2. Introduction
U.S.A the dream nation
U.S.A a nation where technology is at your door
step
U.S.A big brother in Global Economy
U.S.A GDP estimated to be 17.94 trillion dollars
2
3. The progress of U.S.D.A. in
systematic development of plant
health management
S. Ajit Kumar
2016-ADJ-71
4. Outline of Seminar……..
Introduction
Origin of U.S.D.A
Divisions of U.S.D.A
Systematic development in Plant health
management
Recent achievements of U.S.D.A
Where we are….?
Future Prospects
Conclusion
4
5. Origin of U.S.D.A
Early in history, the economy of the United
States was largely agrarian
Farmers and farming in U.S.A faced miserable
situation
Abraham Lincoln being the son of poor farmer
he knows the agony of farmer
5
6. Establishment Of U.S.D.A. (United
States Department of Agriculture)
Abraham Lincoln the 16 th president of U.S.A is
the founder of U.S.D.A on 15 th May, 1862
6
U.S.D.A . is
Peoples’ Department
7. 150 Years of U.S.D.A
• Secretaries of Agriculture -- 30 Leaders_ 150
Years(1).mp4
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8. Official Seal & Logo of U.S.D.A.
Seal of U.S.D.A Logo of U.S.D.A
8
9. Divisions of U.S.D.A.
9
U
• Agriculture Marketing Service (AMS)
• Agriculture Research Service (ARS)
S
• Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
(APHIS)
• Centre for nutrition policy and promotion (CNPP)
DA
• Economic Research Service (ERS)
• Farm Service Agency (FSA)
10. Contd…
10
U
• Food and nutrition Service(FNS)
• Food Safety and inspection Service (FSIS)
S
• Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS)
• Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS)
DA
• Forest Services (FS)
• National Agricultural Library (NAL)
11. Contd…
11
U
• National Agricultural Statistics Services (NASS)
S
• National Institute of Food and Agriculture
(NIFA)
DA
• Risk Management Agency
13. U.S.D.A –ARS
Agricultural Research Service (ARS) is the
U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
chief scientific research agency
• Each day, more than 2,000 ARS scientists at
90 laboratories discover real-world solutions
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20. Contd…..
After 1990 the priorities of U.S.D.A categorized
as
Disease control and pest management
Ecology and Epidemiology
Host Physiology & Biochemistry
Post harvest pathology
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21. 2015
21
Field evaluation of plant defense inducers for
the control of citrus Huanglongbing
By U.S.D.A.- University of Florida
(Lie et al, 2015)
22. Systematic progress in branches
of Plant Pathology
Mycology
From the stage of conidial ontogeny to AFTOL
(Association of fungal tree of Life)
J.B. Ellis (1971) of U.S.D.A – Conidial ontogeny
as criteria for classification of fungi
Boesewinkel (1980) of U.S.D.A.
conidial characters, appresorium
morphology
22
23. Contd….
U.S.D.A in association with The mycological
society of America
rDNA sequences & ITS (Internally Transcribed
Spacers)
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24. Bacteriology
First report of (1878) bacterial etiology of plant
disease- T.J. Burril from Illinois
E.F. Smith the father of Plant Bacteriology with
his work and publication “ Are there Bacterial
Diseases of Plants”?
Bacterial Taxonomy
David Hendricks Bergey from U.S.D.A
Pennsylvania (1923)
Bergey’ s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology
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25. Contd….
Mortimer P. Star (1977) from U.C. Davis
U.S.D.A established chemotaxonomic
significance
Anne K. Vidaver (1989) first women chief
scientist of U.S.D.A
Initiated programme of microbial sequencing
Bacterial cellular genomics & Biochemical
profiling
Selman Abraham Waksman discovered –
Streptomycin (1952)
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26. Cond…
R.D. Fleischmann (1995) from Johns Hopkins
University
Sequenced complete genome of Haemophilus
influenza
Bacterial Virulence & Molecular Pathogenesis
Arun K. Chatterjee (2000) Of U.S.D.A columbia
university discovered rsmA (Global repressor
gene)
Extracellular enzymes N-L- Homoserine lactone
(White et al. 2009)
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27. Cond…
Frank F. White (2009) of K.S.U Manhattan
molecular interaction between rice plants and Xoo
His group discovered Xa 13 resistance gene
Identified a family of sugar transporters –SWEETS
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)
Linda Thomashow team proved role of 2, 4
diacetylpholoroglunicol in fluorescent pseudomonas
spp in defense of plant roots
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29. “ The dogs could do in seconds what required
human inspectors need many minutes for tree to
accomplish and the dogs did it with much
improved accuracy ”---Tim Gottwald U.S.D.A.
ARS Scientist
Have a quick look on olfactory system of dogs
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30. Olfactory system of Dog
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Dogs possess up to 300 million olfactory receptors in their
noses – far more than the six million found in a human
nose
Extraordinary sense of smell is not a new concept,
researchers are finding additional valuable applications that
may benefit the farmers
31. Canker & HLB infected plants produces typical
volatile compounds
A dog is sensitized to recognize the smell of
volatile compounds
Researchers has got up to 99.97 per cent
accuracy in detection
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32. Dog on Training……..
32
A dog is sensitized to recognize the scent of
citrus leaves infected with canker & HLB
35. Recent achievements of U.S.D.A.
35
RNAi technology has potential to decrease
the dependency on chemical pesticides
(Jeffy 2012)
36. Transgenic Wheat & Barley
36
A gene for wheat ethylene responsive
transcription factor cloned in to plant
gene expression vector
This vector after transformed shows
resistance to Fusarium head blight
37. Chimeric peptides
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The chimeric peptides are effective in
killing wide range of Gram negative
bacteria
Chimeric peptides may provide immunity
to citrus disease
(Thomas Valco, 2015)
38. 38
P. fluorescens with pyrrolnitrin gene
enhances biocontrol activity against soil
borne pathogens
(David Nicholasan, 2012)
39. Stylet sheath- GRAS chemicals
Compositions and Methods For Control
of Hemipteran Insect Stylet Sheath
structure Formation
Compounds can be applied on plants
as sprays
Many of these compounds recognized as GRAS
(Generally regarded as safe)
(Thomas, 2012)
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40. Where we are…?
Though our nation is a developing country
Significant achievements achieved by our
scientists
Let us have a rapid look on our progress
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41. Development of resistant variety through gene
pyramiding : A boom in blast management
Pusa Basmati 1609.
(2015-16)
Neck Blast (piz5, pi54)
Leaf blast (moderate)
Pusa 1790
(2014)
Blast and BLB Resistant
(Piz5+Pi54+xa13+Xa21)
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42. New resistance genes identified
• Pi9, Pi54,Pi12(t), Pizt and Piz5. Pi54, Pita2, Pizt, Pita and Piz5 for
Uttar Pradesh;
• Pita2, Piz5, Pi9, Pi54 and Pizt for Haryana;
• Pita2, Pita, Pi54, Piz5, Piz, Pi9 and Pizt for Delhi region;
• Pi54, Pita2 and Pi9 for Punjab;
• Pita2, Pi54 and Piz5 for Uttarakhand;
• Pi54, Pi12(t), Piz and Pita for Himachal Pradesh.
(Annual Report, IARI, 2015-16)
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43. BLB
1952 - 1st observed in India in Khopoli area of
earstwhile Bombay
1963 : 1st epidemic Shahabad district of Bihar
43 (Srivastava and Rao, 1966)
44. BLB epidemic in Palakkad district, Kerala
(1998)
Strains of Xoo showed resistance against single major
genes- Xa4 and Xa21 (Gnyanamnickam et al.,1999)
Deployment of a pyramid of BB resistance genes
appears to be the right strategy
44
45. BLB Resistant varieties
developed though
MAS
Improved Pusa Basmati -1,
(2008)
BLB (Xa13, Xa21)
Improved Samba Mahshuri BLB (Xa21, Xa12, Xa5)
Pusa 1790 (2014) Blast and BLB
(Piz5+Pi54+xa13+Xa21)
47. K. Pukhraj SI2AS1 2155 & K.
Pukhraj control
Using RNAi technology developed potato lines shows high degree of
resistance to late blight (Ann. Rep., CPRI, 2015)
Silencing of Avr3a effector gene of P. infestans using
RNAi approach
48. Future Prospects
Reforming farm programmes to meet
nutritional requirements
Government importance should be given
to research instead of farm subcides
To feed millions mouths around the world
momentum in transgenic research should
increase
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49. Conclusion
Agriculture contributes only 1.1 per cent of
U.S.A. GDP
151 billion dollars budget allotted to U.S.D.A
U.S.D.A doing advance research and
tremendous progress in systematic development
in plant health management
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50. After hearing this you wana go to America
Please avoid such thoughts because
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