This document discusses eco-friendly building materials and techniques. It defines eco-friendly materials as those that cause minimal harm to the environment compared to alternatives. Specific eco-friendly materials and techniques mentioned include bamboo, recycled materials, and methods that aid energy efficiency or are renewable/biodegradable. The document also provides detailed information about gypsum board, including its manufacturing process, properties, uses in construction and medicine, types, and advantages of dropped ceilings that use gypsum board.

1. SAYANTAN PAUL
27803217002
6TH SEM
BUILDING SERVICES II

2. What is Eco-friendly material ?
 ŠDictionary : describes a product
that has been designed to do the
least possible damage to the
environment Š.
 US EPA –EPP program defines as:
"...products or services that have a
lesser or reduced effect on human
health and the environment when
compared with competing
products or services that serve the
same purpose..."

3. Why eco-friendly materials?
 ŠPhenomenal growth in the construction industry that
depends upon depletable resources. Š
 Production of building materials leads to irreversible
environmental impacts. Š
 Using eco-friendly materials is the best way to build a eco-
friendly building.

4. Eco-friendly :-
Eco-friendly
Material Technique
Bamboo Rat Trap Bond

5. Properties :-
Renewable Source
Reuse of Waste product Reuse/recycle
Embodied Energy Aids Energy Efficiency
Local Availability Biodegradable
Durability & Life span Reduction in air, land and
in buildings water pollution
ECO-FRIENDLY
MATERIALS &
TECHNIQUES

6. What is Gypsum Board?
 Gypsum board, commonly known as drywall, is the technical
product name used by manufacturers for a specific board
with a gypsum core and a paper facing.
 Gypsum board is the premier building material for wall, ceiling,
and partition systems in residential, institutional, and
commercial structures and is designed to provide a monolithic
surface when joints and fastener heads are covered with a
joint treatment system.

7.  Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed of
calcium sulfate dihydrate, with the chemical
formula CaSO4·2H2O
 COLOR- Colorless to white; may be yellow, tan,
blue, pink, brown, reddish brown or gray due to
impurities.

8. HISTORY OF GYPSUM :-
 Gypsum is a rock like mineral commonly found in the earth’s crust,
extracted, processed and used by Man in construction or decoration
in the form of plaster and alabaster since 9000 B.C..
 Plaster was discovered in Catal-Huyuk in Asia in an underground
fresco, and in Israel Gypsum floor screeds were found from 7000 B.C.
 During the time of the Pharaohs, Gypsum was used as mortar in the
construction of the Cheops Pyramid (3000 B.C.). In the Middle Ages
and the Renaissance, decorations and artistic creations were made
of plaster. Since then, the range of construction-related uses have
continued to multiply.

9. MANUFACTURING PROCESS
OFCALCINED GYPSUM :-
 The raw material gypsum is sorted and washed with
water for removal of sand and other impurities.
 The lumps thus obtained are then dried and powdered
in pulverizer.
 The dried gypsum powder is calcined in a rotary drum
calciner at a temperature of 160ºC to 180ºC.
 The process of calcination is done over a period of
about 2 hours. the temperature so that one and half
molecules of water is removed to convert the gypsum
(CaSo4 2 H2O) into plaster of Paris (CaSo4 ½ H2O).

10.  After cooling the product (plaster of Paris) is further
pulverized to a fineness of 150 mesh and packed in air tight
polythene lined gunny bags to avoid the plaster of Paris from
absorption of moisture.

11. MANUFACTURE OF GYPSUM BOARD :-
1. Raw material - High-quality gypsum rock is extracted at quarries or mine.
2. Crusher - Large rocks are crushed into small pieces.
3. Grinding mill - The mill reduces small rocks to a very fine, chalk-like powder called
land plaster.
4. Calcine system - The land plaster is heated in large kettles to remove most of the
water from the plaster.
5. Stucco holding tank - Calcined land plaster, called stucco, is fed from a holding
bin to the mixer by a screw conveyor.
6. Mixer - In the mixer, water is added back to the stucco to form a slurry, and foam is
added to the slurry to make the wallboard more lightweight.
7. Forming station - T he board forming line starts with two large rolls of recycled
paper or fiberglass mats. The slurry is poured onto the bottom sheet and is
immediately covered by the facing sheet from the other roll.
8. Board line - the board travels down a long conveyor line in a single continuous
piece. During this trip, water rehydrates the stucco, causing it to harden.
9. Cut –off knife - the end of the line, a blade cuts the hardened board into various
lengths.
10. Transfer table - .Here the cut lengths are turned face-side up to protect the face
paper or mat, then fed into the kiln.
11. Kiln - The board kiln completes the drying process, leaving the gypsum board
virtually moisture-free.

13. Type of gypsum:-
 Natural gypsum or,
 Synthetic gypsum is known as fgd.
Major varieties of gypsum:-
 Satin spar: Pearly, fibrous masses
 Selenite: Transparent and bladed crystals
 Alabaster: Fine-grained, slightly colored

14. Uses of gypsum:-
Gypsum can be used as following -
 Architecture.
 Medical.
 Agriculture.
 Fine art.
 Chemical industry.
 Juice extraction of some fruits and vegetables.
 Cosmetic etc.

15. Use of gypsum in building
 Gypsum building materials are used in all construction
types (residential, non-residential, new or refurbished) .
Plasterboard
 Plasterboard is used for partitions and the lining of walls,
ceilings, roofs. The properties of plasterboard can be
modified to meet specific requirements , such as fire
resistance, humidity resistance, shock resistance, etc.

16. Decorative Plaster
 Plaster powder, mixed with water, manually or
through the use of silo-supplied spray systems, are
used to create an effective and aesthetically-
pleasing lining for brick and block walls, and for
ceilings.

17. Building plaster
 Gypsum plaster is used for walls and ceilings.

18. Plaster blocks
Gypsum blocks are used for partitions and
Gypsum tiles for ceilings.

19. Gypsum Fiber boards
 Gypsum fiber board is used for partitions and the
lining of walls, ceilings, roofs and floors. Standard
Gypsum fiber board offers good performance
when it comes to shock resistance, sound insulation
and humidity resistance.

20. Use of gypsum in medical :-
 Gypsum is also used in the medical industry.
 Gypsum is also used to clean teeth and is present
in many forms of toothpaste.
 It is used to set the broken bones & sprain.
 It is used in filling of teeth cavities.

21. Use of gypsum in agriculture :-
 Be a source of Calcium and Sulphate Sulphur for
plant growth.
 Gypsum is added to soil to make the soil better able
to absorb moisture.
 Gypsum is used in water to settle dirt.

22. Gypsum board :-
 Gypsum board is the generic name for a family of panel
products that consist of a non-combustible core.
 All gypsum panel products contain gypsum cores; however ,
they can be faced with a variety of different materials,
including paper and fiberglass mats.
 Gypsum board is often called drywall, wallboard, or
plasterboard.

23. Standard size of gypsum board :-
 Standard size gypsum boards are 48 inches wide
and 8, 10, 12 or 14 feet long.
 The 48 inch width is compatible with standard
framing methods in which studs or joists are spaced
16 inches and 24 inches.
 other lengths and widths of gypsum board are
available from the manufacturer on special order.

24. Gypsum is also an indefinitely
recyclable raw material :-
 You can always reuse Gypsum because the chemical
composition of the raw material in the products remains
unchanged
 the waste of is used to make the same product again.

25. Properties of gypsum board:-
Gypsum board walls and ceilings
have a number of outstanding
advantages:
Ease of installation
Fire resistance
Sound isolation
Durability
Economy
Versatility

26. EASE OF ISTALLATION
 •One of the principal reasons for this rapidly
growing popularity is ease of installation. •To
construct an internal wall, for example, a frame is
erected, plasterboard is fitted to it, joints are filled,
and the wall is created. •The operation is clean, dry
and uncomplicated. •A gypsum finish can also be
applied to the surface of the plasterboard in order
to achieve a superior finished appearance.

27.  A richness of forms can be created in plasterboard or
stucco.
 For architects, building with gypsum products allows them
to unleash their creativity thus allowing them to answer,
even more dramatically, to the demands of their customer
while remaining within an affordable budget.
 In short, Gypsum allows the creation of stunning interiors in
any and all styles, from the Classical to the Modern.
AESTHETICS AND DESIGN

28.  Lightweight building techniques (plasterboard on
framework) can supply excellent thermal performance
since the construction has a cavity that can be filled
with the required amount of insulation.
 The interior plasterboards protect the insulating material
and contribute, together with the vapour barrier, in
preventing indoor humidity from getting in, or being
trapped in, the insulation material.
 Gypsum equilibrates humidity and heat peaks
 Gypsum is capable of storing humidity when a room is
humid and automatically releasing this humidity if the
indoor air becomes too dry.
 Plasterboards have also a “heat-storing” ability. Small
temperature increases are absorbed and radiated back
later when the temperature in the room decreases.
THERMAL PROPERTIES

29.  The Gypsum Industry has a beneficial impact on noise reduction as it
produces special acoustic grade plasterboard which offers greater
sound extinction which can be applied where a particularly high
performance is required.
 Drywall systems provide effective sound insulation because they are
designed to provide a physical barrier to sound, incorporate a sound
break and minimize reverberation. Between the two sides of the
partition there is an air cavity, which interrupts the flow of sound.
 These characteristics mean that a typical drywall partition in a house
can be only 75mm thick. A comparable masonry wall would need to
be 110mm thick to achieve the same sound performance.
ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES

30.  Due to the natural composition of Gypsum,
gypsum plasterboards are inherently fire
resistant.
 The chemical formulation of Gypsum is
CaSO4.2H2O - Calcium Sulphate Dihydrate.
In nature, Gypsum occurs in the form of
crystals.
 The presence of water in Gypsum (H2O), one
square meter of plasterboard of 15 mm
thickness contains around 3 litres crystal
water.
 Through the action of fire, the crystal water
evaporates and a protective layer of
Gypsum is formed. Behind this layer, the
material under fire attack, remains at
constant temperature around 100oC as long
as water is released from the Gypsum.
FIRE PROPERTIES

31.  Rounded
 Tapered
 Bevelled
 Square edge
 Tongue and groove
Edges of gypsum board

32.  False ceiling or dropped ceiling is a secondary ceiling,
hung below the main structural ceiling usually concrete or
timber.
 Dropped ceilings are created to hide the building
infrastructure, including piping, wiring, and ductwork, by
creating a space above the dropped ceiling, while
allowing access for repairs and inspections.
 Another purpose of dropped ceiling is to develop
aesthetical details which are difficult and structurally
difficult to construct.
 Dropped ceilings are also use to reduce the volume of the
space so that the heating and cooling load can be
reduced.
 Acoustic balance and control was another early objective
of dropped ceilings.
FALSE CEILING/DROPPED CEILING

33.  Exposed ceiling
• A system where grid is visible and
into which panels are laid. The grid
is finished in colors to harmonize
with the panels.
• Panels are manufactured from a
variety of materials including rock
fiber, glass fiber, mineral fiber etc.
common size of the panel is
1200x600, 600x600 and 500x500.
 Concealed ceiling
• A system where, after tiles are
installed, the grid is not visible.
• Gypsum plasterboard ceiling is
the most commonly used
concealed ceiling.
• Gypsum plaster board has taken
the place of POP ceiling due to its
ease of installation.
Types of false ceilings

34.  Main tee runner
 Cross tee
 Wall angle or parameter channel
 Galvanized hanger wire
 Angel cleat
 Expansion anchor or fasteners
 Mineral fiber board or ceiling tile
Exposed ceiling system components

35. Advantages and disadvantages of
dropped ceilings :-
Exposed grid ceiling
 Advantages -
• Ease of access
• Ease in replacement
• Ease in fitting lighting
fixtures
 Disadvantages
• Visible grid
• Reduced headroom
• Damaged easily when
handled
Concealed gypsum
plasterboard ceiling
 Advantages -
• Monolithic
• Sound absorbing ability
• Fire resistant
 Disadvantages
• Inability in accessibility
• Pest and rodent problem is
not detectible
• Problem in replacement

36. BIBLIOGRAPHY:
 www.google.in
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.quora.com
 Building construction illustrated (pdf)