever had. In the special topics biology class, I learned so much about
the ecology, culture, and history of the newly established country. Not to mention, I obtained a new respect for ornithology and a new interest in
birds. About the size of Manhattan and with a population of almost 350,000 people, Belize surprisingly holds approximately 500 species of birds. We
were able to spot 135 species of birds during our stay and also learned about a few mutualism relationships.
One of the greatest mutualism relationships is between the ants and the bullhorn acacias. The ants live in the hollow bullhorns and protect the tree,
making sure there is no vegetation to harm it. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The seeds are in a pod and have a very pungent odor resembling dried, old, sweaty underwear. Guanacaste seeds can only be planted if their
protective covers are punctuated and this is usually performed by large mammals. Now, there are only cattle and horses to perform this duty in Belie;
thus, seed dispersal is rare.
Mimosa pudica is a touch–sensitive plant that will close its leaflets inward when touched. It is found on the ground or on plants and is relatively small
in size. The tour guide at the Community Baboon Sanctuary said that the plants were used when slaves were in Belize. Closed mimosas would show
runaway slaves the escape path.
At the Community Baboon Sanctuary, many other plants were noted. Smilax tendrils, also called cat claw, were used as a form of birth control.
Aerial roots are a favorite of the black howler monkeys. The roots can be smoked and help people quit smoking. The cohune have many uses such
as: makes furniture, rings, wine, massage oil, stops infections and more. The miconia leaves have an orange substance at the end that is used as a
ringworm cure. Purple vervines is used as a treatment of leukemia. Melastoma leaves are favored by monkeys, very soft and can be a replacement to
toilet paper. The tourist tree, called because its red skin will peel like tourists, is used in gumbo.
Leaf cutter ants have an ant–fungus mutualism. The ants will nurture the fungus by feeding it leaves and protecting it from pests. If

Interdependence Between the Species
INTERDEPENDENCE BETWEEN THE SPECIES INTERACTION BETWEEN PLANTS AND ANIMALS: Animals are depending upon plants
for their food shelter and also for various things. ANIMALS HELP PLANTS IN DIFFERENT WAYS 1.Many animals are involved in the pollination
in plants. 2.Fruits and seeds of many plants are dispersed by animals 3.Decomposers convert organic substances into inorganic substances so that plants
can absorb them easily. SPECIES INTERACTION All types of relationship between organisms can be divided into two 1)Positive interaction–which is
beneficial to one or both partners. These include a) commensalism b)proto co–operation c) mutualism 2)Negative interaction–which is harmful to one
or more of the participants. These include... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2.Epiphytes and epizoans: Epiphytes are plants that grow perched on other plants only as support and not for food and water. They are provided
with special roots called velamin roots, which can take up water from the moisture. Epizoans are plants that grow on the body of animals. Eg the
green algae grow on the long, grooved hairs of the sloth. Sucker fish attaches itself to the body of a shark. A commensal that lives inside the body of
the host is referred to as endocommensal. 1.Some saprophytic fungi and bacteria live within the tissues and cavities of higher plants and animals.
Some microbes are seen in the lower intestines of animals.(Here they are not taking anything from the host's body) 2.Termite nests provide ecologic
niches for more than a 100 species of other animals such as ants, beetles and millipeds. 3.A oyster crab, Pinnothers ostreum is found in the mantle
cavity of the oyster. In addition to shelter it also gets food from the host molluscs, oyster without causing any harm. PROTOCOOPERATION :–It is a
short step ahead of commensalism and cooperation. In this relationship, both organisms gain by the association and are mutually benefited(facultative
mutualism) Eg the Red billed Oxpecker form protocooperation with Black Rhinoceros– the bird feed on the parasites sticking on the skin of the
rhinoceros relieving him of the parasites, and inturn obtaining

Questions On Biotic Relationships
...This is my nine weeks exam essay on Biotic Relationships.The Biotic Relashionships are mutalism, commensalism, paristims, predation, and
competion.My nine weeks exam essay is also going to be about abiotic,bitotic,organisms,populations,commuties,ecoysystems,and biomes. As you read
along you can get to understand the Biotic Relationships. ..The Biotic Relationships are mutualism,commensalism,parasitism,predation,and
competition. This paragraph is about mutualism.What is mutualism? How many host does this relationship need? Do it do any good affection to either
of the host? What are some examples? Mutualism is в…• Boitic Realashionship.Mutaulism is a relashionship between more than one host.In the
mutaulism realshionship both of the host gets... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What is competition?How many host does this relationship need ? Do it do any good affection to either of the host? What are some
examples?Competition is 5/5 Biotic Relationships.Competition is a relationship between more than one specie.Competition is a relationship where the
animals does not have any empathy for each other and they can be in the same environment.Competition relationship is basically saying that the
animals in the same environment can't get along. An example for competition can be a gorillas zebras eagles and etc in the same environment that don't
belong together. Competition is a Biotic Relationship. ..What are abiotic things, Where can they be found? Abiotic things are dead factors that are part
of an environment. Abiotic things are nonliving things such as water rocks light nutrients ,soil, temperatures,and etc.Abiotic factors are not just things
that you can see it can be things that you can't see like temperatures,and the air. Abiotic things are nonliving some you can see some you can't. Abiotic
things live in all

Super Bowl Ad Analysis Essay
Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company and Preventing Avoidable Accidents Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company's Super Bowl advertisement,
"#makesafehappen" released on February 1st, 2015, has received negative attention because of its morbid yet practical depiction of a young boy who
has passed away due to a "preventable accident" before experiencing the life in which a teen or young adult would otherwise. The advertisement also
uses the death of a young child to appeal to parents; especially the mothers, largely using pathos to raise awareness of deadly accidents which could
otherwise be preventable. Logos and ethos, although weak in this advertisement, also raises awareness on preventing avoidable accidents. Before
discussing ethos, pathos,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The emotional appeals utilized in the video are both heart–warming and worrisome due to the language and tone the boy uses throughout the
advertisement. The repetition of the phrase, "I'll never get to", creates empathy for the boy through people who were able to accomplish the things the
boy was not due to his "preventable accident". This sympathy for the boy then creates acknowledgment, especially for parents, of the "preventable"
dangers that lurk in the world; bringing about, the success of the "makesafehappen"

Of Mice And Men Relationships
From a mutualistic relationship where the partners help each other or a parasitic relationship where one partner takes from the other. In of mice and
men by John Steinbeck there are many relationships that connect to the article living in Sym. the three relationships that connect to living in Sym are
mutualism, commensalism, and parasitic. The book Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck tells a story about Two itinerant Farm workers named George
and Lennie and their problems in a ranch a few miles south of Soledad. The two men have a conflict with society and how they are treated. The main
theme of the book is to remind us how harsh the real world can be and how our dreams don't always come true. To begin the first relationship

Ap Biology Worksheet
1.An individual that plays only part of its role because of competition or other types of species interactions is said to display a realized niche. Species
over time divide the resources they commonly use by specializing in different ways.
2.Predation: A process in which species hunt, capture, kill, and eat the prey.
Parasitism: A relationship where anorganism such as a parasite is dependent on a host.
Herbivory: Animals that strictly rely on plants.
3.Symbiotic Mutualisms: Plant provide energy and protection to the fungus while the fungus helps the plant absorb nutrients from the soil.
Non–symbiotic Mutualisms: Species don't depend on each other and don't live together.
An example of mutualism in everyday life is our digestive tracts ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
5.A keystone species has a high impact on a community by keeping an ecosystem together. Most often Beavers, Bears, and Bees are just a couple of
keystone species.
6.Primary Succession is starting from nothing and then slowly over years rebuilds into a habitable place such as starting from bare rock to pioneer
species adapt and colonize what was nothing into something. Secondary succession is a process of recovering from a natural disaster or from human
interaction with the earth such as faming.
7.Invasive species make bad situations into worse situations. Having a species from a different ecosystem makes them invasive species. Such as a toad
or even bacteria being in another ecosystem other than their natural habitat.
8.Restoration ecologists study the ecological communities before humans had any interaction with it. The importance of this study is that if the
ecosystem can't function we are able to do something about it.
9.A biome is several communities in one specific area – a large scale ecological unit recognized primarily by its dominant plant type and vegetation
structure. Temperature and precipitation can predict the type of biome that forms on a

Dependence By Octavia E. Butler
Dependence in Fledgling Dependence is a very broad term that encompasses multiple different aspects of peoples' lives. It can be defined in a wide
range of subjects including, but not limited to, obsessions–compulsions, material reliance, and financial dependency. However, dependence is most
commonly used in terms of interpersonal relationship and substance addiction. An intertwined combination of these two types of dependency is
explored in Fledgling, a science fiction vampire novel written by Octavia E. Butler. In her novel, Butler portrays dependence as a natural component of
symbiotic relationships with many varying forms of expression. Based on this, she also shows a connection between co–dependence and addiction
while still ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Like so, the experience is described as beneficial to both people. After Shori reunites with her father, Iosif, both Shori and the readers are informed that
"human blood is most satisfying to [them] and fortunately, [they] don't have to injure the humans [they] take it from" (63). Based on this quote, the
Ina–symbiont relationship would be better classified as commensalism, where one organism benefits while the other is not affected. However, Butler
further stresses the mutualistic relationship between the Ina and their symbionts by noting the other positive effects from the venom injected during
feeding. For example, the venom strengthens their immune system, lengthens their lives by around 100 years, and makes them heal faster. In other
words, they will become much "healthier, stronger and harder to kill than they would be without [their Ina]" (63). In this mutualistic relationship, the
Ina depends on their symbionts as a source of fuel just as much as the symbionts depends on their Ina for health, but mainly feelings of pleasure and
alleviation. However, when Ina misuse their abilities to use "humans as weapons" and tools, it can be viewed as a parasitism (257). Parasitic symbiotic
relationships involve one organism benefiting at the cost of another organism. For instance, Iosif bit Raleigh Curtis, a local resident near

Rationale And Significance Of Animal Selection Theory
Rationale and Significance
Since Darwin published his theory of evolution, cooperation in organisms from bacteria to humans has been a difficult dilemma in evolutionary theory.
Even Darwin did not fully understand how altruistic acts in organisms fit into the natural selection theory. Natural selection theory states that an
individual that has inherited a trait that gives them a better chance at surviving, will be naturally selected for. An explanation as to why a trait that
causes an individual to act in a way that is costly to it persists in groups has confounded scientists for centuries. Since then, scientists like Trivers and
Williams provide theories to explain altruistic acts that still satisfy the natural selection theory. Williams appealed to kinship to satisfy the behavior, and
Trivers appealed to reciprocal altruism where an altruistic act was conditionally reciprocated (Trivers 2006, Williams 1966). This study seeks to look at
the possibility of three of the main theories; by product mutualism, kin selection, or reciprocal altruism as explanations to cooperation in the Pied
flycatchers. The birds provide a rich study system in which they form breeding pairs, large amount of social interactions, and societies are composed of
both unrelated and related individuals. Although many studies look at these explanations separately, this study integrates all the different explanations
of cooperation into one experiment, keeping the species, environment, and individuals

Parasite-Host Relationships
Organisms in an ecosystem have relationships with individuals of their own species, individuals of different species, and non–living resources. A group
of different species living within an ecosystem is called a community. The relationships within a community of organisms can be grouped into different
types of interactions, including predator–prey relationships and symbiotic relationships.
An animal that hunts and eats other animals is called a predator. The animal that gets eaten is called a prey animal. Predator–prey relationships involve
both adaptations of the predator to catch the prey and adaptations of the prey to avoid the predator. Population sizes are also connected to this
relationship. When a prey population changes, the predator ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These are relationships in which individuals live close to each other for extended periods of time.
In a parasite–host relationship, one organism benefits at the expense of the other organism. Typically, the host organism is not killed by the parasite. A
tick attaching itself to a deer is an example of a parasite–host relationship. The tick is the parasite, and the deer is the host.
In symbiotic mutualism, the two organisms benefit each other. A good example is the relationship between some ants and acacia trees. Acacia trees
have large thorns that the ants can hollow out and live inside. The trees also excrete sweet nectar that feeds the resident ants. In return, the ants benefit
the acacia tree by attacking any insects that attempt to eat the tree.
Commensalism refers to a relationship in which one organism benefits and the other organism is not significantly affected. The relationship between
cattle and birds called cattle egrets is a good example of commensalism. As cattle graze in grasslands, they disturb many insects that hide among the
grasses. Egrets follow the cattle and eat the insects that are disturbed by the grazing cattle. The egrets benefit, but the cattle are not significantly
affected by this

Nutritional Symbiotic Relationship between Dogs and Ticks...
Nutritional Symbiotic Relationship between Dogs and Ticks
A nutritional symbiotic relationship is when two or more species have an interaction with another that is beneficial to the animal. There are different
types of a symbiotic relationship, these include Parasitism, when one organism is benefited from a host animal who is harmed through the interaction,
Commensalism, when one animal benefits and the other is not affected and stays neutral, and Mutualism, when both animals are benefited from
interaction. Although there are three different types of relationships, some of them may occur in different places within or outside the body.
Endosymbiosis occurs when a species has a symbiotic relationship within the host's body, such as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although some symbiotic relationships are parasitic many are mutualistic, meaning that both animals involved in the relationship are benefited. An
example of a mutualistic symbiotic relationship is between a cleaner fish and a moray eel. A cleaner fish usually tends to clean groupers, pufferfish,
but most commonly the moray eel. The cleaner fish will crawl over the fish, who they are cleaning, and clean there gills, skin, face, and even the
throat and mouth, therefore the cleaner fish has an ectosymbiosis relationship . Many cleaner fish work in groups with their mates, at a cleaning
station type of coral reef. The cleaning fish develop a "cleaning station" in order to provide for their young and there mates. This process if beneficial
to both cleaner fish, eel, or any other fish that swim by. The Moray Eel, which is benefited from the cleaner fish, can range from four feet to thirteen
feet and can weigh almost eighty pounds. These eels live all over the world in freshwater areas, and this is where they encountered the cleaner fish.
Symbiotic relationships, negative, positive, and neutral can be found everywhere around the world. Although these relationships may have negative
effects they all have an important role in the environment. Each organism has its role, even though it could be parasitic role it has its own role and
place in nature. Mutualistic relationships help animals and organisms provide for themselves and thats why they are

Badger Vs Coyotes Essay
Cheater
As species evolved over time they become adapted to the environment in which they live in. Some species become supreme at one trait that was passed
down to them by their ancestor. This trait assists them to survivor in the environment in which they live in. When hunting for a meal, sometimes it
could be difficult for a predator to catch a prey. For an instant, in a coyote–badger relationship, a coyote eats other species such as prairie dogs and
ground squirrels, the coyote can locate the prairie dog as well as run fast to catch them, however, the prairie dogs could easily escape away in one of
their numerous tunnels. The badger also eats prairie dogs and ground squirrels, but it can dig way much faster than the coyote to catch ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This increase their chances of catching more prey. According to "Ecology Letter", the term cheater refers to an organism that obtains a benefit at the
cost of another organism, a cheater also associated with mutualism. Natural selection does favor cheaters because a cheater that cooperate with another
organism can, will expand its chances of survival. For this assignment, I choose to write about the relationship between the badgers and coyotes.
Although both only hunt together in a certain region they both work together so well that they catch more prey when they are together than when they
are hunting by themselves or with their own species. According to "Coyotes and Badgers, Incorporated", coyotes hunting with badgers, succeed 30
percent more on catching prey and have to work less than unaccompanied coyotes in the same area. The coyote does not eat the badger, the behavior
each other are more like a business they both understand the mutual relationship between them. Their relationship facilitates for both to capture more
prey. The coyote doesn't have to work as hard as it needs to work when it's alone hunting or when it's hunting with other coyotes, the badger does all
the digging. This makes the coyote a cheater because it benefits

Nepenthes Rajah Case Study
Background
Nepenthes rajah is a type of carnivorous pitcher plant found predominantly in the hot and nutrient–deficient soils of the Southeast Asian tropics. Since
the soil is nutrient–deficient, N. rajah captures arthropods that falls into its jug–shaped leaf organ as a source of N and P to grow; similarly to other
pitcher plants. However, unlike other pitcher plants, N. rajah also strangely interacts mutually with two small mountain mammals: Tupaia Montana and
Rattus baluensis. This is different from other Nepenthes species as they only interact with T. montana. These two mammals feed on the sweet nectar
that N. rajah produces and in return, persistently defecates inside the pitcher. N. rajah benefits because it consumes the nutrient–rich fecal matter for an
additional source of N. This unique mutualistic relationship between a carnivorous plant and multiple small mammals was investigated Greenwood et al
(2011). The study invested the strength of mutualism between N. rajah and the two mammals via scat deposition rates. Alongside with that, the visiting
behavior of the two mammals and N. rajah was documented to show possible competition or avoidance between the mammals, and the similarities and
differences between said two mammals. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
rajah and the two mammals in terms of scat deposition rates. Both mammals had a similar frequency of scat deposits despite the higher visitation rate
of T. montana compared to R. baluensis. The researchers concluded this was due to R. baluensis having a higher degree of accuracy in depositing the
scat inside in pitcher, whereas T. montana had a significantly lower accuracy rate and defecated outside the pitcher. Regardless of the lower accuracy
in T. montana, N. rajah still receives a total N level from feces that may range higher than 57%– results found in a study containing a Nepenthes species
and T. montana, because N. rajah is involved with two

Predator
Predator – Prey Relationships
The relationship between predators and their prey is an intricate and complicated relationship; covering a great area of scientific knowledge. This paper
will examine the different relationships between predator and prey; focusing on the symbiotic relations between organisms, the wide range of defense
mechanisms that are utilized by various examples of prey, and the influence between predators and prey concerning evolution and population structure.
Symbiosis is the interaction between organisms forming a long term relationship with each other. Many organisms become dependent on others and
they need one another or one needs the other to survive. Symbiotic interactions include forms of parasitism, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Parasites are what is called host specific, this means that their anatomy, metabolism, and life–style is adapted to that of their host(1973). Some parasites
react to the behavior of their hosts, an interaction called social parasitism(1989). More simply put a parasite might take advantage of the tendencies
of a particular species for the benefit of it's own. An example of this is the European Cuckoo. In this case the grown cuckoo destroys one of the host
birds eggs and replaces it with one of it's own(1991). The host bird then raises the cuckoo nestling even when the cuckoo is almost too large for the
nest and much bigger than the host bird(1991). This is a case where the parasite uses the host to perform a function and making life and reproduction
easier on itself. Parasite and host relationships hold an important part of homeostasis in nature.(1975). Parasitism is an intricate component in the
regulation of population of different species in nature. Mutualism is another topic at hand in discussing predator–prey relationships. Mutualism is a
symbiotic relationship in which both members of the association benefit(1989). Mutualistic interaction is essential to the survival or reproduction of
both participants involved(1989). The best way to describe the relationships of mutualism is through examples. We will give examples of mutualism
from different environments. Bacteria

Describe The Relationship Between Termites And Dermatobia...
1. A phoretic relationship is when two different species, who benefit from one another, travel together throughout their relationship. An example of
phoresis is the species of fly, Dermatobia hominis. The fly attaches the larvae to another insect such as a mosquito and when the mosquito travels and
feeds on an animal or human, the eggs hatch and the larvae burrows itself into it's skin.
2. Mutualism is when both parties of the relationship benefit from the association. Obligatory mutualism is when both species depend on one another in
the relationship because otherwise they would not be able to survive alone.
3. The obligatory relationship between termites and gut protozoa is very important. Termites bodies do not produce the necessary enzymes that are
essential in digesting the cellulose in wood. The protozoa that live inside the gut of the termite, however, secrete the same enzyme that is ... Show more
Protozoa can reproduce both sexually and asexually and can go back and forth between the two depending on its environment. With asexual
reproduction protozoa reproduce by binary fission. Some use multiple fission, also known as mergony or shizogony. The resulting daughter cells are
called merozoites. Another type of multiple fission called sporogony where meiosis occurs before mitosis.
16. When the union of whole cell gametes are similar they are called isogametes. When they differ they are called anisogametes.
17. Two individual ciliates unite and fuse their pellicles at the point of contact. The macronucleus in each ciliate disintegrate and then the micronuclei
undergo meiosis to produce four haploid pronuclei and two of four of these pronuclei degenerate. The migratory pronucleus from each individual ciliate
moves into the other to fuse with the stationary pronucleus and restores the diploid status. The cells then separate and undergo nuclear division to
produce macronuclei. The resulting cells are called exconjugates and are now ready to undergo sexual

Outcasts In John Steinbeck's Of Mice And Men
The best friendships are those that desire mutual dependence is helpful to both parties. In other words, the relationship is symbiotic, which means the
characters are "living together in close association" ("Living in Sym" par. 2). There are many types of relationships. John Steinbeck was an American
author that was born in 1902 and died at the age of 66 in 1968. His best–known works are The Grapes of Wrath, The Red Pony, and Of Mice and Men.
Steinbeck wrote Of Mice and Men in 1937, and he based it off the events that have occurred with migrant farmers in California. He discovered and
authored what the migrant farmers had to go through the characters within his book. Two of the characters in the novel, George and Lennie, are
migrant workers... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both mutualistic and parasitic relationships are developed in the plot of the book. Friendships throughout the novel have a great effect on the
characters. Overall, it is important to be a good friend and have mutual respect for each other. Although friendship requires trust in people, in return
friends get better lives. If you trust someone, the trust can provide someone to talk to when you are feeling down, someone who you care share any
secrets and someone you can just be open with. Sometimes people trust the wrong people and the relationship that started mutualistic turns

Victor Franklear
The application of perceiving the value of others through the action of love may be one possible tactic in protecting one's self against a subliminal
decision, such as Tate's. In support, Victor Frankl claims that through loving another, one enables the "beloved" to "actualize" his/her own
"potentialities" (111). This process assists in the transition to mutualism because by "making [the beloved] aware of what [he/she] can be and of what
[he/she] should become" both sides thrive (112). An antithesis to this phenomenon is King Lear's mistake of relinquishing his kingdom to his two
daughters who love him least, but flatter him most. Through his oversight, he estranges the daughter who loves and honors him, yet refuses to flatter
him (Shakespeare). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
. . and the extent to which that [importance] is . . . able to be promoted" (Watt 226). For the transformation to mutualism to occur, society's highest
socioeconomic classes should be pushed to realize their subliminal stereotyping of minorities or lower socioeconomic classes. The conundrum of this
call to action is: how do we realize our subliminal treatment or condemnation of others, especially if we have lived our whole lives being conditioned
to think a certain way? A simplistic start may be to discern that if human lives are indeed endowed with equivalent worth, then one cannot assess his/her
life at an elevated value and should, therefore, treat each human being as

Mutualism In John Steinbeck's Of Mice And Men
A childlike adult and a hardworking friend. Dead mice, puppies and a beautiful blonde women. What do all of these have in common? They are all
related to the book Of Mice and Men. Of Mice and Men is a realistic fiction novella by John Steinbeck set during the 1930's in the Salinas Valley,
California. The main characters George and Lennie are itinerant workers on a ranch who work throughout the story and experience challenge
throughout the book. Living in Sym is an informational piece explaining many different types of relationships, these relationships which are also
visible in Of ––Mice and Men. Living in Sym and Of Mice and Men connect to one another through ammensalistic, mutualistic, pathogenic and parasitic
relationships. To first understand... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mutualism is illustrated in two relationships throughout Of Mice and Men, the first being through Candy and his dog's relationship between each
other. Mutualism is when both organisms involved benefit. Candy and his dog benefit from one another because they are companions in a setting
where companionship and friendship are rare. In chapter 3, when Carlson is trying to convince Candy to let him shoot the dog, Candy says, "No, I
couldn' do that. I had 'im too long." (Steinbeck 45) This illustrates the relationship between Candy and the dog because they are companions to one
another. This relates to a mutualistic relationship because Candy is benefiting mentally from having a relationship, and the dog is benefiting from
Candy by being provided with a place to live, food, water and a loving owner. Additionally, another mutualistic relationship in Of Mice and Men is the
relationship between Crooks and Lennie. Crooks and Lennie first meet in Chapter 4, when Lennie ventures into Crook's room looking for company. At
first, Crooks does not want anything to do with Lennie, yet as the chapter progresses, they both begin to benefit from their conversation. Crooks, being
a negro stableboy does not normally have that many people to talk to, therefore, he is benefiting by forming almost a friendship with Lennie. Lennie,
being as slow and child–like, is benefiting by being able to express his dream with someone that would actually talk to him. When Lennie attempts to
explain his story to other characters in the book, they are dismissive for the fact that they believe that he is crazy. However, Crooks actually listens to
Lennie, and although he presents an idea of a reality Lennie does not like, Lennie is still benefiting by having someone to talk to about his "American
Dream." This meaning that Crooks and Lennie had a mutualistic relationship. This is how Of Mice and Men and Living in

Examples Of Symbiotic Relationships In The Bean Trees
A symbiotic relationship is a mutually beneficial interaction between two or more people, in which both involved gain something from the
relationship. The overall symbol of the wisteria vines in Barbara Kingsolver's The Bean Trees is an example of a symbiotic relationship. By working
together for a shared survival, both the rhizobia and the wisteria vines are able to better thrive in their environment and achieve a balance that is only
possible by the two factors working together. Kingsolver's symbiotic relationships throughout The Bean Trees show how people can develop stronger
relationships by working together and by developing systems of support for each other, much like the rhizobia and the wisteria vines.
For instance, the relationship between Mattie and Taylor is symbiotic and leads to the two growing a deeper connection through their support of
each other. One of the first examples of Mattie and Taylor's relationship is towards the middle of the book when Taylor explains her new working
situation. Taylor states that, "In many ways it was a perfect arrangement. You couldn't ask for better than Mattie. She was patient and kind and let me
bring in Turtle when I needed to" (81). The characters are developing a symbiotic relationship, because the two both benefit from Taylor's working
situation. While Mattie gains a new employee and Taylor gains a steady job in her new town, both gain a close–friend in the workplace. Later on in the
novel, Taylor and Mattie's relationship

Mutualism And Mutualism In Canada
Mutualism is when both sides benefit, and in the process of immigration, both Canada and the immigrants benefit greatly. As a matter of fact, Canada
is an extremely popular place to immigrate to, it is one of the top ten highest immigrated to countries in the world. Immigrants come to seek refuge,
work, their families, or even just a new life. They help us by creating a better and younger workforce, and we help them to have a home and to be
safe. One benefit of this mutualistic relationship is that we become a more multicultural country. Another perk is that there is growth in the labor force,
and job shortages are filled. The last concept that is gained from this relationship is that families are reunited. Overall, Canada and immigration are a
mutualistic relationship because of the fact that we are becoming a more multicultural country, the labor force is ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Immigration is great for Canada, it has opened up new doors and has created an astonishingly multicultural country to live in. It is said that Canada
doesn't exactly have a food, and that's because instead of just having "Canadian food", we have food from all around the world.We have so many
different types of cuisine available, Indian, Italian, Korean, Chinese, German, Ukrainian, just to name a few. The food comes from different cultures
and represents the fact that we are multicultural. For example, even here in small town, Alberta, we have Chinese, Greek, Japanese, Italian,
Vietnamese, and so many more. Another great fact about immigration is that it has provided a way for two cultures to come together and to learn
about each other.When people come as immigrants, they can teach us many points like their way of life, who they are, what they believe in, etc. For
instance, quite a few of my friends

Throughout history, human beings have been motivated by...
Throughout history, human beings have been motivated by self–interest in order to overcome, succeed, and progress. This has happened so much so
that some have argued that greed is an intrinsic part of human nature, and therefore establishing a society that goes against greed is utopian. Yet,
rejecting human nature altogether is not a viable answer. Others contend that altruism and greed are equal and dual powers. In fact, history has shown
that during the Great Depression it is the perpetuation of avarice that drives individuals to create a system that sinks thousands into poverty. In contrast,
it is also the idea and action taken by individuals that prove the role of humans to help each other as a necessity. In The Grapes of Wrath, ... Show more
The Joads, realizing their competitive environment as well as dwindling resources, participate in mutualism both within and beyond their family
dynamic. For example, when landowners overload the pool of possible farm workers, they pit individual against individual, constructing an increasingly
urgent struggle for existence. However, by the time they begin to move westward, "each member of the family grew into [their] proper place, grew into
[their] duties; so that each member, old and young, had [their] place ... each member had [their] duty and went to it without instruction" (Steinbeck
195). The families who become one family know the value of laws to protect the unit, to protect the bonds that they form. The spontaneous order that
develops in the novel demonstrates a natural survival strategy, a response recommending the merging of the individual into a greater whole. In short,
the Joads realize that in such precarious times, the family consists of anyone who is in need versus the individualistic–minded thinking. Steinbeck
explores the incorporation of individuals who normally compete for survival into a part of a larger, more viable whole. At first glance, The Grapes of
Wrath by John Steinbeck would seem to have little in common with Out of the Dust by Karen Hesse. However, Out of the Dust tells of the deep
misgivings about

Compare And Contrast The Relationship Between Milkweed...
Symbiotic relationships are referred to a special type of partnership between a lot species. These relationships can sometimes be beneficial or
sometimes even harmful. These kinds of cohesion are essential for many ecosystems and organism today. They provide a working balance that can
only be achieved by working with each other. When two different species somehow finds a way to coexist and it's beneficial for both sides, is often
referred to a mutualistic relationship. A good example of this in Mother Nature is the relation between a milkweed flower and a monarch butterfly. If
we compare it to human relationship we usually can compare it to the relationship among men and their call girls. Why do they have so much in
common? How is the relation between a milkweed flower and a monarch butterfly mutualistic? Adult monarchs often look for a milkweed flower to lay
their eggs, and when they find a place usually they leave their eggs... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Women who get into the field of sexual services or at this point, prostitution are there for many reasons. A lot of women finds out about how much
money they can make while there are still young and gets obsessed with money. Others see it as a way to pay for something, like education or
loans that need to be paid back. A lot of women leave the business after their reach their desired goal. For many of them they see themselves as
rescuers, giving men something they want and need. Despite being about the money, a lot of other women do it because it's the only way to survive.
From drug addicts to girls involved in human trafficking. So they really don't have a choice, because it's the only way to make a living and not die. So
all in all women do it because they want the money and men want the sex, kind of a win and win situation right here. You may call it a mutualistic
relationship, both sides understands what they need and what they want, there are both benefitting from this

Literary Analysis : Octavia Butler 's Fledgling
By making use of the clichГ© vampire tales and transforming them into a unique fictional novel, Octavia Butler's Fledgling takes the reader into a
different world in which pleasure, hatred and persistence are combined to solve the mysterious life–threatening puzzle of a genetically modified
vampire. Fledgling is a novel that exposes the ignorance hatred can create and the strength survival can generate. Nonetheless, Fledgling, like many
other books, has its downfalls and confusions. Butler's last novel expresses everything she believed and stood for, and opens the eyes to those who
cannot see our universal issues by placing them in a totally different world. To begin with, Butler gives the reader more than just a book filled with
words, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the reader begins to understand Shori's unique personality, it becomes apparent that she is not just an "immortal fictional being" (pg 16), she is a
genetically modified vampire whose bite empowers her over humans. Furthermore, this novel makes the reader question many human aspects, but one
of the most concerning topics is freedom. Unlike any other vampire novel, Fledgling describes the bites of these "vampires" as enjoyable and even
addicting to the victims. Every bite becomes a "pleasuring" and satisfying" venom that slowly drains the free will of the human. Every bite creates a
relationship between the victim and the predator which eventually becomes more of a necessity then a desire. Butler's fledgling describes this
relationship between the humans and these vampires as "symbiotic". In other words, the prey needs the hunter as much as the hunter needs the prey.
However, these hunters are not out for the kill, but rather for a lifelong symbiotic relationship in which they can feed off of them, but never hurt them.
As a matter of fact, these vampires need and protect their "symbionts", and to a deeper extent, they have an intimate relationship with them. This is the
most unique factor of this novel, the concept of freedom and the motivation of those giving up the power over their being. What is in it for the
victims? In the book it is stated that the saliva of these

The 21st Century Business Management Needs
Contemporary management no longer necessitates the use of traditional forms of management. The age of Taylorism, of Fordism, and of bureaucracy
has come and gone. By some ill fate, the only way now, for organisations to survive, is to become more humane. This is not to be done through
advocating for organisational culture, nor through the adoption of quality management systems, for at their core, they still personify the concept of
centralised power and control. Indeed, what 21st century business management needs, is to indoctrinate the ideals of industrial democracy, and
mutualism. For in doing so, management is able to address issues of organisational survivability, equality, and ultimately, the moral malaise that has
plagued them for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both definitions were created in reflection of the labour movements that occurred throughout the world, during early to mid 19th century, which then
saw further momentum, during the late 19th and early 20th century. The main point to note is that industrial democracy, seeks to provide workers with
a voice in the actions of their organisations, along with the human dignity that they so deserve, bereft of oppression and arbitrary actions in favour of
owners desire to maximise returns.
The relevance of industrial democracy is itself undeniable – be it past or present – as long as we idealize principles of democracy. America was built on
a democratic principle, and thus industrial democracy should be an inherently relevant idea within the political economy. Yet, it wasn't until mid 19th
century that momentum for its implementation arose. Then when the federal government passed the National Labor Relations Act (1935), which
declared in section 7 "[e]mployees shall have the rights to self organization, to form, join or assist labor organisations, to bargain collectively through
representatives of their own choosing, and to engage in concerted activities, for the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection"
industrial democracy had finally taken its first steps. However the act did not force management or owners to share power. Consequently, the
participation of employees in

Symbiosis Vs Mutualism
Symbiosis is when two or more different species live in direct and intimate contact with one another, and is at the very cornerstone of modern
ecosystems. Symbiosis is a fundamental function of our modern ecosystem, and is responsible for the majority of evolutionary developments. Without
symbiosis, the delicately evolved modern ecosystem would not exist as almost every organism relies on another organism (Douglas,2010). This
development of the ecosystem has resulted in the three separate types of symbiosis; Mutualism, Commensalism and Parasitism (Sapp, 2004; Reece et
al, 2014). Mutualistic symbiosis, or mutualism, is an interspecific interaction between two species (with little to no genetic similarities) that benefits
both organisms. Comm.ensalism is the interaction between species where one species benefits significantly from the interaction, and the other
experiences neither significant benefits nor ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This bacteria consumes,stores and redistributes energy,which leads to an increase in biological function for both humans and the bacteria itse lf
(Backhed et al, 2005). A similar process is discussed in the Journa l "Sulfide oxidation occurs in the ani:mal tissue of the gutless clam" (Powel, Somero,
1985) looking at the mutualism between bacteria and the gutless clam. In this case the clam,which survives within sulphur rich environments, has the
bacteria present within the tissue. This bacteria has evolved to oxidise sulphur for a net release of energy, which is used to produce ATP and provide
the energy for cellular function (Powel, Somero, 1985). These mutualistic mechanisms primarily result in involved organisms to have a greater range of
metabolic attributes without the need for generations spent evolving the process. Mutualism also results in the organism relationship having a much
greater adaptability ultimately resulting in a greater chance of survival for both parties (Backhed et al,

Competitive Exclusion Principle
4.
Two species were driven to extinction. The first one was in scenario 5. Species 1 was driven to extinction due to its high О± value. It hit a population
of zero (0.42) at time 36. I chose this because this is the first time the value cannot be rounded up to 1.0.
In Scenario 6, species 2 was driven to extinction due to its lower intrinsic rate of growth, r. It hit a population of zero (0.47) much later, at time 113.
5.
If resources are limiting, one species, with an advantage, will drive the other to extinction. The competitive exclusion principle refers to the idea that
complete competitors cannot coexist. In an environment where resources are constant and limiting, one species will always have some sort of
advantage for competing for these resources. For the other species, the only way out of the situation is to become extinct, or move to another niche.
Gause experimented with this theory with two species of Paramecium, where he kept them competing under constant conditions. One species would
always outcompete the other. The only way for the other to outcompete the first is if the resources were manipulated.
6.
There is some debate as to who developed the idea of competitive exclusion (Tyus 2011). Gause, may have been the first to show experimentally that
the principle was true, at least in the lab. Hutchinson, Grinnell, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From the beginning of life, there have been uncountable numbers of living organisms and species across the planet. But what forces are at play to
create such diversity. Surely, competition for resources drivesevolution, but there are many styles of obtaining these resources and avoiding dangers.
Interspecific competition comes from two species competing for the same resource. Over time, these forces push species to obtain these resources
differently. This could be from changing the time or location of getting this resource, to adapting different functions or

Predation Vs Parasitism
In the comparison of the types of two–species interactions, Predation and Parasitism are the most similar by far, since both of them have a +/–
interaction pattern, where one part benefits and one is taken from. Examples of Predation would be a fox hunting a rabbit, as the fox benefits by
gaining food and the rabbit is disadvantaged by dying, or being seriously/ fatally injured; another example would be a cheetah hunting an antelope in
the same respects of the fox and the rabbit. Good examples of Parasitism, would be bacterias in an organism, or a mosquito drawing blood from an
animal. With bacteria, it benefits by taking the resources that the host organism needs, as the host doesn't benefit by their resources being used by the
bacteria. In

PC Relationship In The Pc Relationship
Often the scarcity of social resources and access to social services induce clients to seek a patron. This vantage point suggests that the PC relationship
is built on the concept of dependency. Usually clients are the ones who rely on a patron for the access to social services. However, patrons also
depend on clients for political support, a spotless public reputation, services, respect, and obedience (Soctt, 1972a; Roniger, 1983 & 2015). This means
that this relationship is based on reciprocity. In addition to the reciprocity, Durmmond's (1989) argument is that the PC relationship also has voluntary
nature. Scott (1972a) theorizes the four voluntary options clients could have prior to committing to a potential patron. First, clients may reciprocate
with services which patrons require immediately in order to restore the balance of exchange. This option means that clients highly depending on
patrons for social resources. Second, the need of clients is great and there is competition among patron suppliers. In that case, "the cost of
patron–controlled services will be less" (Scott, 1972a p.93) meaning that clients have option to receive social services from other... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Millett (1989) argues that the PC relationship is "conducted along lines determined by the party of superior. It is this that opens up the way for the
exploitation that is so common in patron–client relations" (p.16). I argue that the superiority in this relationship is directly connected to a magnitude of
dependency of clients on a patron. A high dependency of clients on a patron hints a dominance of the patron. This further implies that the PC
relationship is open for the exploitation. On the other hand, a low dependency of clients on a patron indicates that the patron may have, in some ways,
equal relationship. This suggests that the PC relationship might not be exposed for the

Mutualistic Symbiotic Relationship In Of Mice And Men And...
A mutualistic symbiotic relationship is where both partners benefit from each other. An excellent example would be an oxpecker and a rhino. As the
rhino grazes in the field, many ticks and other insects fall upon the rhino. The oxpecker comes in and eats the ticks and other insects off the rhino. Both
partners benefit in this situation because the rhino gets the ticks and insects off of it, the oxpecker gets its food from the rhino. Just like the oxpecker
and the rhino, in the books Tuesdays With Morrie, Of Mice and Men, and the movie The Mighty, all of these works show a mutualistic symbiotic
relationship between the two main characters. In the book, Tuesdays with Morrie, there is an evident mutualistic symbiotic relationship between... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, Kevin was able to help out Max with his mental disability. Max had a mental disability that was making it difficult to pass school,
thats when Kevin comes in. Kevin helps Max by tutoring him on how to read and to help Max reach his full potential in school. For instance,
while struggling to pass english class, Max couldn't pass the class because he simply was not able to read. However, Kevin teaches Max word by
word to assist his learning ability to read. Kevin would push Max to the point where Max would become frustrated with Kevin, but he knew that
Kevin was only helping him to thrive in his education. Furthermore, Kevin has a walking disability that deprives him of being able to walk on his
own. In return for tutoring Max, Max helps Kevin out by taking him places around the city. For instance, Kevin wanted to go see the fireworks at
the city park, though he couldn't walk on his own, but with the help of Max, he could. Max would put Kevin on his shoulders so that he could take
Kevin to the city park and to allow Kevin to see the fireworks display. After all, Kevin's capability to tutor Max and Max's strength to take Kevin
places definitely shows a mutualistic relationship because Kevin is able to tutor Max and in return, Max takes Kevin places around the

Causes And Effects Of Coral Reefs
Only, due to the constant stream of warm tropical water coming from the Caribbean, South Africa and the bay of Florida mixing with the waters from
the Gulf of Mexico, which also create the tropical air temperature and humidity can they tolerate this location. When these two significantly, differently
tempered water streams merge they create gyres (spiraling water currents). Kind of like an underwater hurricane.
Most interesting is that the salt content of the ocean water in the keys region fluctuates between 3.3 to 3.6%. Ordinary ocean water has a salinity of
3.5%. What causes this fluctuation? During the dry season, the ocean water has a higher salt content, some of the ocean waters evaporate and aren't
replenished by runoff water from rain, which would flow into the ocean during the wet season. These runoff waters carry pollutants, (like fertilizers)
which impact the otherwise nutrition poor region of the Marine sanctuary. Coral reefs consist of coral polyps, which are animals, disguised as plants.
Although they are, of course not plants, they only look plantlike, especially because they take root on the oceans ground. Sea anemones are such
organisms. They are shaped like cups and have tentacles looking like thick hair that moves with the waves. Corals can be mistaken for rocks as well
because of their calcified inners. However, unlike plants corals cannot make their own food, which is an indicator that they are animals. The coral
polyp is called an invertebrate ranging

Example Of Symbiosis
Year 9 Science Ecology
Symbiosis
Symbiosis
Symbiosis is the relationship between two living organisms. The main types of symbiosis are mutualism, parasitism and commensalism. The
association between the two organisms can be beneficial to one or two of the species or in some cases be harmful, depending on the type of symbiosis.
Commensalism
Commensalism is a biological term which is used to describe the relationship between two living organisms, where in which one benefits from the other
without harming it. Commensal species benefits from its host by obtaining food, shelter, transportation and other support. The host species is rarely
ever harmed by the Commensal species. The term commensalism was founded in 1876 by Belgian Paleontologist and Zoologist Pierre–Joseph Van
Brenden. Commensalisms comes from the latin word "commensalis" which translates to "sharing a table".
Commensal Relationship ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An example of two animals in a Commensal relationships is the remora fish and shark. The remora fish being the commensal species, attaches itself
to its host's belly using a special sucker disk in its mouth as seen in IMAGE A. It travels alongside the shark and uses it for transportation. The
remora fish consumes the parasites which build up on their host's body and benefits their host by keeping the shark clean. The remora fish also eats
any leftover food which was previously consumed by the shark. In short, the remora fish benefits from its host by means of food and the host benefits
by keeping clean and free from

Symbiotic Relationships : Mutualism, Commensalism And...
Introduction
There are three forms of symbiotic relationships namely mutualism, commensalism and parasitism. The partners in a symbiotic relationship may either
benefit from, be unaffected by, or be harmed by the kind of relationship that exists between them, (Berg 2007). Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship in
which both the partners benefit from the relationship, (Berg 2007). Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship whereby one party benefits while the
other party is neither harmed nor benefits, (Berg 2007). Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship in which one party benefits while the other is harmed,
(Berg 2007).
Mutualism relationships
The design phase is very complex and interactive in nature as it aims at incorporating the needs of all parties involved in the delivery of a successful
project, (Sebastian 2007). Such complexity and interactivity requires the symbiotic relationship among the parties to be mutualistic in nature.
Mutualism relationships enhance the ability to achieve desired outcomes in a manner whereby each party benefits. For example the architect is able to
gain revenues as a result of his architectural designs while the clients achieve a project outcome that meets their desired requirements, (Energy Star
2014).
An example of a design project that involved mutualistic relationship is the construction of the Swiss Re Tower in London. The modern world is
embracing the construction of buildings that are eco–efficient. Architects whose designs fail to meet

Evolution Of Host Parasite Relationships
Betsy Gladden
Evolution Case Study #1
Dr. Amanda Duffus
The Evolution of Host–Parasite Relationships
Since Darwin's "dangerous" idea in the nineteenth century, the causes and significances of evolution have been investigated unceasingly. One evident
example of evolution is between parasite and host relationships, in which host and parasite partners maximize their own fitness, by evolving to reduce
the fitness of the other. Parasites are hypothesized to evolve and cause hosts to evolve, as well as promoting sexual recombination. There are two
major hypotheses of evolution pertaining to host–parasite relationships: the Red Queen hypothesis and the Red King model. The Red Queen hypothesis
claims that there is a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Scientist Van Valen used this as a metaphor for the evolutionary race saying that species keep running (evolving) to stay in the same place, but if they
stop, they become extinct. This theory has been consistently added to and built upon by G. Bell in 1982, who applied it to host and parasite
relationships, showing how evolution affects genotype frequencies and that changes come from maintaining sexual reproduction. (Lively, 2010) The
Red Queen hypothesis demonstrates how species rely on competition for initiating evolution, and how there is a domino effect of change causing
change. (Barnett and Hansen, 1996) In studies done by Barnett and Hansen (1996) using an organizational approach, evidence was found for Red
Queen evolution in that organizations exhibited less failure if there was more competition. The research used banks as a model, and the results
showed that in places only one existed, there was an advantage of a monopoly, but did not have any experience when exposed to competition. (Barnett
and Hansen, 1996) The Red Queen hypothesis also shows that selection favors hosts that have rare resistance alleles. There also is research that shows
generation time affects selection for sex, in that the longer it takes to reproduce, the more opportunity there is for evolution. The Red Queen hypothesis
suggests that when in regard to parasite and host relationships, when parasites are low in number, the costs of sex outweigh the benefits and

Bobtail Squid Symbiotic Essay
Symbiotic relationships are those that evolve between two organisms that interact in a specific manner with each other. These can range from being
facultative, where the relationship is not required by either organism, to interactions that are obligate and are required by both organisms to facilitate
survival. There are many mechanisms and processes that bacteria and their hosts can use to initiate and maintain symbiotic interactions and a few
examples will be described in this report.
Vibrio fisheri – Euprymna scolopes (bobtail squid) symbiosis
The bioluminescent bacteria Vibrio fischeri forms a highly specific symbiotic relationship with Euprymna scolopes, a species of bobtail squid.
V.fischeri will colonize a complex light organ found in the mantle cavity of the bobtail squid and they use the ability to luminesce as a camouflage
method to avoid predation. The squid uses bioluminescence to match the down welling moonlight during the night whilst it is active. In return,
V.fischeri is provided with a shelter, protection and nutrients (1). V.fischeri is able to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was hypothesised as the Buchnera does not have any motor protein genes in its genome, however there are many flagella–like structures covering
the cell therefore acting as secretion systems. The regulation of the synthesis of essential amino acids by Buchnera is not understood in great detail
but it is believed that it is controlled by the amount of precursors made available to the bacteria from the host cell. These precursors include glucose as
a carbon source, four non–essential amino acids, serine, aspartate, glutamate and glutamine, to act as precursors for the essential amino acids and
guanosine nucleotides which are involved in purine synthesis. Varying the concentrations and availability of these compounds gives the host cell the
ability to control and coordinate Buchnera activity.

American Fundamentalism
The relationship between American Christian Fundamentalism and American culture is symbiotic. Symbiosis is broadly defined as a relationship,
usually long–term, that involves two or more organisms in close relation with one another. American Fundamentalism can also be broadly defined and
also ambiguous in terms of the differing views within the movement. Within symbiosis are two main groups of relationships defined as either obligate
or facultative. Obligate symbiosis is a relationship in which both organisms must rely on one another to survive. A Facultative relationship is when
organisms live together by choice. There are many forms of symbiotic relationships, but the most common and relevant to this argument are mutualism,
commensalism,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the area of education, secularists would states that fundamentalists' continued opposition to evolution being taught in public schools as detrimental
to the overall education of children. In this way, secularists consider fundamentalism as a deterrent to societal progress. Fundamentalism is a parasite
that is hindering the progression of children into well–educated adults. Others would argue that fundamentalists are overly hostile and militant towards
groups such as homosexuals or abortionists. Jerry Falwell once claimed that the terror attacks of September 11, 2001, were a response from God due to
the amount of homosexuals and abortionists in the United States. In this scenario, the secularists become the parasite rather than the host. According to
Falwell, Falwell once said, "The rising tide of secularism threatens to obliterate the Judeo–Christian influence on American Society." In Falwell's eyes,
secularism was the main enemy, and in assistance in his war combating the enemy, Falwell call on his evangelical brethren to assist him. Along the
same train of thought Falwell also stated, "Throw down the anchor of truth and stop drifting with every new wave of religious fad. Stop trying to
accommodate the gospel to the pitiful philosophies of unregenerate mankind." However, Falwell does not distinguish cultural norms in great detail, or
religious fads. Perhaps Falwell is referring to the secularization of the gospel. This can be seen through the use of mega churches and their rock
concert vibe, bible styled theme parks, or secularization of Christian music by contemporary artists. Falwell would argue that some evangelicals have
abandoned their fight against the secularism of America and joined them in order to attract more people to their pews and offering

A Report On Ants And The Plant Seed Dispersal Mechanism...
Ants have assisted plants in many ways: providing defense mechanisms to protect the plant, or providing a dispersal mechanism for plant seeds. Also
known as myrmecochory, ants that assist plants in seed dispersal are essential for spreading out the location of future plants of the same species and
preventing competition between parent and offspring plants, which would result if an offspring grew too close to a parent plant (Warren et al. 2014). But
what causes coevolution between two species? In some cases, where plants are dependent on ants to provide protection, seed dispersal, or to improve
conditions for the plant, plants would be the obligate mutualists in that situation (Warren et al. 2014). What incentives do these plants provide to
prevent their generous facultative ant defenders from leaving, and is there competition between mutualists, either plant or animal, in receiving the
benefits from this relationship? Examining two separate pieces of research peeked into how competition can provoke serious, and sometimes
catastrophic ecological changes (Warren et al. 2014 and Riginos et al. 2014).
Warren et al. (2014) postulates that if seed dispersers, such as ants, were to coevolve with certain species of plants, selection would "favor plant–based
mechanisms that attract mutualistic partners to their seeds" (Warren et al. 2014). In other words, in order for plants to have their seeds dispersed, these
plants would also need to provide a benefit or an attraction to the

Mutualism, Predation, And Interspecific Competition
Mutualism, Predation, and Interspecific competition is different from each other because, Mutualism is when two organisms interact in a way that's
beneficial for both organisms, Predation is when one species kills and eats the other species so, it's beneficial for one species because, they got to eat
but, it's not beneficial for the other because, the other species is killed, and Interspecific competition is when different species compete for the same
food or other resources and that's not beneficial for none of the species because, the species won't get to eat because, they are competing for the same
food and there will eventually be no food for none of the species.
–Mutualism affects the interacting population of two species because, for

Yucca Plants And Yucca Moths
Yucca Plants and Yucca Moths: A Coevolutionary Point of View
Petra Markova
300214198
BIOL 3700: Evolution
Maxence Salomon
Introduction
According to Thompson (1994), coevolution is defined as "the reciprocal evolutionary change in interacting species". This occurs when one species
has a significant effect on the survival or reproductive success of another species and vice–versa, leading to the gradual evolution of both species. It is
important to study this topic, as it is possible that the evolution of a majority of the world's life forms was affected by the coevolution occurring
between plants and insects (Smith et al., 2009). It is generally accepted that there are three forms in which coevolution can take place ... Show more
Coevolution in this scenario occurs by selection for those organisms from both taxa which possess trait which allow them to take the best advantage of
this mutualism relative to their conspecifics. An example of this relationship is the plant–pollinator interaction between yucca plants and yucca moths.
While the relationship between yucca plants (Family Agavaceae) and yucca moths (Genus Tegeticula and Parategeticula) can be defined as mutualistic,
it is more than an ordinary mutualism (Sheppard and Oliver, 2002). In a generic mutualistic relationship, both organisms gain fitness benefits from the
interaction, but are not dependent on each other for survival. In the yucca plant–yucca moth interaction, the yucca moth provides essential
cross–pollination services to the yucca plant, and the yucca plant provides a predator–free location for the yucca moth to lay its eggs, as well as
providing nutrition for the larvae in the form of some of its seeds (Moisett, n.d.). Since the interaction between these two organisms is necessary for the
survival of their species, it is called an obligate mutualism (Lunau, 2004). The relationship between the yucca plants and yucca moths serves as the
theme for the remainder of this paper.
Objectives
–To discuss the widely–accepted hypothesis for the evolutionary mechanism behind the yucca plant–yucca moth relationship.
–To discuss the pre–existing adaptations required by these organisms for the facilitation of

The Importance Of Mutualism Between Animal And Animal Species
It is a kind of positive interspecific interaction in which members of two different species favor the growth and survival of each other and their
association is obligatory.
Species A = (+)
Species B = (+)
In this interaction, the members have widely different requirements and so interdependent that they cannot survive separately. It is an extreme type of
symbiosis in which symbionts have permanent and obligatory close contacts.
1.Mutualism between animal and animal species
Cleveland (1926) reported the presence of a multi flagellate protozoan – Trichonympha Campanula as a symbiont in the intestine of white ant – termite.
The ant provides food and shelter to the protozoan which in turn secretes cellulase enzymes to digest the cellulose of wood ingested by the ant.
Cellulose is hydrolyzed to sugars which are used by both the partners.
When the gut lining of Termite is ready for molting, Trichonympha undergoes encystment and are passed out with molting.
To ensure infection, the ant eats its molt. Newly hatched termites lick the anus of the older termites to ingest the symbiont.
About 11 families and 40 genera of flagellates have been reported from the intestine of termites.
Ant–aphid mutualism
Some kinds of ants pick up aphids or the aphids eggs from the surface of green plants and shelter them inside their own nest. The ants use the digestive
wastes of the aphids as their food while aphids in return get nourishment from the rootlets of the plants ramifying through

Succession In The Lion King

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