How Did Christianity Influence Byzantine Art And Architecture

How Did Christianity Influence Byzantine Art And Architecture
Since the emergence of Christianity in the Eastern Roman Empire, the Byzantines have been very influential in the art and architecture of religious
buildings and their main propaganda tactic was art and architecture. Byzantine architecture features significantly in Constantinople 'Istanbul' buildings.
Some prominent structures include the dome of the Hagia Sophia 'Holy Wisdom', Hagia Irene or Saint Irene church, Chora church and Pammakaristos
Church. The Hagia 'Saint' Sophia was constructed in 360 BC under the reign of Emperor Justin which employed two creative and brilliant designers
'Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles' and at that time was the largest church inConstantinople before its destruction in 404AD due to riots but
was later rebuilt ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The decorations of the external facades rely on the arrangement of the bricks, and in many cases were not placed horizontally. They were often
oblique shape or herringbone or chevron pattern. The rough brick has decorations using arches and stone bands (Doig, 2017). The act of using many
domes over a single building was a deviation from the Romanesque style of vaulted roofs. The evolution from Roman to early Christian designs was
gradual. Within two centuries, the East was able to be influential in the construction even though there is a lack of a specific line that separates the
Byzantine and early Christian styles. The basilica system, with some characteristics from the pagan Rome, is an attribute of the former, while the
dome system that originated from the East has a basis on the latter (Gibb, 2017). Also the ground floor plans were Greek–Cross shape which it was a
cross with four equal arms at right angles but they changed to Square–shaped, central floor plan. Byzantine architecture characterized by using brick
and stone for constructing massive structure
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How Did Justinian Influence Architecture
Justinian Justinian I was a ruler in the Byzantine Empire from 527 to 565 CE. When he first came into power Justinian I was not favored by the
overall population. Procopius, a scholar and historian in the 6th century, described Justinian as a man "both an evil–doer and easily led into evil, the
sort of a person whom they call a moral pervert, never of his own accord speaking the truth to those with whom he conversed, but having a deceitful
and crafty intent behind every word and action." Also the Nika Riots were revolts against Justinian's rule that took place in Constantinople over the
span of a week. This resulted in the death of thirty–thousand people. But despite the early animosity towards Justinian's reign it is clear that Justinian
brought prosperity to the Byzantine Empire during and after his rule. Justinian I influenced art specifically ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Justinian sought to rebuild the former glory of the Roman Empire and he started after the Nika Riots in 532. Since most of Constantinople was burnt
down during the riots Justinian decided to rebuild the capital into a much more magnificent city and it all started with the reconstruction of the Hagia
Sophia. The Hagia Sophia was the most prominent church in the Roman Empire and Justinian had the church designed by architects Isidore of Miletus
and Anthemius of Tralles. The church has a massive dome ceiling which was a huge feat for construction builders during the post–classical age. There
were 40 windows which helped to bring in light and illuminate the many mosaics inside the church. The mosaics were icons popular to the Eastern
Orthodox faith such as Christ, angels and crosses. The Hagia Sophia has two levels and stands at 180 feet tall. There was a Narthex (antechamber at
the western entrance of early Christian churches) used only for the emperor and it lead to the second level of the church that was only used by the

Sacred Medieval Architecture
After the fall of the Roman Empire the political atmosphere was transformed in Western Europe. As the West witnessed a change, brought about by the
constant invasion of barbarians, the Eastern Roman Empire remained intact and grew incredibly prosperous. The Eastern Empire had much closer ties
between the state and the Christian Church. These ties lead to many elaborate Byzantine churches being built in Constantinople, emphasizing the
importance of the Eastern Church in everyday life. The Byzantine architecture maintains a sense of well–balanced proportions and favors a more simple
approach to the building's exterior. The Byzantines established an architectural style, different from the Romans generally by plans that were well...
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Charlemagne's palace at Aachen housed a chapel, Palatine Chapel, designed after Byzantine churches. Much of the building material was recovered
from classical ruins in Italy ("The Encyclopedia Britannica" p.368–370). Much of the chapel interior remains classical, including rounded arches, the
height of the dome and the overall structure is, however, Germanic. After the death of Charlemagne, the HolyRoman Empire assumed power. This time
is referred to as the Ottonian age. The Ottonian's grew upon the designs of the Carolingian culture. This new design is what is now referred to as
"Romanesque", named for the use Roman architectural elements. Round towers are a distinctive feature of Ottonian Churches. Four such towers can
be found at St. Michael's in Hildesheim. Romanesque permeated Western Europe, finally restoring order to a culturally fractured continent. One
advancement in Romanesque style was decoration. Romanesque buildings featured many more architectural sculptures than Carolingian or Ottonian
churches. One of the best places for Romanesque sculpture was the tympanum: the semi–circular space above an arched–framed door. Romanesque
architecture is significantly more vertically and intricacy than its Carolingian and Ottonian predecessors. The Gothic style took these developments even

The Byzantine Empire is and Example of the Golden Age
When a civilization goes through a golden age, they are remembered for their marvelous achievements and extravagance. A golden age occurs when a
society goes through a time of peace and harmony. Along with this, the society experiences economic prosperity, political stability, and a series of
cultural achievements. The Byzantine Empire, which lasted from 330 A.D. to the mid 1400s, is an excellent example of a golden age. The Byzantine
Empire became wealthy by being an economic center of the world, connecting Asia and Europe. Under Emperor Justinian, the capital of Constantinople
became a center of wealth, which helped usher in a golden age. The Byzantine Empire was a golden age because it had many architectural
achievements as well as political achievements that have had lasting impacts on today's societies. As the Roman Empire began to fall, it was split into
Eastern and Western sections. The emperor at the time, Constantine, declared that the new imperial residence, Byzantium, would become the capital of
the Eastern Roman Empire. After experiencing economic issues and invasions from the Huns, the Western part of the Roman Empire finally collapsed
in 476. With a wealthy, strong, and prosperous capital, the eastern half of the Roman Empire survived and became known as the Byzantine Empire.
This wealth and stability allowed for significant achievements to be made. One of these achievements is the Hagia Sophia; a piece of architectural
genius. The Hagia Sophia was a

Compare And Contrast Aztec And Roman Architecture
s, this lesson will be focused on Aztec, Japanese and Roman. The word Architecture comes from the Greek word "arkhбё—" which means origin and
"tГ©khnД“" which means art or craft, and is the process of designing and constructing buildings such as houses, temples, public facilities, roads and
aqueducts. Aztec, Japanese and Roman architecture styles, building materials and purposes reflect the civilisations degree of technological and cultural
advancement. What is architecture? Well the main concept behind architecture, is the planning, designing, and constructing of buildings and other
physical structures.
Roman architecture covers a time period starting from the establishment of the Roman Republic to the fall of the Roman Empire in the mid–5th century.
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In a social context, many of Rome's buildings such as monuments and public facilities like forums or public bath houses, reflects the advanced social
structure of Rome and its civilization. Furthermore the complex architectural design of buildings throughout the Roman Empire and Republic, for
example the grand Aqueduct of Segovia in Spain which still stands tall today after 1900

How Did Brunelleschi Influence Italian Architecture
Italian architecture has influenced many other architects, architecture and the world. Italian architecture became famous during the Renaissance. Many
churches, palaces, and public buildings were built in this time. Some of these buildings were built by famous architects like Brunelleschi, Borromini,
and Palladio. Italian architecture is all over the world. The Italian architects that had the greatest influence on world architecture are Brunelleschi,
Borromini, and Palladio.
Filippo Brunelleschi was born in Florence, Italy, in 1377. He is known as the creator of the Renaissance architectural style. Brunelleschi made new
things from classical Roman, Tuscan, and Italian late Gothic models with some Byzantine influences. His first building was finished in the 1420's.
It was the San Lorenzo. This building shows classical and Tuscan influences. Brunelleschi also made plans for the basilica of San Lorenzo and a
chapel next to Santa Croce. But what made Brunelleschi famous was his work on the cathedral of Florence. He mad a dome that measured 130 feet
in diameter, something that many other architects said was not possible to do. This dome was a model for Michelangelo's dome for St. Peter's in
Rome. Brunelleschi died in Florence in 1446 and he was buried in the cathedral of Florence ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He believed that space should be totally controlled. Borromini showed this in his work by creating walls broken by niches making a wave like effect
and many other things. He offered the style of baroque architecture. The baroque style takes inspiration from the human body. Borromini worked at St.
Peter's, helping make the famous baldachin canopy over the tomb of S. Peter. In 1634 Borromini built a monastery and church San Carlo alle Quattro
Fontane. The church is still one of Borromini's masterpieces. He designed lots of other buildings, but churches were his specialty. One of the last things
that Borromini built was the Church of San Ivo della

Hagia Julia Research Paper
When we regularly take a look at old sanctuaries, we pick up this sort of warm feeling in our souls, influencing us to address ourselves the entirety of
its reality, how it remained to become, and what the distinctive brilliant occasions that occurred in this place. We investigate history, and learn the
significance of the sanctuary, making it more exceptional than what we definitely know about it. We get awed with fulfillment while taking a look at
its structure, and how it could emerge regardless of the numerous years it had long stood. The building that constitutes a turning point in the historical
backdrop of architecture with its arch transition and load–bearing framework is none other than the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.
This study incorporates the context of the temple's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The building started in 532, and it is said that the Emperor Justinian himself assumed responsibility of the work. The pendentives of Hagia Sophia lay
on four immense docks, or columns, which have lead rather than mortar between the stones. The great central dome is 107 feet (32.6 meters) across
and 180 feet (55 meters high). To make it lighter, the dome was made of an exceptional light brick brought from the island of Rhodes. Amid the ensuing
nine hundred years of the Byzantine Empire, the dome endured another two scenes of fractional crumple. The fundamental structure as well as the
optional zones was definitely adjusted numerous times giving the building the appearance that it has today. The builders upheld the dome on two sides
with half–domes and on the other two sides with arches, to ensure that it would not collapse. The splendor of Hagia Sophia additionally originates
from its color. The columns, taken from each side of the Empire, are of stone and marble of a wide range of hues, including blue, green, and blood
red. The floor is secured with marble mosaics and the walls shine with glass

Compare And Contrast Byzantine And Islam
After the fall of Rome, the Western world experienced a dark age: school were closed, commence were shrinking, military forces diminished, power
collapsed. However, the stories of both the Islamic and Byzantine Empires were quite different. Byzantine evolved as a strong political entity after fall
of Rome until Islamic Civilization. The ruler of Byzantine exerted stronger control over churches (orthodox churches), whereas the West took
fragmented control over Churches. Byzantine also pioneered the business networks of Eurasia. Islamic shared analogous features with Byzantine in the
areas of art, politics, and culture. Islamic advanced its military forces and expanded trade through Asia and Europe, in contrast to the fall of the West. .
As

Ecclesiastical Architectures In The Romanesque And Gothic...
Architecture themes are most commonly seen in the different ecclesiastical buildings of the times. These buildings are the most likely to not be
destroyed over time, and are made with the finest materials so they are sturdy and prepared for the thousands of people who will walk through them.
The cathedrals and churches of 500–1000 AD mark the Byzantine Period, and these buildings are very similar and different to the western ones
succeeding it from 1000–1200 AD in the Romanesque and Gothic Periods. From their craftsmanship to their symbolism, both Byzantine and Western
Medieval architecture have similarities and differences that helped shape the period.
Byzantine ecclesiastical architecture most often has a large dome near the center before the apse. This dome is usually decorated in mosaics and
usually depicts Christ and His apostles. The domes are usually paired with squinches that are also decorated with scenes of the Bible or of Saints. This
is very prominent in the Hosios Loukas Katholikon. This building also has marbled columns and piers joined by arches, helping make the small space
look bigger. The Katholikon and the Church of the Pammakaristos, another Byzantine building in Istanbul, both have vaulted ceilings adorned with
beautiful mosaics also containing religious themes. The apses of the Byzantine period are a main feature of the churches and accent the large center
domes. The windows are most often small but offer enough light for the artistry of the interior to

Comparison of Byzantine Empire and Ancient Rome Essay
Though both had similar roots, they both took these similar bases & formed it into their own way. Both the Byzantine Empire and Ancient Roman have
similar aspects, but each one made it unique. To better understand the similarities and differences of the Byzantine Empire and Ancient Romans one
must look at each civilization's cultural ideas, religion, & dependence on lower class. The Byzantine Empire and Ancient Romans' cultural ideas,
religion, & dependence on lower class portray commonalities between these two civilizations. Both the Byzantine Empire and Ancient Romans had
Roman influences which affected their culture. This is because after the collapse of the Roman Empire in 4th century, the build of the Byzantine
Empire took on a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Though their ideas are similar, their roots of these are still different. Rome was basically influenced by the Etruscans with their monarchy and
infrastructure of paved streets, public buildings, defensive walls, large temples, & geographic advantages of being near (i.e. easy access to the
Mediterranean which helped in trade.) Though the Byzantine was much influenced by the Romans, they were also influenced by the Middle East. Like
Islamic views which were spreading throughout north of Africa and the bulk of the Middle East. In addition, during the 7th century the Arab Muslims
had built a fleet that challenged the Byzantine naval supremacy in the eastern Mediterranean while repeatingly attacking Constantinople. The Arabs
quickly swallowed the empire's remaining provinces along the eastern seaboard of the Mediterranean. This attack influenced the Byzantine empire's
pattern of life with Arab cultural and commercial influence. From attacks to religion, we see the religion between the Byzantine Empire and Ancient
Romans are similar due to the fact they are associated with Christianity, but each civilization found ways to make it their own. The Romans, being
that Christianity was becoming one of the major world religions, did of course arise during the time of Rome. However, Christianity was not really a
product of roman culture & roman gods and goddesses were. The Byzantine Empire created a new branch of Christianity,

The Development Of Byzantine Architecture
Byzantine architecture is directly related to imperial traditions, to the Christian life and culture of the Romans. A typical feature of Byzantium is the
diverse ethnic composition that includes Greeks, Thracians, Armenians, Syrians, Copts, Jews, Avars, Slavs and many others. This diversity of peoples
and cultures influences the overall development of Byzantine architecture. Christianity is an important element shaping the overall appearance of the
Byzantine culture.
The light enters through the windows under the dome and illuminates the central ship and the bridal space.
Procopius explains the impact of the architectural space on the light: "The spherical dome, thanks to the light, does not seem to stand on solid
foundations, but seems to hang on a gold chain from the sky."
In this way one can best describe the beauty and grace of Byzantine architecture.
Byzantine architecture has undergone three stages in its development:
In 313, Christianity was officially recognized. By 326 this was the official religion of the Roman Empire. The boundaries of the Empire were from
Milan and Cologne on the west to Syria on the east and to Greece and Egypt on the south. The new religion requires all ceremonies to take place inside
the temple, which necessitates the increase of space within the temple. This created the need for a new architecture. This function took the basilica.
The basilica is a rectangular building divided by rows of columns of sodium, five or more longitudinal ships,

The Role Of Images Within The Context Of Byzantine Art
Our culture today is deeply based on visual perception which shows the fascination humanity has with the power of images. This paper intends to
discuss the use and importance of images within the context of Byzantine art. The works of art produced in the service of the Eastern Orthodox
Church, which are still employed today, show a remarkable synthesis of beliefs, theology and aesthetics of the Byzantine culture. The majesty of the
images emphasize the Glory of God and the spiritual realities of the Christian faith. The images were intended to educated and provide contemplation
of the invisible realm of the spirit. Byzantine aesthetics, therefore, is thoroughly in the service of theology. In today 's world artistic works provide
an enigma to the viewer, for the emphasis on the total freedom of expression of the artist has led to a confusion as to the meaning and function of art.
Many works of art today adhere to an almost 'anything goes ' type of attitude to the extent of even dismissing the expression of the art itself.
Byzantine art was almost entirely about religious expression with most of what was produced being controlled tightly by church theology. This control
is one reason why most works are uniform and anonymous and not varied by personal expression. The church had a large power in what was produced
for the public eye. The art and architecture reflects differences between the Roman Catholic religion which develops in the WesternRoman Empire and
the Eastern

Byzantine Walls Pros And Cons
There are many walls around the world that exist and are designed to keep people out, or in, a certain area. These walls actually originated long ago
and for the same purpose. The Byzantine empire was a tremendously educated empire that had a rich culture, which may have affected our military
strategies and defences. The Byzantines had walls that were called the Theodorin walls because Theodora was a brave and fearless leader in her time.
She fought against plague and rebellions, but she held strong throughout the Dark Ages. The Byzantines assembled a wall in her honor and to protect
their culture and civilization. The Byzantine defenses, more likely the most important defenses of the sixth hundred century are due to the teachings and
There are many nations that guard their civilisation with natural defences and man made defences. According to Lars brownworth an author and
former United States history and political science teacher at the Stony Brook School in Stony Brook on Long Island, New York there can be
many similar strategies around the world. There are many nations that guard their civilisation with natural defences and man made defences.("Lars
Brownworth") This proves that the modern day could use of technology. Not only does the modern world wants to put new technology like guards
and camra's but modify there natural defenses as well. If there enemy Tried to get out of there more they will have the challenge of facing the
walls and Greek Fire. According to Lars brownworth an author and former United States history and political science teacher at the Stony Brook
School in Stony Brook on Long Island, New York we can also apply this method and strategy to the eastern part of earth the Great Wall of China is
also known for there walls which are alike to the Byzantine walls. According to Lars brownworth an author and former United States history and
political science teacher at the Stony Brook School in Stony Brook on Long Island, New York states are the two ancient walls really related to each
other. Are the walls of China and Constantinople related?("Lars Brownworth") This

Byzantine Sacred Arts Bearing The Mystic Ideal Of Human...
In this context, Byzantine sacred arts bearing the mystic ideal of human deification as ontological therapy, can become de–alienating pharmakon by
opening a horizon in which man's (even cyberman's) essence as homo theologicus can be properly restored and saved. Most modern and contemporary
aesthetic doctrines loyal to their post–Kantian heritage have disposed of almost any trace of mystic origin and transcendental telos as a useless waste.
For this reason, they prove useless against the onto–emptying power of cyberculture. Byzantine Orthodox aesthetics as an ontological therapeutic way
with mystic origin and transcendental telos, can contribute to the de–oblivion of man's essence in four basic ways: 1. by re–appropriating space
through sacred architecture as an epiphanical "locale" where man can dwell anew in the neighborhood of Being, 2. by re–interpreting man's "being in
the world" as an ex–static interplay with Sacred that restores his sensorial perceptions through sacred icons and music, 3. by re–centering his life upon
the ontological principle of self–identity against the interactive rationality of cyberlogic, and 4. by re–substantiating human self–experience as homo
theologicus.
In the light of Byzantine onto–therapeutic theology, we can interpret our own being–in–the world as a reaching–out towards the other as epiphany
himself of Transcendence. We can recall our essence as self–identical personhood by affirming ourselves as preserving care for other's being, i.e. as

Byzantine Empire Research Paper
the Byzantine Empire encompassed the eastern half of the Roman Empire, centering at Constantinople (today know as Istanbul). The Byzantine reign
advanced for approximately a millennium until 1453 when Constantinople fell to a siege executed by the Ottoman Empire. The Byzantine Empire
acquired its height under the reign of Justinian (A.D. 527–565), with advanced infrastructure in the form of cathedrals that still stand today.
Traditionally, costuming of the Byzantine period took extensive influence structurally from the Roman Empire and sourced colours and decorative
aspects from the Orient and the Middle East. Also, inheriting from the Romans, basic clothing forms allowing for movement, such as the toga, stola
and tunic essential to the hot climate of Constantinople. Byzantines modified the traditions of Roman costume to become a style uniquely their own,
through lavish embroidery and ornate fabrics.
Developing their own fashion identity the Byzantine's disposed of the toga and chose to refine the notion of the 'dalmatica'. The dalmatica is a long
flowing men's tunic consisting of wide sleeves ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Through trade exotic fabrics and patterns were bought into Constantinople with the wealthy eagerly adopting the fabrics, patterns and colours of the
East into traditional costume. Repeated colours on garments of the wealthy included blues; yellows, greens and deep reds with the richest colour
being purple reserved for royalty, embellished with gold embroidery and appliqued jewels. Silk fabric become incredibly predominant amongst the
Byzantines, which first came to be from the trade route that crossed the Middle East and was used not only in garments but in embroidery and the arts.
Eventually, the Byzantines became skilled in weaving their own silk into a fabric named Samite, which was often sewn with gold thread woven into the

The Role Of Images Within The Context Of Byzantine Art
Our deeply visual culture today shows the fascination humanity has with the power of images. This paper intends to discuss the use and importance of
images within the context of Byzantine art. The works produced in the service of the Eastern Orthodox Church still employed today, show a
remarkable synthesis of doctrine, theology and aesthetics. The rigid program of Church decoration was meant as a didactic element to accompany the
liturgy. The majesty of the images bespeaks of the Glory of God and the spiritual realities of the Christian faith. The images were intended to educated
and provide contemplation of the invisible realm of the spirit. Byzantine aesthetics, therefore, is thoroughly in the service of theology. In today 's world
The development of the style of Byzantine Art was developed during the fifth and sixth centuries were created for the Eastern Orthodox Church. The
Eastern Orthodox preferred a somber reflected tone to worship instead of the large congregational worship of the West. This focus is also reflected in
their art and architecture. The figures in their art appear flat and one dimensional with little use of shadowing to give any life–like appearance. Figures
are almost always from the front with somber and solemn looks coming from starring eyes. Faces were long and narrow. In all, very little attempt was
made for realism in the painting and mosaic depictions. The art of this empire was more apt to the symbolic meaning of art rather than the literal
biblical meaning.
With this art interpretation came a conflict, the Iconoclasts controversy. In which the iconophiles, the group of people lead by the monks who were in
favor of the symbolic meaning, and the iconoclasts or the group with the Emperor who insisted on the literal translation of biblical images and the
biblical ban against graven images. The iconoclastic controversy lasted from 726 AD, when Emperor Leo III began an attack on the use of religious
images, until 843 AD when the Empress Theodora allowed their restoration (Martin).
Byzantine art grew from the art of Ancient Greece but with some significant differences. Since the main purpose of Byzantine art was the glorification
of God and his son, Jesus,

Essay on Roman Influence on Byzantine Empire and Islamic...
Mother of the World
"The mother of the world has been killed," stated a 5th century historian, bereft and appalled when the news of Rome's fall had reached ear. Certainly
his words hold truth, for Rome – the dauntingly colossal Empire engulfing the Mediterranean and all territories around it; the source of artistic,
intellectual, and cultural ascendancy; the influential factor of brilliance in so many of the coexisting societies of the western world – was truly the
predecessor and creator of all Western Civilization to come. However, what no one knew, was that the lasting impression this powerful and astonishing
civilization would make upon the world, even if only through the works of fleeting memory or written text. As always, with loss ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Silk soon became an imperial monopoly, and through this way, the trade of luxury items became the Byzantine's main source of income. The location of
Constantinople also aided in military conquest and defence, for the empire's naval headquarters were located along the shores, and had access to the
Black Sea and Mediterranean. Because of the Empire's location, all but overlapping the fallen Roman's territory, the Byzantine Empire was greatly
affected by these Roman's past traditions and ways of life.
The Roman Empire influenced the Byzantine Empire's culture, mainly through the religion of Christianity. Christianity first appeared in the Roman
Empire, with the birth, teachings, and supposed resurrection of Jesus Christ. In the beginning years of it's arrival, Christianity was not tolerated and
Christians were mainly, and most often brutally prosecuted. However, with Constantine's Edict of Milan, Christianity was officially tolerated, and
under Theodosius, it became the official religion of the Roman Empire. The Byzantine Empire inherited this relatively new religion, continuing to
follow the beliefs and traditions of the church, as well as spreading the word of Jesus Christ and the message of god. Churches sprung up in the empire,
such as the mighty Hagia Sophia. Located in Constantinople and built by Justinian, this church especially exemplified

How Did Byzantine Architecture Influence The Islamic Empires?
Before Muslim rulers came to power, people such as Zoroastrians, Christians and Jews were already living in Arab lands. Two great Empires that were
in power were the Byzantine Empire and the Sassanian Empire. These societies had already established their own arts and architecture. When
Muhammad received revelations from the angel Gabriel, he began to create the Muslim umma (community). After his death in 632, the four rightly
guided caliphs ruled the umma. In their rules, these caliphs began to extend the Islamic Empire. As they acquired more territories, they adapted new
styles of arts and architecture and were influenced by the societies they conquered. The website simply calls it "Islamic Art" while the museum uses the
long name " Art of... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the Quran, "O believers, wine and arrow–shuffling, idols and diving–arrows are an abomination, some of Satan's work; then avoid it (79
Art and Artistic Taste)." While there was nothing in the Quran that stated the punishment of artwork, some hadiths claimed that only god can create
living things and it is not within the power of humans. But other scholars argued otherwise and drawing of living things continued to exist in the
Islamic Empire. At the same time, it is important to take into account that the prophet Muhammad broke the idols from Ka'ba but kept the picture of
Mary and Jesus. If Muslims followed the Sunna then drawings of humans should not be forbidden. I do not all the art is Islamic, but I think it
depends on who is the audience. For example, a secular Muslims might not see a problem in all the sculptors and figural representations of the arts
and view it as Islamic, but an orthodox Muslim might forbid the figural representations and only consider the geometries, calligraphy and vegetal
designs as Islamic. I don't believe all the art is Islamic because I grew up knowing figural representations was forbidden in my religion, and therefore
would consider most of the arts as non–Islamic. Moreover, it cannot be all Islamic because before the Muslims took over the land, cultures already
existed. These cultures influenced the livelihood of the

Advanced Technology In The Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire was one of the many great nations in human history. The Byzantine empire was formed in 330 A.D when Constantine moved the
Roman Empire capital from Rome to the Greek city of Byzantium, in what is now modern day Turkey. Constantine eventually changed the name of the
capital city to Constantinople. Constantinople remained the capital of the empire for the rest of its days. The movement of the capital, however, led to
the division of the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern Rome. Although the west fell, the east survived and eventually became theByzantine
empire, which would last for hundreds of years. A combination of advanced technology, specialized workers, complex institutions, advanced cities, and
record keeping made the Byzantine empire one of the leading civilizations of its time.
The first aspect that defines a civilization is having advanced technology. Many of these technologies are portrayed in the city of Constantinople in its
architecture and the city's defense. One example of these defensive technologies was the use of defensive chains in several waterways, such as the
Golden Horn. These incredibly sturdy chains were set at the mouth of the waterways in order to prevent enemy ships from sailing through the
passages. Towers were another example of defensive technology built along the city's outer walls. These towers helped to create stability in the walls
and were excellent lookout posts and great spots for archers to mount during an invasion

The Great Mosque Of Cordoba Vs. Hagia Sophia
The Great Mosque of Cordoba vs. Hagia Sophia Religion has played a huge role in the history of the world of architecture. We can get a deeper look in
the minds and attitudes of people when we look at their beliefs – specifically their religion. But even though religion played a huge role in the approach
to architecture, the pursuit of beauty and power can also explain to us the approaches and the outlooks of those who built or designed buildings from
the ancient world. Two buildings, the Hagia Sophia and the Great Mosque of Cordoba, can show us two separate peoples and their approach to
constructing architecture that was devoted to their religions. However, while religion played a huge role, there are similarities as well between the
two that show that the rulers who commissioned these buildings were interested in mimicking beauty and showing the world that their building was
the most beautiful and perhaps the most elite of its time as well as proving their divinity as a ruler of a great nation. The Hagia Sophia was built in
Constantinople in A.D. 532 by the emperor Justinian, who hired the renowned architects Anthemius and Isidorus to build it. It was built over an
existing building built by Constantine himself. The Hagia Sophia was a very significant building of its time and one that drew attention and respect. At
this time in history the Byzantines, specifically Justinian, wanted to make one message clear, that message being that the emperor of the byzantines
empire,

Surface Embellishments In Byzantine Architecture
Surface Embellishment in Byzantine Costume Embroidery and other surface embellishments are a key part of fashion that have appeared consistently
throughout history. The use of these techniques puts so much expression and individuality into clothing, and by looking back into history we can tell a
lot about a culture just by looking at the details they chose to include in their fashion. The Byzantine Empire is a perfect example of this, because they
made many advancements in surface decoration. Not only were the surface decorations on Byzantine clothing beautifully made, they also held great
cultural significance. In this paper I will discuss how embroidery, printing, and beading played an important role in Byzantine society and how those
elements have been brought into contemporary fashion.
The Byzantine Empire led the world in fashion style from the 5th century to the 12th century. Constantinople gradually became one of the most
luxurious and wealthy cities in the world. They had several different techniques for adding interest to a textile surface, with the main three being
embroidery, beading, and printing and dyeing.
Embroidery is the process of stitching thread or yarn through fabric to make a raised decoration on the top. The process has been used since about
30,000 BC. Archeologists have found fossilized remains of fabric that has been embroidered from around this time period, so we can assume it
originated then. Nearly any materials can be used to

Architecture : Frank Lloydd Wright And The Greene Brothers
Frank Lloyd Wright once said, "Every great architecture is–necessarily–a great poet. He must be a great original interpreter of his time, his day, his
age." In other words, movements of architecture become movements because of individuals who fabricate their own new styles. Wright states this by
saying every architecture reflects his/her time period with originality.Throughout history there have been many great architectures who have worked in
many different styles of architecture, such as Gothic, Byzantine, Craftsmen, and Prairie. Many architectural styles such as Romanesque and Gothic
went from being a style of architecture to defining a whole period in history. For example, the Craftsmen style of architecture, which originated from
the Arts and Crafts movement, went on to define that time in history.Frank Lloyd Wright and the Greene brothers both have exquisite styles of
architecture with many similarities and differences in which they pioneered themselves. Wright and the Greene brothers both share similar ideals of
architecture in which can be found in their different styles today. "Frank Lloyd Wright was a modern architect who developed an organic and
distinctly American style. He designed numerous iconic buildings" (biography.com). Frank Lloyd Wright was instrumental in developing the "Prairie
Style" of architecture. In 1893, when Frank Lloyd Wright founded his architectural practice in Oak Park, a village in Chicago, he had no idea that his
Oak Park Studio

Justinian World Conqueror
1.Who was Justinian and how is he represented in Byzantine art? Please include analyses of Justinian as World Conqueror (Barberini Ivory) (Figure
9–4) and Justinian, Bishop Maximianus, and Attendants (Figure 9–13) in your response.
Justinian was the emperor who during his time took back the control of Old Rome. He took every out of Italy and was very strict with views that
he made sure everyone followed the Roman law and the true Christian religion. "Artists continued to portray emperors sitting on thrones holding the
orb of the earth in their hands, battling foes while riding on mighty horses, and receiving tribute from defeated enemies."(Kleiner, Page 261) In the
Justinian as World Conqueror we can see Justinian riding his horse with his crown on his head and holding a pole. Below his we can see a group of
men that are looking up to him. In the Justinian, Bishop Maximianus we see him standing in the middle surrounded by all the other group of men. He
is seen wearing a robe and thrown amongst everyone else who is just seen with a white simple robe.
2.Describe and analyze the characteristics of Byzantine church architecture as seen in Hagia Sophia, Constantinople ... Show more content on
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It has a large dome inside with windows that allows the light to light up the inside of the dome and is surrounded by four tall pillars on every corner.
The dome that sat at the very top of the structure gave the entire building more height, making it the tallest and sacred buildings in the cities. "Perhaps
the most characteristic feature of Byzantine architecture is the use of a dome, which is circular at its base, over an interior space that is square in plan,
as in the Justinian church of Hagia Sophia (figs. 9–7 and 9–8) and countless later structures" (Kleiner, Page.264) Inside the Byzantine churches are full
of columns that decorate the interior and each column shows a very detailed carving work in different spiral

Comparison between Byzantium and Islamic civilization
In a number of substantial ways, the Islamic Empire and the Byzantine Empire are significantly different; however, there is some obvious dissemblance
between the two civilizations. Both Empires are known to have influenced modern day civilization in an impactful way and had huge influences on the
lives that we live today. However, both empire was formed differently.
The Byzantine Empire was formed in the fourth century when the Roman Empire was divided into two parts. The West and the East. Western
Roman Empire was conquered by the Germanic invaders in 1476. The Eastern part of the Roman Empire remained and that's what we now know as
the Byzantium Empire. The rise of Islam is essentially ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the Islamic civilization, they introduced the idea of libraries by using the mosques in which they worship to store books which was opened to
the public. Also, the study of algebra was able to flourish during the Islamic civilization under the scholarship of the mathematician Al–Khwarizmi. The
word algebra was gotten from the Arabic word Al–Jabr meaning "reunion of broken parts", the invention of algebra help further mathematics has we
know it today. The Islamic civilization also help to facilitate the development of modern medicine. Qasim al Zahrawi who is known as the father of
modern medicine, invented many surgical tools used into today's civilization. The invention of anesthetics also occurred during this period.
(huffpost.com) Other contributions Islamic Civilization made to modern day civilization incudes the architecture, spreading the Arabic language
which became the source for some English words. The byzantine civilization also contributed to modern day civilization by preserving Greeks culture,
language and artifacts, by spreading the Christianity. They also created the Justinian Code, a set of laws that still remains has a structure for today's legal

Impact Of Religion On The Byzantine And The Caliphates
How Religion Impacted the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic Caliphates Religions heavily influenced the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic
Caliphates in both similar and different ways. Education, internal division, and architecture changed when the realms became theocracies. Both highly
valued education, until religious practices took precedence over higher learning, they built chapels and mosques with astounding architecture, and they
suffered a religious split, neither of which ever healed. The Byzantine was influenced by Greco–Rome much more than the Islamic empires, in both
education and in architecture. However, the Islamic Caliphates spread their knowledge and architecture more widely and much quicker than the
Byzantine.
The majority of the Byzantine Empire's population followed the religion of Christianity. Whereas the Islamic Caliphates population was almost entirely
Muslim. Both empires placed high value on education, and started teaching children at a very young age. In the Byzantine, children ages six through
ten attended primary school, where they learned the basic skills of reading and writing, often using excerpts from the Bible. In the Caliphates, children
of the same age learned elementary Islam subjects along with reading and writing in Maktabs. Both civilizations had multiple levels of education which
were based on age. However, the Islamic Caliphates split the knowledge they taught into three categories: First: the Islamic sciences,

The Dome Of The Rock
The Dome of the Rock (688–92) is a building project which demonstrates a particular way of achieving uniqueness in architecture. Architectural
uniqueness can be established by introducing the same building form and materials in a slightly different way, complimenting its surrounding. Again,
this uniqueness can be achieved by having a completely different building vocabulary, contrasting with its surroundings. In this context, this essay will
investigate what type of architectural uniqueness the Dome of the Rock possess and how this uniqueness has been achieved through various architectural
elements.
Historical Background and Site Context
The Dome of the Rock is located in the city of Jerusalem and stands upon the land of the main three sacred religions of the world: Judaism,
Christianity and Islam. To them, Jerusalem was their holy city, a place for pilgrimage and an area for devotion.
The Temple Mount, or al–Haram al–Sharif is a significant part of the city. The shape of the Temple Mount is slightly trapezoidal and comprises of an
array of different mosques, gates and monuments. In the center of the platform, there is another raised trapezoidal platform, which is accessed by an
arcade of stairways. This platform holds up the focal point of the Temple Mount, the Dome of the Rock. This monument was built primarily to act as a
shrine, sheltering a sacred rock found upon the Temple Mount. As the Umayyad's came to build the shrine on top of the Temple Mount, they were

Royal Exhibition History
Historical context
The Royal Exhibition Building is the architecture which assembles the history and spirits of the city of Melbourne. It was built in 1880 by Reed and
Barnes, who won the design competition of this building, for Melbourne's first international exhibition with the purpose of demonstrating the
achievements acquired by industrialization and bringing people with confidence and enthusiasm. The Centennial International Exhibition was
subsequently held in 1888 in the building as Melbourne's second international exhibition, which introduced Melbourne to the worldwide's view,
provided the opportunity for Melbourne to exchange ideas, goods and cultural values with other countries and promoted trade and economic growth . It
also hosted the opening site of Australia's first Federal Parliament on 9 May 1901 and opened the first Australian War Memorial Museum in the early
1920s. The building was restored in 1995 by Allom Lovell Associates and was later granted the World Heritage status with the Carlton Gardens on 1
July 2004 for the symbolic representation of the International Exhibition Movement and the persistence of its original function as an ... Show more
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A sober scheme is applied to the building in keeping with the solemnity and importance of the events that will be taken place in it. Palace
Entrance temple
Planning
The Royal Exhibition Building is in a cruciform architectural plan, with two arms equally elongated to the east and west with four entrance porticoes
laid on each side. This layout allows the ventilation of the hall by opening the doors and windows on the four sides, so that people can breathe freely
even when people are gathered together for big events. The long central naves and short transepts. The planning is influenced both by Fowke's
ultra–utilitarian layout of the Kensington Gardens building in London and also Barnet's design for Sydney's exhibition

Argumentative Essay On Charlemagne
Medieval Architecture: Palatine Chapel of Charlemagne
Medieval architectural work has always been one that I adore, not to say I'm not fascinated with Renaissance architecture as well; however, of the
two, my first option would certainly be medieval architecture. In this assignment, my discussion will prove why Palatine Chapel of Charlemagne is
considered medieval, why my example should be representative of the period, while discussing it with respect to specific tendencies of the medieval
period style and the art example that "tells" me it is "Medieval".
Palatine Chapel of Charlemagne was built in Aachen, Germany, late medieval time (792–805), and later John Burge restored the interior. Now allow
me to answer the above questions and provide ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
4–11 and 4–12)" also, a restored version of San Vitale's interior converted the complexity and lightness. (164) The amazing design of the chapel was
well orchestrated; insofar, transitioning from what used to be the Roman Empire to now the European Nation, western European churches was about to
welcome the beginning of something great; hence, an introduction of the great dual–tower facades which continues from the 10th century to present
day. The exterior entrance portal was superbly exquisite; not to mention the interior; especially, after it's restoration which gains a geometric clarity,
although, missing the subtle sophisticated look of the Byzantine. Despite the fact that, the chapel has dual–tower, it main units stood independently of
each other; furthermore, making it simpler. Such can be seen from above the door where Charlemagne himself "could appear in a large frame arch
and be seen by those gathered in the atrium in front of the chapel." (164) His throne was made of marble and located directly behind the arch, making
it convenient for him to peer down at the altar. The stained glasses, arch design, various styles and colors of the stones along with a steel looking door,
make this chapel one to

The eastern Roman Empire also known as the Byzantine Empire was originated form and was part of the great Roman Empire which lasted from the
fall of Western Roman Empire in 467 A.D, till 1453 A.D., when Constantinople was capture and lost to Ottoman Turks Empire. Constantinople was the
capital of the Byzantine Empire founded and named after Constantine I. after splitting from WesternRoman Empire eastern Roman Empire make every
effort to create new Rome in east therefore the Byzantine developed its own unique culture and constructed new buildings with distinct architecture.
The Byzantines were great patrons of art and architectures. The place of the emperor were huge and was blazed with gold, silver, marble and mosaics.
The emperor were and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The interior and the artistic features of the Hagia Sophia makes it so magnificent. The features of the Hagia Sophia includes combination of three
traditional basilical plans with the dome as the central design. "The structure has three nefi, one apsi, and two narthex, internal and external. The
length from the apsis to the outer narthex is 100 m, and the width is 69.5 m. " The central dome of the Hagia Sophia is considered as the dome of
haven. "The height of the dome from the ground level is 55.60 m and the radius is 31.87 m in the North to South direction and 30.86 in the East to
West direction ". The weight of the dome is carried by four great arches, "which rest on a series of tympana and semi–domes, which in turn rest on
smaller semi–domes and arcades" . The dome was problematic due to the structural complexity, therefore it was collapsed in 558 but later it was
rebuilt again in 562 to a greater height . The inside the interior of the Hagia Sophia was built from exclusive and expansive diverse colored marbles
and ornamental stone inlays. Marbles that were used for the decoration were reused and was taken from ancient buildings to support the interior
arcades . The upper part of the building was originally decorated in "gold which consist of a huge cross in a medallion at the summit of the dome" .
New features like the mosaics were added to the building after the emerge of iconoclasm. The Hagia Sophia was built in five years and was
inaugurated by emperor

The Creations Of One Of My Favourite Interior Designers
In this assignment, I chose to discuss the creations of one of my favourite interior designers, Zeynep Fadillioglu because I adore the way she fuses the
Western and Eastern traditions, designs and culture. As she is Turkish, her designs are a mixture of our heritage, the Ottoman Empire, with the
contemporary world today. I will use my knowledge and combine it with research I have found online, in books and from the press she has received
by her wondrous architecture pieces.
Through my research, I have learnt that the materials typically used for a minbar in a mosque is iron, as its easily carved to any shape or form.
Furthermore, the colour gold is highly used to give off a Royal Ottoman aura because it illustrates wealth and prosperity, ... Show more content on
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The Ottomans accomplished the most elevated amount design in their territories henceforth or since. They aced the strategy of building inconceivable
internal spaces limited by apparently weightless yet huge domes, and accomplishing immaculate concordance amongst inward and external spaces, and
additionally verbalized light and shadow.
Islamic religious architecture which until then comprised of straightforward structures with broad adornments, was changed by the Ottomans through
an element compositional vocabulary of domes, arches, semi domes and sections. The mosque was changed from being a confined and dim chamber
with arabesque–secured dividers into a haven of tasteful and specialised equalisation, refined style and an insight of glorious amazing quality.
One of my favourite interior design of hers is the Hotel Les Ottomans located in Istanbul, Turkey because I have always loved the Ottoman culture,
tradition and especially the designs as I have grown up with them being Turkish. I love how she fuses the contemporary and the traditional designs to
create a very unique look. I feel like not many people succeed when trying to combine these elements as it can be very difficult to do. Although the
interiors could look quite cluttered, she achieves to make them look really elegant and luxurious. For example, in Figure 3. the room is full of detail
and precision. There 's decorative columns, a detailed ceiling, heavy curtains, patterned pillows and

Old Stone Bank: A Unique Building In Providence, Rhode Island
Old Stone Bank is a very unique building in Providence, Rhode Island. Old Stone Bank contains architectural styles from several different time
periods. The architectural styles that are found in Old Stone Bank are ancient Greek architecture, and Byzantine architecture. The two most notable
features are the Greek like columns surrounding the entrance, and the Byzantine like imposing gold dome on the roof. Architectural styles used
centuries ago are often still used in today's world and Old Stone Bank is an example of that. Old Stone Bank was constructed in 1819, and it still
remains very similar to when it was created except for a couple additions. The space was used as a mutual savings bank then. In 1854, the gold dome
addition was added onto... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The building contains Corinthian columns from ancient Greece architecture, and it contains a similar dome and pendentive as the Hagia Sophia from
Byzantine architecture. The architects of the Old Stone Bank did simplify and modernize some of the features because of budgetary reasons, not
having enough space, and so it could form a good balance compared to the surrounding buildings. Overall, the Old Stone Bank is a very admired and
respected building in Providence due to its use of past successful architectural

Rome: The Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire was an Eastern Roman that was located along Europe and Asia during 375CE. The Byzantine was a rural population. They grew
fruits, wheat, and cotton. The degree of farming mainly depended on the location. The Byzantine Empire's capital is called Constantinople, which was
founded as the second Rome. The official language spoken among the Byzantine was Greek, to Justinian, an emperor, preserving the greek and latin
language was important. Justinian came to power in 527 CE–565 CE as an absolute power emperor. Justinian improved Constantinople by adopting
Roman architecture and building the Hagia Sophia. The architecture of the empire was advanced as seen from the Hagia Sophia, this shows the
prosperity of the empire. During

Miami Compare And Contrast
The Merriam–Webster dictionary defines architecture as the art or science of designing and creating buildings. Almost all locations around the world
have at least one or several buildings that are of historical significance or greatly admired. These buildings not only identify its citizens and government,
but the state. Through architecture it's safe to say that one can measure many things about the culture, lifestyle, creativity, and social structure. In this
paper I will be comparing and contrasting two structures located Miami, Florida. Miami, Florida also known as the Magic City is the second largest
city and the largest metropolitan area in the state. This beautiful city is recognized for its geographical features, colorful history, nightlife, and home to
many multi–national companies, and financial institutions. In addition, many of the unique structures can be seen as a backdrop to countless films and
programs. The distinctiveness depicted throughout the city is due ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The rectangular man made concrete building grabs the eye by its low–pitched hipped roofs covered in arched red clay tile, stucco smooth wall planes,
arched doors and windows, balconies made out of iron, and exterior ornaments gives the property its value. The Main House, which is the one that is
seen as soon as guest walk in has 34, decorated rooms that display over 2,500 art objects and furnishings. The rooms are decorated with objects that
were commonly found in North American, Europe, and Asia in the 16th through the 19th century. Outside the property there is a European–inspired
gardens that has a fascinating collection of various flowers and trees and is a popular location for wedding

The Importance Of Architecture And Architecture
Introduction
In the Ottoman period, a new art direction was appeared and spectaculars perspectives were born. Due to the expansion of territories by the Ottoman
Empire, several sciences, fields and theories were developed. One of these fields was architecture; the Ottomans constructed several public buildings
and edifices were shared the perfection in structure and in aesthetic value. The mosques are the most influenced edifices in this period because the
Ottomans practiced Islam, besides the increasing in Muslim population and the annexation of new lands to the Ottoman Empire, the construction of
mosques was required. Another essential factor in the development of the mosques architecture is a thriving economy. The Ottomans constructed the
buildings with luxurious architectures such as fenestrations spreading over the shaft of the dome to reflect the glory of exterior of the mosques. We
can conclude that the construction method, in the Ottoman period, is influenced by the Ottoman culture, the Islamic regulations called Shariah and
several issues such as climate and materials used in building. Also, we can see the effect of byzantine architecture on the Ottoman buildings.
However, several innovative contributors appeared in the Ottoman period such as Sinan (figure 1), he is genius in art and architecture and he
constructed approximately 400 buildings. Sinan affected the Ottoman archeticture in a direct way by introducing new ideas; his works have aesthetic
value besides the

The Church Of San Vitale
The Church of San Vitale is an historical building that should be considered to be turned into an art museum. The building itself is very beautiful on
the outside and having replica of this building would bring beauty and individuality to Stillwater. This oddly shaped church that was built in Ravenna,
Italy over 1,000 years ago, should be considered to be used as an art museum.
The Church of San Vitale located in Italy is an early Christian church completely made up of bricks, which was built and completed between 538–548.
It has an octagonal plan, with a two–story ambulatory enclosing a central space. There is a narthex, or entrance porch attached to the west side of the
building at an angle, while a small choir and chancel, or extended ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The centralized space is a used for a place of gathering, as well as the narthex. There are many mosaics, or pieces of art, that are located around the
building. All the mosaics are rich with colours, vivid depictions of nature, and each one has a different but certain perspective. The apse has two
famous and stunning mosaics, these pieces were located on the side walls. These mosaics depicted the East Roman Emperor, Justinian, and Empress
Theodora. The two mosaics were created to depict each one of them by themselves, but both pieces of art have similarities. The right panel mosaic
depicts Emperor Justinian with golden halo, standing in the middle of court officials, guards, and Bishop Maximian. The halo and his position in the
piece emphasizes Justinian as the leader of his empire and the church. Justinian and Bishop Maximian are placed in front of the other individuals,
which represents their importance. On the opposite side, there is the mosaic of Empress Theodora. In the mosaic, she can be depicted as a goddess
because like Justinian, she too has a halo over her head, with a crown and women amongst her. The mosaic represents movement in way, it shows the
women going into the church, while Empress Theodora is holding what seems to be wine.
The Church of San Vitale located in Ravenna, Italy. It is an important example of early Christian Byzantine architecture in Europe. The church of San
Vitale was dedicated to St.Vitalis, a slave that converted

Western Civilization Of The Byzantine Empire
Western Civilization Madison Odom
Research Paper 11/16/17
The Byzantine Empire at its peak was the most advanced in its culture, economic structure and military. With its many expanding and contracting
moments during its period of growth it was centered around, and a major part of the Roman Empire. It was called the New Rome, and was influenced by
Greeks, Romans, and the Roman Catholic Church.(Bauer, 11) It mainly was the purpose of retrieving much of the old Roman Empire. It was located
there because it was surrounded by water and had an excellent harbor. TheByzantine Empire withstood a long, treacherous history that ended after 1000
(476 ad–1453 ad) years. 1453 is the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this design it was centered with a large domed roof. The structures had high roofs and columns made of marble, vaults with mosaics, and gold
ceilings. The architecture was throughout the East and was still used even after the fall.
The Byzantine government was controlling of all the citizens, and provided needs of the poor on special occasions. This government was in control of
anything to do with money and religious activities. The influence for Byzantines was the Romans with their laws, but more than the Romans they were
influenced by the Greeks culture.(Hall, 168) In the beginning Constantinople was under the rule of one person who took over the government and
religious aspects of the everyday life. Then it was split into someone ruling the government and the head of the church. The key to a great city–state is
location close to ports where trade is rich in all kinds of resources. The Silk Road was the main stretch of land for trades of gold, clothing, and
different kinds of food. The strategic location of the Byzantines was a very important part of the growth. Set at a position between trade routes from
Asia and Europe. This was important for food and other commodities needed to survive. The key to a great city–state is location close to ports where
trade is rich in all kinds of resources. The Silk Road was the main stretch of land for trades of gold, clothing, and different kinds of food. The location
was in a

'How Do Buildings Mean' By William Whyte
Language in architecture is considered an imperative part of designing, embedding itself within architectural gestures spanning a number of historical
periods including contemporary projects of today. Throughout William Whyte's essay 'How Do Buildings Mean? Some Issues of Interpretation in the
History of Architecture' (2006), Whyte thoroughly dissects the concept of 'meaning' within architecture, questioning a number of approaches to
discerning the meaning behind a building.
"...we commonly do experience architecture as communication..." – Umberto Eco
Discussing various approaches to perceiving meaning within architecture (understanding architecture as an expression of underlying social orders;
treating architecture as a result of the Zeitgeist, and finally; interpreting architecture as an independent sign system comprised of its own grammar,
syntax and ways of meaning), Whyte claims architecture can be understood as an analogy to language. Subsequently, Whyte claims that simply
interpreting meaning with architecture is challenging due to the complexity of a building. To truly understand an architectural meaning, Whyte states a
number of perspective shifts must occur, ensuring all design stages, from concept through to construction is accounted for due to the ever evolving
nature of a project and therefore ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Inspired by the original museums extensive gem and mineral collection, Libeskind's aluminium–clad crystalline form extrudes from the ground at
various unexpected angles and is characterised via its use of particularly angular walls and random strip windows. The intervention is located directly
between the already existing West and East Wings of the ROM, producing a drastic juxtaposition that strongly contrasts the historical architecture whilst
also forging a link between the old and new

How Did Religion Influence The Ottoman Art
The Ottoman Empire came after the Byzantine Empire; it was located in the Middle East and what we know today as Turkey. The Empire's territory
extended from the Mediterranean Sea all the way to China and the rule existed for more than seven hundred years. Islamic religion dominated the
Ottoman era and therefore, had a great impact on the kind of art that the Empire produced. An example of how religion was highly influential was the
fact that most of the art did not include human forms as it was considered forbidden in Islam.
The Golden Age of the Arts was a time period when Suleyman the Magnificent (1520–1566) ruled. In that period, the most fascinating architecture and
art was accomplished as a result of sultan Suleyman's interest and encouragement towards art. The Topkapi Palace was the main administrative
headquarters for the sultans and it is where prestigious and talented artists from different regions gathered.
Art in the Ottoman Period
The nakkashane was a famous painting school at The Topkapi Palace and it introduced three styles of painting:
Traditional which used floral patterns, vines and blossoms that were interconnected
Saz which involved more images such as Chinese–inspired dragons as well as other creatures
Naturalistic which included paintings of gardens and flowers such as tulips and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Weavers at the time produced carpets that were mostly wool and utilized geometrical shapes making carpet–weaving a renowned industry for the
Ottoman Empire. Calligraphy was another prominent form of art which involved demonstrating the beauty of written figures. Moreover, the
exquisiteness of Ottoman architecture can be observed through mosques (buildings for Islamic acts of worship), kulliyes (buildings surrounding
mosques) and public bathrooms or hammams. (Przybylek, S.,

The Roman Empire : The Byzantium Empire
The Byzantium Empire was the Eastern addition to the Roman Empire during the Late Antiquity and The Middle Ages. Established in the Ancient
Greek city Byzantion in 330 AD by the Roman Emperor Constantine as the new imperial capital of Rome. Furthermore, he had added duplicates of
everything from Old Rome, such as the Coliseum and the Imperial Palace, not including the Pagan temples. The Byzantines had spoken Greek and had
more Greek architecture and culture than Roman. The Byzantium Empire had survived the fall of the WesternRoman Empire in the 5th century AD.
Byzantine was able to remain for a thousand years before subsequently in 1453 falling to the Ottoman Turks. The Byzantium empire was a phenomenal
empire lasting almost 1,200 years, it had survived all the other great empires. Much more impressive than age was the influence and reach the empire
had had on civilization. Christianity, literacy, beginnings of art, literature, and architecture from the Russians, Serbs, and the Bulgarians came from the
inspiration of the Byzantines in a variable degree. Up until the eleventh century, Byzantine was a dominant power, but by the mid–eleventh century, the
Byzantines were faced with an eastern invasion from the recently converted Muslim Seljuk Turks. The Turks had in a short amount of time conquered
most of Central Asia, including Syria, Iran, all of Mesopotamia, and Palestine. Subsequently, they were also being attacked by the Normans from the
west. This resulted

How Did Christianity Influence Byzantine Art And Architecture

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