Cobalt Complexes

Cobalt Complexes
Cobalt Complexes
Lab 4
Cobalt and its slew of complex children
Abstract: Through a series of substitution reactions, different cobalt ammine complexes were
created. These complexes were analyzed via, precipitation and gravimetric measures to determine
that the substitution reactions that occurred.
Introduction: Coordination chemistry is an important part of inorganic chemistry that involves the
association and dissociation of ligands to a metal. The size, shape, and nucleophilic strength of a
ligand will determine if a substitution reaction will potentially take place. Also, the charge, size, and
oxidation state of the metal will determine how well substitution occurs. Associative substitution ...
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Report Step 2: By adding the concentrated acid to carbonatotetraamminecobalt (III), carbonate was
lost from the complex and released as carbon dioxide. This allowed for ammonia to take its place
and also freed up a space for chloride ion to coordinate. This gave the complex an 18 electron count,
stabilizing the compound. The compound was a redish purple color. The step was performed twice
due to a small amount of product (1.7421 grams) the first time. This may be because of not getting
the reaction hot enough the first time to avoid making aquopentamminecobalt (III). The second time
3.4552 grams product was made, giving a total of 5.1973 grams for the two times the step was
performed.
Experimental Step 3: Preparation of Nitropentamminecobalt (III) Chloride [Co(NH3)5NO2]Cl2:
1.4983 grams of chloropentamminecobalt (III) chloride was added to 15 mL water and 5 mL of 6M
NH3. The solution was warmed for about 10 minutes on and off a hot plate until the salt dissolved.
The solution was then suction filtered to get rid of any remaining solid, then cooled and slightly
acidified using dilute HCl. 1.9986 grams of Na NO2 was added and heated slightly to dissolve the
initial red precipitate that formed. Again, the solution was cooled, and 20 mL of 12.1 M HCl was
added. Bubbling occurred and yellow–brown crystals were formed. These crystals were filtered off
and washed with ethyl
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The Chevrolet Cobalt Vehicle
General Motors acted in an unethical and negligent way by choosing not to take action when
becoming aware of a fault in their ignition switch of the Chevrolet Cobalt vehicle. This caused the
engine and electrical system to shut off if the keys were knocked, and ultimately resulting in
multiple deaths due to the airbags not deploying during car accidents.
General Motors first became aware of the problem in 2004 after a situation of the ignition switching
off the vehicle after accidentally making contact with the key. Other employees soon replicated the
ignition switch defect during test drives throughout that year. While engineers for G.M. suggested a
fix to the issue, executives due to "consideration of the lead time required, cost and ... Show more
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I feel saddened for the families of those involved in the fatal crashes that are a consequence of
G.M.'s negligent action in pursuing and correcting this problem. They were let down by a large
corporation who knowingly were aware of a defect in the Chevrolet Cobalt, and if I was to be put in
their situation, I would feel deep resentment towards General Motors. However, I am not surprised
as I do already have a strong distrust for large corporations. After having read countless reports on
the news of the unethical, and often illegal, courses of action that companies will do in order to
essentially reduce costs and increase profits. While I feel angered by this, my feelings are irrelevant
to corporations as they are only interested in ways in which they can increase profit.
I felt the same way after having studied the Enron case earlier in the semester. Though I feel Enron
has acted more unethically and unscrupulous intentionally than General Motors, I am still saddened
and sorrowful for the individuals and families who were unknowingly being lied to by the
corporations. Individuals and families involved in these cases feel both an emotional and physical
loss. I feel as someone who values honesty, it angers me that innocent people were affected in this
way and taken advantage of. Enron's profit–driven executives treated these individuals and families
unfairly, as were the families of those involved in

Essay about Determination of the Composition of Cobalt...
Determination of the Composition of Cobalt Oxalate Hydrate Experiment 12 Robbie Kinsey
Partner: Debnil Chowdhury Chem. 1312–D TA's: Russell Dondero & Sylvester Mosley February 9,
2000 Purpose The purpose of this lab was to determine the percent cobalt and oxalate by mass, and
with that information, the empirical formula for cobalt oxalate hydrate, using the general formula
Coa(C2O4)b.cH2O. Procedure The powdered cobalt oxalate hydrate was weighed to about 0.3 g and
placed in a pre–weighed crucible. The crucible and the cobalt oxalate were then heated until the
cobalt oxalate decomposed into a stable, black solid, or Co3O4. Once the crucible was sufficiently
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|trial one |trial two | |Mass of cobalt oxalate hydrate |.3012g |.3027g | |Mass of residue (Co3O4)
|.1777g |.1752g | |Percent Co in Cobalt Oxalate Hydrate |43.33% |42.509% | |Average percent
|42.92% | | | | | |Standardization of KMnO4 Solution | | |Concentration of Standard Na2C2O4
|.1mol/L | |Volume of Na2C2O4 dispensed |15.0mL | |Volume of KMnO4 required |34.3mL |
|Molarity of KMnO4 solution |.0175 mol/L | | | | | |Determination of Oxalate | | | |Mass of cobalt
oxalate |.3091g |.3031g | |Volume of KMnO4 used |38.6mL |37.1mL | |Percent oxalate in cobalt

Cobalt Systems and SiverLight Electronics
1. Present the discrepancies of business practices, policy and strategy between the 2 countries Cobalt
Systems is a multinational corporation present in more than 50 countries divided into regions.
Cobalt Systems is a highly centralized organization as all the operations throughout the world are
overseen by 13 US based 'Management Board' members. The company large number of layers
between the Management Board and the local employees (hierarchical organization) doesn't allow
much room for empowerment. It is an ethnocentric company with a people oriented culture that
provides all its local employees around the world with extensive training in order to socialize them
to the Cobalt culture. Moreover, Cobalt Systems insists on fully ... Show more content on
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SilverLight wants its employees to do things the 'Silverlight way' and join the 'SilverLight family'
for the rest of their careers whereas Cobalt wants all its employees around the world to adopt the
Cobalt culture. Cobalt sees its subsidiaries as national assets that have to be closely protected from
competitors and therefore fully owned by Cobalt whereas SilverLight is seen as a Korean pride by
the Koreans and the government and is cross–owned by a multitude of firms forming the SilverLight
Chaebol. Cobalt's world operations are overseen by 13 US based Management Board members
creating a hierarchical organization whereas SilverLight is part of a horizontal multi–industry
organization (the SlverLight Chaebol) and he still closely tied to the government due to historical
reasons. 2. Using the cross–cultural criteria defined in class, list the expected discrepancies in the
behavior of the Korean and US negotiators. For western companies and American ones in particular,
time is money. However, in Asian cultures time is no relevant at all. It is probably why it was the
Korean company rather than the American one who decided to take a break in the negotiation
process. Therefore, the American negotiator will have to learn to take his time and not rush the
conversation directly to business matters. It is important to know that Koreans want to get to know
the people they are going

Cobalt Calorimetry Lab Report
When this experiment is finished, we will have found the concentration of the cobalt (II) nitrate
solution. Using a variety of mathematical equations and making many calculations, we will
precisely plot the cobalt concentrations on multiple graphs with a calorimetry device. We will utilize
Beer's law and a calorimetry device to measure the molarity/concentration of the cobalt (II) solution
using light. The primary use of this calorimetry device is to find transmittance (T) and absorption
(A), which according to Beers' law, is directly connected to molarity.
The concentration of the unknown solution of Co(NO3)2 can be found with the equation of a
graphed best fit line that should represent A = ebc. We will use exact and accurate measurements ...
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To do so, we used the cuvette 0, also known as the blank, and the cuvette 5, the pure substance. We
calibrated our spectrophotometer by setting the λ (wavelength) to 383 nm and then placing the blank
in. Afterwards, we set the transmittance to 100%. Then, we removed the blank cuvette and placed
the cuvette 5 in. After recording the %T and absorbance, we repeated the process but with a different
wavelength. We repeated with wavelengths ranging from 383 to 700, recording the %T and
absorbance each time.
Subsequently, we used .737 nm, the wavelength with the greatest absorbance, and recalibrated the
spectrophotometer at the analytical wavelength. Then, we measured the transmittance and disposed
of cuvette 5. We prepared four other diluted solutions of Co(NO3)2 and H2O, measuring the volume
of each in Ml. We recorded the mL of Co(NO3)2 and the mL of H2O, calculating a molarity of the
dilute that we also recorded. Finally, we used Beer's Law to find the concentration of an unknown
solution involving Co(NO3)2 from %T and

SEM Images Of Co-Ni-N Elecdeposition
Figure ‎
2.6 SEM images of Co–Ni–N electrodeposition (a) without magnetic field and (b) with the
effect of parallel magnetic fled (Tanase et al., 2012).
Y. D. Yu et al. applied a magnetic field with a magnetic force of 1 T parallel to electrode surface in
the cobalt electrodeposition Due to Lorentz forces and the interaction between the magnetic field
and the electric current which cause MHD phenomenon, electrolyte agitated causing a decreasing in
the thickness of the diffusion layer which causes the increase in the deposition rate. Furthermore, a
strong deviation found from the instantaneous nucleation process in respect to the micro–MHD
flows (Y. D. Yu et al., 2014).
Magnetic field parallel to electric field applied to prepare cobalt ... Show more content on
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While Figure ‎
2.8(b). show a vanishing to the spherical clusters and forming an intestine like
morphology. This finding come from the maximum saturation magnetization of the materials falls to
be minimum in case of B = 6T which recorded as the optimum magnetic field to the
electrodeposition (D. Li et al., 2016).
Figure ‎
2.8 FESEM images of Co–Ni–P film electrodeposition without the effect of magnetic field
(a) and with magnetic field strength of 0 T (a), 6 T (b) and (c) 12 T (D. Li et al., 2016).
2.6 CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING MAGNETIC ELECTRODEPOSITION AS A COBALT
RECOVERY METHOD FROM LITHIUM ION BATTERIES.
A lot of approaches have done to recover the cobalt from the spent lithium ion batteries. But there's
are a gap in terms of purity and quality between the mining commercial metals and the recycled
metals from the waste such as LiB. Moreover, the current recovering techniques request a many of
steps to reach the end application product.
The current electrodeposition technology could recover the cobalt from spent LiB, however at the
uncontrolled morphology, limiting its technological applications. Motivated by the ferromagnetic
properties of cobalt, magnetic field will be used in this work to enhance the electrodeposition
process to produce controlled morphology cobalt oxide from spent LiB. To explain more, the
electrochemical recovering of cobalt from

Copper, The 27th Element On The Periodic Table
Cobalt, the 27th element on the periodic table is the study of this biochemical discussion. Blue in its
natural form, it has many uses. To explain further, it uses either come naturally or medicinally. Also,
there is important history about cobalt that dates backs to ancient times. Controversy also comes in
place when speaking about elements and their interaction with humans and their environment. The
current research being done on cobalt is very important as it intervenes with the next topic. The
future; how much do we have? Is the right amount of money being put into research? And Is there
any research or new ideas on the future uses of cobalt? These questions are ready and want to be
answered. Reviewing and processing the words on this page hopefully you will get a further insight
to these questions. Ultimately, you will learn more about cobalt's part in biochemistry. To wrap your
mind on what this element really is, here is the basic knowledge on Cobalt. Cobalt, is the 27th
element on the periodic table from the fact that it has 27 protons. It is also referred through the
universal symbol Co and is a transition metal. There are 8 different isotopes in Cobalt 1 of the them
is stable meaning it will not decay or change into any other element. With a melting point of 1495
degrees celsius and a boiling point of 2927 degree celsius this metal needs lots of energy to change
state. The element in its pure form is silver and blue, but fragile to the touch. The history of

Cobalt Gas Administration Case Study
Dear, Cobalt Gas Administration A gas company is submitting an application to to drill a well on a
former dairy farm. Which this dairy farm borders the state forest and the closest water treatment
plant is twenty miles away. Should they allow this application. Yes they should approve this grant to
drill the well. My beginning reason they should complete this grant is because. It will open up
hundreds maybe, thousands of jobs around our community, Across PA and Ohio this type of drilling
will open up many jobs for residents. It will be supporting families to put food on their table and I
have a fellow classmate that has his father working for a drilling company and it supports his family

Critique Of Characters In Cobalt Blue By Sachin Kundalkar
I put down Sachin Kundalkar's Cobalt Blue a couple of days ago and the characters continue to
haunt me. Kundalkar has so vividly painted them into my mind that they seem to have made a home
for themselves in there. Over the next couple of days, I have found myself reaching out for the book,
re–reading paragraphs at random and with every read I feel like I have opened a whole new world. I
have been musing at the simplicity and the beauty of the story, and I have concluded that no review
could ever do justice to the gem that is this work.
Cobalt Blue was originally written and published in Marathi by Sachin Kundalkar when he was only
22 years old (his age is of no importance, until you put down the book and realise that someone
wrote a book so profound and meaningful when he was at the same age as you). For almost ten
years the book remained a treasure to only those who spoke Marathi, till Jerry Pinto, at Shanta
Gokhale's request translated it into English. A lot is lost in translation, a fact that is acknowledged by
Pinto in his afterword. However, Pinto took extra care to retain the essence of the novel, which is
something that those who are not fluent in Marathi would appreciate. Teresa Lavender Fagan,
translator, says, "A translator must absorb the essence of a work, feel the author's soul and do what
she can to minimize what must necessarily be lost. The paradox of translation: the desire to replicate
a work in one's own language while knowing it can never truly be

Synthesis Cobalt Compound
Overall, the experimental results were similar to the results needed to identify the cobalt ammine
halide coordination complex. The color of the compound was dark purple and it looked just as
expected as the experiments leading up to the collection of the synthesized cobalt compound had
little to no errors. The percent yield of the compound was not 100% due to small errors throughout
experiments such as losing some of the compound during transferring, more liquid evaporating than
desired, and not measuring volume to exact accuracy and precision every time. For example, when
the graduated cylinder was filled with 100 mL deionized water and the liquid was poured into a
flask, the liquid measured over the 100 mL mark on the flask, meaning that

General Motors Recall Crisis Essay
Introduction The beginning of the General Motors recall crisis was the alleged failure by the
company to recall its faulty cars on time, despite having known about the ignition switch problem,
which persisted over a decade. The aforementioned design flaw in over a million vehicles, which
caused hundreds of fatalities, was well known by the company's management, before the decision to
recall the faulty vehicles. Ethical issues relate to the recall crisis concern GM's favoring cover–up
over legal considerations on customer safety. Concisely, the company concealed defects from the top
management, dealers, and the public, while the car users crashed the cars and died from problems
that General Motors could have fixed. This paper will focus on the issues surrounding the General
Motors Recall Crisis. Discussion Social responsibility is important in a company's operations with
companies being expected to be responsible to the society in their operations. However, the culture
at ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With the company's code of conduct including right things as part of business conduct, the crisis has
only revealed that the inactions of the company are against the ethics it purports to uphold. In
business operations, whenever the top management fails in attaining unquestionable integrity and
high level of business ethics, it becomes an insurmountable feat to anticipate responsible behavior.
Furthermore, the absence of business integrity is the fundamental cause of the crisis that rocked
General Motors. It is of utmost importance for the company to foster high levels of business ethics
as part of its social responsibility and to ensure that quality of products and safety of users are
among top priorities in its core priorities. Similar to other companies that have faced such a crisis,
GM is learning the social responsibility lesson in the hard

The Zinc Of Cobalt 60
COBALT–60
INTRO
Cobalt–60 or also known as co–60 is one of the many isotopes of the element, Cobalt. Cobalt has 28
isotopes other than Cobalt–60, these include: Cobalt–47, Cobalt–48, Cobalt–49, Cobalt–50, Cobalt–
51, Cobalt–52, Cobalt–53, Cobalt–54, Cobalt–55, Cobalt–56, Cobalt–58, Cobalt–59, Cobalt–60,
Cobalt–61, Cobalt–62, Cobalt–63, Cobalt–64, Cobalt–65, Cobalt–66, Cobalt–67, Cobalt–68,
Cobalt–69, Cobalt–70, Cobalt–71, Cobalt–72, Cobalt–73, Cobalt–74, Cobalt–75 and Cobalt–76
(Jefferson Lab, n.d.). Co–60 is a synthetically produced radioisotope with a half–life of 5.27 years
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2014). It decays through beta particles and
gamma radiation (CDC, 2005). Cobalt–60 decays into stable isotope, Nickel–60 through beta minus
decay (radioactivity.eu.com, n.d.).
SAFETY ISSUES
Cobalt–60 can be very dangerous to human health. If ingested or inhaled, the majority of co–60 is
excreted in the feces and the rest is absorbed into the blood and tissues, mainly the liver, kidneys
and bones (CDC, 2014; United States Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], 2015). As co–60 is
involved in ionising radiation, all co–60 that is absorbed by liver, kidneys or bone tissue can cause
cancer and because it decays by gamma radiation, this results in an increased risk of cancer in
comparison to other radioisotopes along with skin burns, acute radiation sickness, or death. In
occasional circumstances, medical or industrial radiation sources are lost or stolen

Cobalt Bomb History
To many people "cobalt bomb" may sound like something that was used in a World War to kill off
the enemies, however they'd be shocked to know that it's actually a cancer–treating machine that
was created and tested in the 1950s in Saskatchewan. The device was originally installed at the
University of Saskatchewan on August 17, 1951 (Willett, Edward), and was the invention of Dr.
Harold Elford Johns. The name probably derived from all of the atomic bombs that were in the news
those years following the Second World War.
Doctors had been using radiation to destroy cancerous cells since the unfolding of X–rays and
radium in the 1890s, but both techniques had their own issues. X–ray machines were complicated to
make use of, and radium implanted near tumors. In addition, X–rays weren't strong enough to be
entirely effective, and as for both of them, they were quite expensive. ... Show more content on
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L. Herrington, who was head of the physics department in the U of S in the1940s.
Thanks to him, the university received Canada's first betatron in 1948. The betatron made use of
magnets to speed up electrons to an energy level of 25–million electron volts. This created powerful
X–rays that had the ability to be used for cancer treatment, however extensive usage of the machine
was impossible due to the fact that it was too costly, and the X–rays it composed weren't always
powerful enough to reach tumors that were deep inside of the

Heavy Metals And Its Effects
1. Introduction
Heavy metals and their salts (Cu, Zn, Hg, Pb, Co, Ni,) are widespread industrial pollutants. In the
waters they come from natural sources (rocks, the surface layers of soil and groundwater), the
wastewater of many industrial enterprises and rain (polluted with smoke emissions). Heavy metals,
as trace elements, are constantly encountered in natural waters and aquatic bodies depending on the
geochemical conditions.
Heavy metals are quite stable and cannot be destroyed. Entering the ponds, they are included in the
cycling of matter and subjected to various transformations. Inorganic compounds are rapidly
solubilized in water and transferred into poorly soluble hydroxides, carbonates, sulfides and
phosphates. Later, these insoluble products settle down and contaminate the bottom sediments.
Under the influence of living organisms (bacteria, fungi and others) mercury, tin, and arsenic
undergo methylation, becoming more toxic alkyl compound. Moreover, metals can be accumulated
in various organisms and incorporated in the food chain and cause poisoning.
This project focuses on the elimination of cobalt (II) metal ions from contaminated waters. Even
though Co (II) appears to be one of the essential elements to human body at low concentrations,
when cobalt is too concentrated; it may damage human body and may cause diseases such as asthma
and pneumonia1. Cobalt pollution may be caused by many alloys (super alloys in gas turbine of
aircraft engines, corrosion resistant

Cobalt Research Paper
There are countless varieties of natural resources at our disposal to make our lives easier. Cobalt is
very rare, slightly toxic, brittle metal that can be used for treating cancer, making super–magnets,
making jet engines, high temperature cutting tools, bombs etc. Cobalt is a limited natural resource
found within the Earth's crust, and as such it is necessary that the world's supply is conserved by
limiting our usage of currently mined Cobalt as well as trying to explore for new sources of Cobalt.
Cobalt can be found almost everywhere in nature. Showing up in meteorites, stars, seawater, fresh
water, soils, lunar rocks, plants, and even animals, cobalt is widely distributed around earth's crust.
Though there are many places to find cobalt... there isn't too much cobalt to find. Cobalt is a fairly
rare metal, only making up less than .002% of the Earth's crust. The metal is predicted to last for
only around another 83 years before we use it all up if resource consumption stays at the rate it is
now. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cobalt is a metal that was first isolated by a Swedish chemist named Georg Brandt in 1735. Cobalt
was the first metal discovered since prehistoric times. Cobalt's atomic number is 27, its atomic
weight is 58.933195, its density is 8.86 grams per cubic centimeter, and its group number is 9 and
period number is 4. Cobalt is usually recovered as a byproduct of mining and refining nickel, iron,
copper, silver, and lead. The name originated from the German word "Kobald", meaning
underground gnome. In German folklore, Kobalden were sprites or gnomes who lived in mines.
These gnomes would cause trouble for the miners. Miners who took copper ores later found that the
ores contained the toxic, arsenic bearing cobalt ore. Miners in these copper mines complained of
health issues and thought of the cobalt ores are an obstacle due to cobalt having no value on the

Determining The Unknown Concentration Of Cobalt (II) Solution
The goal of the experiment was to determine the unknown concentration of the provided Cobalt (II)
solution by using a spectrophotometer/colorimeter. The spectrophotometer was used on the
unknown solution to find the concentration of Cobalt (II). The concepts used from Beer–Lambert's
Law are the absorbance and concentration of the tested solution. The equation is A=EbC. A equals
absorbance, E is the constant when identifying the species measuring the wavelength, b is the
thickness of the solution, and C is the concentration of the solution. E and b are both constant, which
makes the concentration and the absorbance directly proportional. Results resembled the standard
curve and the connection of absorbance and concentration was used to estimate ... Show more
Then we got then unknown Cobalt (II) solution and placed it in a cuvette to measure the light
transmittance recording it to three decimal places. Next, the unknown solution of Cobalt (II) was
placed in a 100 mL beaker and the DI water was placed in a smaller beaker to make transferring the
solutions easier. For the process of transferring each solution smoothly, a pipette will be used to
place the unknown solution and DI water into the 10 mL graduated cylinder. First, 100% of the
unknown concentration should be placed in a test tube ready to be put in the spectroscopy. Then,
using a clean pipette fill the graduated cylinder with 9 mL of the unknown solution and fill the rest
with DI water using a different clean pipette until 10 mL is reached. The concentration solution is
90%, and 10% is the DI water which makes the new mixture. The mixture that was just made will
then be poured into a test tube that is beside the 100% concentration of the unknown solution. The
process will then be continued by pouring 8 mL unknown solution and 2 mL of DI water into the 10
mL graduated cylinder to get 80% concentration solution; which is poured in the test tube that will
be placed by the 90% concentration test tube. Again, 7 mL of the unknown solution will be placed in
the graduated cylinder along with 3 mL of DI water, which makes 70% concentration solution and
30% DI water. The solution will then be poured into a test tube and placed by the 80%
concentration. Then, 6 mL of Cobalt (II) unknown solution was placed with a pipette into the 10 mL
graduated cylinder with 4 mL of DI water. Which makes 60% of concentration solution and 40% DI
water, and pour the new mixture into a test tube and place it next to the 70% concentration solution.
Take 50% of the unknown solution and place it in the 10 mL graduated cylinder along with 50% DI
water making the new

Argumentative Essay On Child Labor
During the time, children worked countless hours on dangerous jobs to earn a few cents to a few
dollars. This is known as child labor, where children risk their lives daily for money. Today, child
labor continues to exist around the world and even in the United States, where children harvest fruits
and vegetables in difficult conditions. According to the article "What is child labor"; He claims that
approximately 215 million children all over the world work between the ages of 5 and 17 in harmful
workplaces. Child labor continues to exist, because many families live in poverty, and with large
working hands, income increases. Other families take their children to work in the field because
they do not have access to childcare, and additional money is beneficial for acquiring basic needs.
Despite the existence of laws and regulations that protect children from child labor, more strict
enforcement of laws is required, since child labor not only exploits children, but also has a
detrimental effect on health, education and the people of the nation. Currently, there are laws and
regulations that protect children from working in dangerous jobs at a young age. As per the Fair
Labor Standards Act, adopted in 1938 under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, not only set the
minimum wage, but also prohibited children under the age of sixteen. This act Led to a decrement in
child labor in the United States for a certain time. For the first time after a long time, children did
not have to work in hazardous jobs and risk their lives. Childhood and did not need to grow so fast.
Some people say that work and earnings can be a positive experience in the development of the
child. Children face the difficulties of life, and they become more mature. Secondly, employers have
benefits for employing children, because children don't require lot of money or insurance. They also
add that it is wrong to propose to stop all forms of child labor, as so many poor families depend on
the income their children earn. A remote landscape in South Africa is known for its Red Cobalt rich
landscapes, and that cobalt was cheap to buy. And it's the most essential for Lithium–Ion batteries
mostly used in technological gadgets. Companies

Cobalt Resource Scarcity in the United States Economy
Cobalt Scarcity in US Economy EPA1321: Systems Modeling Project Due to an increasing global
demand for energy, engineers have been challenged to come up with a new generation synergy,
which has to be a sustainable energy system. One of the major capacity additions over the next 20
years will be natural gas fired power plants, which utilize gas turbine power generation equipment.
The demand for cobalt is expected to increase significantly. But can the identified reserves of cobalt
cope with this increased demand? The purpose of this report is to understand the market dynamics
of cobalt scarcity, and present recommendations for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
0 A Vensim Model Diagram
............................................................................................................................ 0 B Model Equations
and Supplements ......................................................................................................... 0 C Cobalt
Geological Information ................................................................................................................. 2 1
Introduction An increasing global demand for energy is an immense challenge for power producers
around the world. The International Energy Agency (IEA) forecasts that the world economy will
demand at least 40% more energy by 2030. As a result of the fast–
‐‑growing power needs in
emerging markets and new, cheaper methods of extracting natural gas: the gas turbine market is
expected to rise substantially to accommodate this. Recent studies from the Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (FERC) have indicated that natural gas–
‐‑fired power plants utilizing
land–
‐‑based gas turbine equipment (known as combined cycle plants) are to account for 46% of the
new power generation capacity additions through 2035 in the US economy.

Cobalt (Ii) Oxygen Essay
Cobalt(II) Oxygen adduct complex
Inorganic 461 lab
2–29–2012
Abstract
This experiment uses Co(salen) as a model compound illustrating the uptake of oxygen in
hemoglobin. SalenH2 was prepared as the intermediate, and reacted with hydrated cobalt to prepare
Co(salen). Using Co(salen) the oxygen up–take was tested. The synthesis of SalenH2 produced 0.65
g. The percent yield of salenH2 was 116% on the filter paper and 105% after transferring salenH2 to
a vial. The melting point of salenH2, was 128 oC. The color of salenH2 was yellow. This was all
expected from salenH2. The synthesis of Co(salen) produced 0.232 g. The percent yield of
Co(salen) was 88.22% on the filter paper and 86.1 % after transferring the Co(salen) to a vial.
Co(salen) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A pressure equalizer addition funnel, water condenser fitted with a T joint and an oil bubbler was all
added to the system( fig 2). The 25–mL Erlenmeyer flask was placed on top of a sand bath which
was heat from a hot plate. Next 12–mL of 95 % ethanol was added through the funnel. The mixture
was stirred and flushed with N2. A steady flow of N2 was maintained though the heating processes.
A new solution containing, 200 mg cobalt tetrahydrate, 1.5–mL of DI water, was placed into a 10–
mL breaker. This solution was added drop wise through the addition funnel to the salenH2 solution
in the flask. The system was heated for 1 hr while stirred. The flask was than placed into cold water.
Co(salen) was isolated by suction filtration using a Hirsh funnel. The Co(salen) was washed with 10
drops of 95 % ethanol. The product was weighted and placed in a vial the was placed into an
desiccators. Till the following week for part C, determination of oxygen absorption by Co(salen).
Determination of Oxygen Absorption by Co(salen) At the bottom of a 2x 18 cm side arm test tube,
63.8 mg of Co(salen) was added. Than using a graduated cylinder, 5 mL of DMSO was placed into a
25 mL breaker. Oxygen was pushed thought the apparatus, the test tube with Co(salen) was slightly
shaken to expose all of the compound. The displace water lever was taken.
Results and data
This section will explain any data that was collect

A Research Study On Prostate Cancer
Tolypocladium sp. was incubated with cobalt (II) chloride, cobalt (II) nitrate, cobalt thiocyanate,
erbium chloride, or palladium (III) acetate to produce secondary metabolites that may serve as
therapeutic agents for various diseases. Cultures were incubated with its respective metal compound
for three weeks at room temperature, followed by compound extraction using ethyl acetate. All
samples were subject to LC–MS for analysis. Maximiscin was the predominant compound produced
by Tolypocladium sp. when incubated with cobalt (II) chloride, cobalt (II) nitrate, and erbium
chloride. Compound production was significantly reduced with the addition of palladium (III)
acetate and all compound production was suppressed with the incubation of ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Radiation and chemotherapy may only partially penetrate a tumor; remaining malignant tissue will
allow the cancer to reoccur within the patient. Incomplete tumor removal is a risk associated with
surgical removal of cancerous tissue.3 Additionally, studies have shown that radiation promotes
cancerous cell growth. Radiation promotes a cellular process known as autophagy, which supports
metabolic functions while a cell is living with some sort of environmental stress. Typically, the cell
will degrade longstanding organelles and proteins to recycle the molecular units of macromolecules.
This becomes an alternate source of nutrients during cell survival. Within a premalignant cell,
autophagy will prevent a cell from replicating if it is cancerous. Once the cell has become
malignant, it is living under environmentally stress induced by hypoxia and nutrient depletion.
Malignant cells are dependent of autophagy for survival, and radiation promotes autophagy; this,
radiation promotes cancer.4 Current cancer treatments have high risks of harsh side effects and a
high probability of reoccurring cancer. There is an urgent need for new anticancer therapies;
compounds derived from the natural products of bacteria and fungi have been investigated as a
possible solution. The natural product industry gained popularity around1970–1980 and the primary
focus is to determine the structure of small molecule produced

The Democratic Republic Of The Congo
The Democratic Republic of the Congo is one of the largest African countries located in central
Africa. Congo is a country that has grown out of a history of Belgian colonisation. Congo also has a
long history of an unstable government with a lot of problems with internal corruption. Being a land
rich on natural resources with a poor government, Congo has been the perfect target for foreign
exploitation of the lands resources. There is a high demand for cobalt from first world countries and
the demand keeps rising every year. The current battery technology enables big technology
companies to sell small handheld technological devices. Congo is one of the worlds leading supplier
of cobalt. Almost half of the worlds cobalt was mined there. This cobalt can be found in any
rechargeable battery such as the battery of a laptop or a smartphone. A cobalt rich battery has
enabled us to have phones small enough to can fit in our pockets. These litihium–ion batteries can
contain up to 10 grams of refined cobalt. Refined cobalt is the most expensive element in these
batteries. Today, several Chinese companies are buying cheap cobalt from Congolese miners who
working under dangerous conditions. The Congolese people are poor and desperate enough to do the
hard and dangerous work. Families are forced involve their children in the mining work to be able to
survive. The work pays less than minimum wage. The foreign mining business in Congo has caused
Congolese people to sacrifice their

Metal Cations Lab Report
In this lab an unknown metal cation is identified by comparing chemical reactions of known metal
cations with different ions to chemical reactions of the unknown with those ions.Nine different
metal cations are reacted with sulfate, iodide, carbonate, hydroxide, and ammoniaand observed. A
procedure is then planned using the original tests to identify the unknown metalcation. The nine
different metal ions, aluminum, barium, cobalt, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, lead and zinc,
were reacted with sulfate, iodide, carbonate, hydroxide, and ammonia. When reacted with sulfate
aluminum, cobalt, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, and zinc all had no reaction. Barium and
lead both formed white precipitates. When reacted with iodide aluminum, barium, cobalt,
magnesium, manganese, and zinc all had no reaction. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Aluminum had no reaction to the NH3 at all. When an excessamount of NH3 was added barium
formed a white precipitate, cobalt formed a pink precipitate,copper formed a bright blue precipitate,
iron formed an red precipitate, magnesium had a whitesmooth precipitate, manganese had a tan
precipitate, and lead and zinc both turned clear.The unknown metal cation contains either zinc or
lead. To discover which one is presentthe unknown is tested with sulfate because only lead and
barium react with the sulfate. Barium isnot an option in the unknown metal mixture, so if a reaction
occurs it is known that lead ispresent. In this case there is no reaction so zinc is present meaning that
Zinc White is the presentpigment. Zinc white was introduced in 1840. Next the unknown is tested
for iron, copper, orcobalt. This is done by mixing the unknown

Finding The Absorbance Value And T % Of Cobalt
OBJECTIVE:
The purpose of the experiment was to find the absorbance value and T% of cobalt (II) nitrate
solutions at various wavelengths. Using Beer's law to determine the concentration of an unknown
cobalt (II) nitrate solution with the %T and A values of the known Cobalt (II) nitrate concentrations.
THEORY:
The purpose of this experiment is to find out if we can identify an unknown Cobalt (II) nitrate
concentration by using Calorimetry. Calorimetry involves the use of light to determine a specific
solute in solution (Sullivan 238).A given molecule absorbs particular frequencies of light and passes
others. If we are able to determine the degree in which various frequencies are absorbed, the
population or concentration of a given molecule in solution can be determined. In this experiment
we are trying to find out the visible spectrum of the known Cobalt (II) nitrate solution by using
absorption versus the wavelengths to determine the analytical wavelength. Once the analytical
wavelength is found we can use that to identify the unknown Cobalt (II) nitrate solution, by using
the Beer's law.
Beer's Law is a direct liner relationship between the absorbance of light are a selected wavelength
and the concentration the absorbing species in the solution. (Sullivan 241). Beer's Law shows a
relationship between several concentrations. To determine if the determine our data consistent with
Beer's law, we will plot a graph of absorbance versus concentration with a linear regression

Cobalt 60 Research Paper
Cobalt–60, a radioactive isotope of cobalt–59, was discovered by Glenn T. Seaborg and John
Livingood at the University of California during the late 1930's. Cobalt–60 was discovered by
placing cobalt–59 in a nuclear reactor and then bombarded with neutrons to deliberately produce the
radioactive cobalt–60. Over time cobalt–59 will absorb a neutron and become cobalt–60. Cobalt–60
emits beta and gamma radiation during its decay process. The use of cobalt–60 has been notable
throughout its conception and is most notable nowadays in the use of food irradiation. Food
irradiation is the process of bombarding food with radiation to sanitise the food and kill any
bacteria. However, food irradiation treatment has raised many concerns over potentially ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although the harmful effect of irradiation on food has been intensively explored and research has
suggested that it is safe for consumption, the general public is not aware of this information. There is
a certain stigma relating to the use of chemical to treat food and a fear that chemically treated food
is not "organic" and therefore unhealthy to consume. This stigma has resulted in the hesitance of
many companies to operate irradiation facility as it can cost between $3 million to $5 million to
build. The large upfront cost results in higher prices for irradiated food. The New York Times cited
that for a brief period in 2000s, grocery stores offered irradiated beef for a significantly higher price.
It was expected that irradiated food would be welcomed by consumers due to its benefits as
discussed before, but instead the aforementioned stigma saw many returning to normal beef and
deterring from irradiated produce. In simple economic terms, the demand for irradiated food
decreased and in turn resulted in a much higher selling price to cover operation cost; this soon
became unprofitable for companies. The unprofitability of the irradiated produce raises concerns
over the future of the irradiation

Taking a Look at Cobalt 60
Cobalt 60 Cobalt 60 is one of many radioactive isotopes. It contains 33 neutrons and 27 protons.
Most people have not heard of Cobalt–60 unless they are involved in chemistry or the medial field.
This isotope is more common than a person thinks. It is an isotope that is useful in the medical field
and other places. This paper is all about Cobalt–60 and the history behind it as well as some other
useful information. Cobalt was discovered by a Swedish chemist by the name of Georg Brandt. In
1735, Georg was trying to prove that certain minerals had the ability to color glass blue and was not
due to bismuth but due to an unknown element (1). Since then, it has developed into a highly useful
isotope.
When people hear about radioactive isotopes, they wonder where the isotopes come from. The non–
radioactive version of cobalt (Cobalt–59) occurs naturally in various minerals (2). It also occurs
naturally in the air, water, soil, rocks, plants, and animals (6). Humans even have cobalt in their
body, but this is a very small amount. The body contains 1.5 mg of Cobalt–60 and the liver is the
principal organ of where a person can find it (1). Some isotopes are made naturally and some are
made unnaturally. Radioactive Cobalt–60 is not naturally made. It is formed when cobalt–59 is
collided by a neutron making it the radioactive isotope (3).
Cobalt decays to form Nickel–60. As it decomposes, it releases gamma radiation. Beta particles also
occur when Carbon–60 decays (4). The nuclear

Cobalt Synthesis Lab Report
Results and Discussions By using the principle of LeChatlier, one can determine the two Cobalt
forms – CoCl4 2– and Co(H2O)6 2+. In order to determine whether or not the solution will shift left
or right with respect to equilibrium, it is based on Cl–. However, when silver nitrate was added to
bis(tetraethylammonium), it showed that Cl– was reduced in the given solution. This ultimately
caused the synthesis of the product turned it a pink color. When given a blue color, it was
determined that tetraethylammonium Chloride was involved with the stock solution, which
ultimately caused the Cl– to form the reactants. Finally, based from the results, it is shown that
CoCl4 2– is blue, and Co(H20)6 2+ is pink. Since we now have determined the two different colors
of Cobalt, we can now find constant K. With the help of the spectrophotometer, the absorbance of
the stock solutions were measured at 656nm and 519nm respectively. The concentration was
determined with the help of Beers Law and the extinction coefficient of each wavelength. Finally,
the equilibrium constant was .327x10^–7. CoCl4 2– 6H2O Co(H20)62+ 4Cl– I 0.016 2.8 M 0.00
0.00 C –0.015 –0.09 +0.016 +0.06 E 8.7x10–4 2.6 0.016 0.06 ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Likewise, the solution was placed in an hot water bath in order for the temperature to rise. Given the
solution in the ice bath, it turned pink. Moreover, given the solution in the warm bath, it turned blue.
At the wavelengths of 656nm and 519nm, the solutions absorbance's were recorded at 4degrees
Celsius and 40 degrees Celsius. Given the results, one can conclude that the reaction was
exothermic. This is true because the reaction shifted to the left when heat was added which
ultimately led to the production of more CoCl4

Tungto Cobalt Heteropoly Cell Essay
Abstract Recently, we reported a completely new all tungsto–cobalt heteropoly acid redox flow
battery (RFB) with a high coulombic efficiency and promising prospect. Because of the relatively
large size and high negative charge, the tungsto–cobalt heteropoly acid anion is difficult to cross
Nafion membrane, thus necessiating the need to employ thinner ion exchange membrane. In this
study, the effects of the thickness of the membranes on the battery performance were investigated.
Three types of Nafion membranes with different thicknesses, namely, 50 μm (N212), 25 μm (N211),
and 17 μm (home–made N–17), were investigated in all tungsto–cobalt heteropoly acid RFBs. The
ion permeability and area specific resistances of the membranes and the ... Show more content on
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Specifically, an aqueous redox flow battery with a tungsten–cobalt heteropoly acid
(H6[CoW12O40]) as the electrolyte for both the anode and cathode has been demonstrated in our
previous work [15]. The working principle of all–H6[CoW12O40] RFBs is shown in Scheme 1. In
aqueous solution, H6[CoW12O40] molecule dissociates to H+ and [CoW12O40]6– as a strong acid.
During the battery charging and discharging process, the cobalt in [CoW12O40]6– is oxidized or
reduced reversibly at positive electrode, whereas tungsten is reduced or oxidized at negative
electrode. H+ moves through the IEM as the charge carrier. The electrochemical reactions of the
RFB are as follows:
At anode:
CoⅡW12O406– ↔ CoⅢW12O405– + e– φ0= 1.103V vs. SHE (1)
At cathode:
CoW12O406– + 2e– + 2H+ ↔ H2CoW12O406– φ0= –0.074V vs. SHE (2)
H2CoW12O406– + 2e– + 2H+ ↔ H4CoW12O406– φ0= –0.191V vs. SHE (3)
Scheme 1. The working principle of an all–H6[CoW12O40] RFBs. The [CoW12O40]n– is drawn in
ball–and–stick notation. (Charging: Anode: WVI→WVI/V, Cathode: CoII→CoIII, H+ transfers
from anode to cathode; Discharge: Anode: WVI/V→WVI, Cathode: CoIII→CoII, H+ transfers from
cathode to anode.).
[CoW12O40]6– anion has relatively large size and high negative charge, making it difficult to cross
Nafion membrane because of Donnan's

The Development of Maraging Steels Essay
Maraging steels of different compositions have been prepared by means of induction furnace electro
slag remelting technique using titanium and chromium instead of cobalt which is a high expensive
strategic element, also nickel content was reduced to 10–13%. Mass attenuation coefficients, half
value layers and effective atomic numbers have been determined for the prepared samples at photon
energies 238, 583, 661, 911, 1173, 1332 and 2614keV. The results are compared with the
corresponding theoretical calculations. In addition, the hardness has been determined for the
investigated steels. High nitrogen free nickel steel and carbon steel samples have been also
investigated for the sake of comparison. The achieved results reveal the ... Show more content on
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They are formed during ageing in the temperature range between 400 and 600oC after the steels had
been solution annealed in the austenitic phase and air cooled which results in a martensitic
microstructure. Over the past half–century, two major types of maraging steels have been developed,
the 18Ni maraging steels and the cobalt–free maraging steels. The Standard maraging steels contain
18% Ni, 8% Co, 5% Mo and 0.4% Ti. But Ni, Co and Mo are very expensive strategic alloying
elements as cobalt reaches to levels as high as 8 to 13%. This keeps the steels rather expensive,
preventing wider selection and application, but with maximum strength levels reaching 2400 MPa,
accompanied by good toughness and ductility. Therefore, developing cobalt–free maraging steel
with reduced quantities of expensive alloying elements to lower the production cost has been an
important direction of maraging steels research. Over the past two decades, enormous advances
have been achieved in the development of cobalt–free maraging steels to high strength levels with
Ni and Ti as the major precipitation hardening phase in cobalt–free maraging steels.
To overcome this problem, titanium was used as one of the primary strengthening element replacing
Co in steels, and to overcome the problem of retained

Kyle Householder Interview
Imagine walking into a room and hearing a bunch of swear words from a bird. Kyle Householder
doesn't have to imagine that. His father trained the bird to use foul language for comedy. Also Kyle
enjoys many other things that I found out in this interview. During interviewing Kyle, we talked
about his family, school, and some of his hobbies and interests. The first topic that Kyle and I talked
about was his family life. Kyle is sixteen years young, born on July 26, 1999. He was born in
Pittsburgh at Magee–Womens hospital at seven thirty–eight PM. Currently, Fort Allen is where he
lives. Right down the road from seven eleven. Fort Allen is his hometown and hasn't lived anywhere
else. Kevin at the age of twenty three is Kyle's older brother. Also his only sibling. His brother goes
to Pitt Main studying electrical engineering. Now Kyle has a few animals. Spike and Bella are his
dogs, Spike is a pintcher and Bella is an American Rot. He also has three challenged cats named
Bailey, June, and Justice. Pete is his bird and he swears. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He went to Harrold Middles School. The funniest thing that ever happened to him in school was that
he puked twice in the hallway. His least favorite thing about school is waking up in the mornings.
Going to school and seeing his friends are the only thing that Kyle likes about school. His plans
after graduation would be to attend two or three years at WCCC. Then he wants to move to Myrtle
Beach to study Marine Bio at Coastal Carolina. Over the summer he went to Myrtle Beach for his
birthday and went shark and stingray fishing. Ten years from now he plans on living in Myrtle
Beach doing fishing charters for a living. Also wants to be married and have two

What Is The Interaction Of Small Cobalt Clusters With...
This article describes the interaction of small cobalt clusters with circumcoronene for several
geometric configurations based on density functional theory. Results are in agreement with previous
published results for similar systems. Moreover, they propose a possible experiment based on
measurements of hyperfine interactions that could allow to distinguish the number of cobalt atoms
and their positions on coronene. The topic of the manuscript, theoretical methods used, and its
applications may be of interest to the audience of JPC. However, it seems to me that manuscript
should be revised accordingly to the following points: Figure 1, is not relevant at all. Indeed authors
do not reference to it in any place of the text. I suggest to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Additionally, they are very dependent on the choice of basis and calculation method. Probably that
is the reason why authors do not observe any correlation between the amount of charge transferred
and stability of the configurations. There are other better methods to compute charges on atoms. For
example, Siesta is also able to do Hirshfeld and Voronoi charge partitioning analyses, which
normally they give more accurate results. I think that section "Charge transfer" have to be
significantly improved by including other charge calculation.
Stability/Charge transfer section: Stability should be discussed in terms of coordination numbers
(decrease in effective hybridization), bond distances (enhancement in effective bonding) and energy
component analysis (authors already have the ADF calculations) instead Mulliken charges. Stability
will reflect these competing contributions. For example, Rudenko et al. (PRB 86 (2012) 075422)
demonstrated that interaction of a Cobalt atom with coronene is strongly dependent of Cu–coronene
distance and it is mainly guided by the reduction of the Coulomb repulsion, which induce higher 3d
occupations for shorter distances (low–spin states are connected with low binding energies).
Figure 4, panel b: Color scale should be modified in order

The Many Uses of the Element Cobalt
The Many Uses of the Element Cobalt There are many elements in the world and one of them is
cobalt. It is a silvery blue metal with a blue coat. It is element number twenty–seven on the table
which means that it has twenty–seven protons and electrons. One mole or its atomic weight is 58.9
grams. It has a relatively high melting and boiling point, the melting point being 1,495 degrees
Celsius or 2,723 Fahrenheit and the boiling point being 2,927 degrees Celsius or 5,301 Fahrenheit.
The top three countries that mine this element are the District Republic of the Congo, Cuba, and
Australia in that order. Cobalt has had and still has many uses in the world today. Cobalt is an
element that has many uses that include alloys, electronics, ... Show more content on
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Cobalt is used in these fields for many reasons. The main reason though is that cobalt has a high
Curie temperature. A Curie temperature is basically how hot a metal can be heated while
maintaining its magnetism. Cobalt's Curie temp is 1,121 degrees Celsius. Cobalt also has a high
magnetic power and tesla (magnetic density) (Cobalt Facts). Cobalt is also used in various
electronics. Cobalt is used because it has the power to carry and direct currents like other metals.
Cobalt is used in circuits and semi–conductors because of this. Cobalt is also used in batteries.
Cobalt is used as a powder in batteries to raise the power while stabilizing the battery at the same
time. One of the main visual uses of cobalt though, is in chemistry. Cobalt has many uses in the
aspect of Chemistry. One of the main uses is a catalyst in petroleum. Specifically, CoMoO4 is used
to help change petroleum into gas (Newton). This chemical removes the sulfur in the oil to make it a
useable fuel source. Also cobalt is used as a catalyst to speed up the resin process when making
plastics (Cobalt Facts). Cobalt is also used to produce bright blue colors in paints (Cobalt Periodic).
They are also in many other chemical dyes and paints and they can help determine how quickly
these paints dry which can be very important to artists (Cobalt Facts). They are also used in dyes for
glass, glazes, cosmetics, inks, and pottery (Newton). Here is a chart on chemical

Citron And Cobalt Tower By Dale Chhuly
Dale Chihuly is an American glass blower (Dale Patrick Chihuly, 2015). The piece of art I'll mainly
be looking at is Citron and Cobalt Tower. This piece was located directly in the center of the
museum as soon as you walked in to the show room. It caught my eye and I knew immediately what
I wanted to do my paper on. Citron and Cobalt Tower was first introduced in 2004 (Art and Biology
in the Citron and Cobalt Tower by Dale Chihuly, n.d). It's twenty feet tall and around it is around 6
feet (Art and Biology in the Citron and Cobalt Tower by Dale Chihuly, n.d) It was a fairly large
sculpture just to see in person. It explains why the Art Museum would choose it to be the opening
piece. What really hits me is what inspired him to start creating

Cobalt 60 Case Study
Like the therac–25, another case of therapy gone wrong was associated with 5 deaths and many
injuries related to a Cobalt–60 system used to treat cancer patients in Panama City. The software
allowed technicians to draw on a computer screen metal plates that helped protected healthy tissue
during radiation treatments. As such, some technicians found a more efficient way to line up the
metal plates to target the radiation. This caused a bug in the system to instead produce two times the
amount of radiation most patients where prescribed. The cause of the problem was associated with
how the software calculated the dosage of radiation based on the block configuration. The
configuration technicians were using had different calculated answers on

Cobalt Origins
Funny; there is a predisposed notion among my colleague about how scientific research could be
very daunting. But, luckily, this project was everything but daunting; In fact, it was intriguing!
Indeed! That was how I felt when my academic research pertaining to the 27th element, Cobalt, led
me to discovery the following: That the element was discovered 281 years ago to this year, in
Sweden in 1735, by chemist George Brand (Thomas); Brand, fascinated by the idea that the blue
color of glass and orbs found in mines could not be caused by the element Bismuth, officially named
Cobalt as the element that was responsible to have caused the blue color seen on glasses and orbs
after conducting his own experiment (Thomas). Unfortunately, that was all ... Show more content on
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Nevertheless, I found it to be very hilarious that the name Cobalt–or, Kobald, in German's lexicon
and definition–actually stands for "goblin or evil spirit" (Thomas); and in Greek, the name stands for
mine (Thomas). Perhaps my humor – or lack thereof – came about because my comprehension and
conceived notion of its origin is this: Kobald, the tangible object you've dug could potentially harm
you, for it is surrounded by Arsenic Trioxide gases (Cobalt "Revise"). But nowadays–contrast to that
of "sinister" or "evil", as the meanings in German suggested–Cobalt is actually widely used to
benefit humanity, especially in medical treatment. Co–60 (Cobalt–60), to be more specific, is used
to cure brain tumor by ways of radioactive treatment. That is, and in its simplest and short
explanation, Cobalt–60, sends radioactive gamma rays that penetrate through tissues and organs.
The rays then target the tumor, leaving other organs unscathed (Gamma

Column Chromatography Lab
Sophie Tran
Chem 15
Prof. Neumark
Nov 30. 2016
Partner: Megumi Mori
GSI: Erin
Experiment #8: Quantitative Analysis of a Solution Containing Cobalt and Copper
I. Abstract:
II. Introduction:
This experiment will help students to get familiar with Ion Exchange Chromatography (IEC) which
is used mostly to separate unknown mixture of metal ions. Anion and cation are known as two types
of IEC. This column chromatography contains two phase such as stationary phase and mobile phase.
In this experiment, stationary phase usually is made of organic resin or polymers because these are
insoluble in water and barely inert. AG 1–X8 resin is used in this experiment because of their
strongly basic anion exchanger. 3M HCl is used as mobile phase in this column chromatography.
Cobalt (II) and Copper(II) bounds to different number of Cl– ligands, so they have different affinity
to the resin.
Figure 1: The picture shows how reaction happened inside column chromatography. ... Show more
Because Copper reacts with positive charge of resin, Copper will retain in the column longer while
the positively charged Cobalt cannot interact very well with the stationery phase. That is why Cobalt
band running through the column faster then Copper band. Water is added to help speed up the flow
of Copper when most of the Cobalt eluent is collected. To be able to determine the concentration of
Cobalt eluent collected from week 1, back titration is needed in this case. Back–titration is titration
method which focusing on determine the concentration of analyte by reacting it with the known
amount with excess reagent such as EDTA. Which means we need to mix the unknown Co with
EDTA excess. After mixing, tritration normal with Cobalt standard solution. The indicator KSCN is
also needed to determine when it reached the

How Was The X-Ray Diffraction Spectrum Of All Sulfurized...
3.1 Structural properties
Figure 1 showed the X–ray diffraction spectrum of all sulfurized Co–doped FeS2 films. The
comparison with JCPDS 01–071–1680 indicated a pure cubic FeS2 structure for all these samples.
The ratio between peaks from each sample demonstrated a poly–crystal structure. Also, no clear
preferential growth direction could be observed for each sample. The peaks of all Co–doped films
were very close to the pure iron pyrite peaks. No clear peak shift could be observed. This indicated
that shallow cobalt doping had little impact on the crystal structure of FeS2.
Scherrer equation, as shown in equation 1, was applied to estimate the average crystallite size of
these sulfurized films. . ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As more electrons were introduced, the net carrier concentration started to decrease until the
electrons became the majority carriers. This process may explain the change of conduction type and
carrier concentrations. The carrier mobility, however, decreased gradually from 6.52 cm2/V*s to
4.30 cm2/V*s as cobalt doping increased from 2 at% to 6 at%. This phenomenon could be explained
as the decreased mean free path of charged carriers because of the larger size of the incorporated
cobalt ions than the original iron ions. After switching to n–type, the increasing carrier concentration
may also contributed to the reducing of carrier mobility. As a consequence, cobalt doping served
well as an n–type dopant after 3 at% doping level.
3.2.2 Temperature Dependence
Figure 2 showed the relationship between the reciprocal of resistivity to the reciprocal of
temperature, graphed as a logarithmic plot. The resistance change of the Co–doped FeS2 samples
with Al electrodes were collected from room temperature (25oC) to 140oC. From Fig.2, the
resistance of all samples decreased while heating. This showed a general semiconductor behavior of
these Co–doped FeS2 films. The data in Fig.2 showed a linear dependence for each sample. The
fitting lines could be described by Arrhenius equation as shown in equation 2: . (2)
Here σ, k, T means conductivity, Boltzmann constant and temperature,

Child Labor In Congo
The Democratic Republic of Congo has changed a lot due to child labor. The children of Congo
work hours mining gold, cassiterite, and most commonly cobalt as well as use the children as
soldiers to fight in wars. The Democratic Republic of Congo has not done anything to prevent child
labor until very recently. The country's economy has been crashing which is why they used child
labor to start with. About twenty–five percent of children between the age of five to fourteen, which
is over four million kids in Congo. Luckily there is at least fifty–nine percent of Congos children are
going to school and not working through the ages of five through fourteen. There are children who
go to school and work from the ages of seven to fourteen. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This plan plans to get rid of child labor by 2020. The only problem with this plan is that this plan is
not being paid by congo's government meaning that they are waiting for other countries to help them
get out of child labor. Not a lot of people know about this issue meaning that there needs to be a
spread of awareness. The democratic republic of Congo government started a program to get
children out of these bad situations and to get child labor out of Congo in. The government got
support from Sweden and Japan, the USAID (which advances the U.S.'s national security), and the
world bank. The goal of This program was to get about 1,500 or more children out armies. After this
program, once a child was identified in an army in Congo they were removed. After about a year the
program was ended and by the end of it over 2,000 children were put into foster homes. Many new
integration programs were also integrated in

Chevrolet Comparison
The Chevrolet Cobalt is a compact front–wheel drive model and successor to the popular Chevrolet
Cavalier. Originally offered in sedan, coupe, and supercharged versions, the latter was eventually
replaced by a turbo. Following a six–year run, the Cobalt was replaced by the Chevrolet Cruze.
Chevrolet Cobalt: 2005 to 2010
The Chevrolet Cobalt was introduced in 2005 and built through 2010. This model replaced the
Cavalier and was itself replaced by the Cruze. Buyers considering the Cobalt might also explore the
nearly identical Pontiac G5 built from 2007 to 2009. Both are front–wheel drive models with room
for five.
Initially, Cobalt coupe models were sold in base, LS, and SS trim, while sedans were offered in
base, LS, and LT trims. When released, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The sedan also received an SS edition with both models powered by a naturally aspirated 2.4–liter
engine and the SS Supercharged powered by the 2.0–liter, four–cylinder engine.
Beginning in 2007, Chevrolet rolled out a new audio system, wheel packages, and a new steering
wheel. Additional trim shuffling took place in 2008. The SS coupe and SS sedan were renamed the
Sport coupe and the Sport sedan, respectively. Previous optional equipment, including an MP3
player, XM radio, and side impact airbags were now standard. A new stability control system was
introduced.
For 2009, the Sport coupe and Sport sedan models were eliminated, along with the 2.4–liter engine
powering them. An upgraded 2.2–liter engine was introduced. Bluetooth connectivity was added as
well. Other changes included making OnStar telematics standard across the model line, an iPod–
compatible USB port was added to the radio, and new low–rolling resistance tires were introduced.
The 2010 Cobalt is mostly a carryover model with a new My Link telematics and trim package
introduced. A power sunroof and performance display were made standard on the Cobalt SS

What Is Cobalt In Pottery
Ancestry The element cobalt was discovered by Swedish chemist Georg Brandt in 1730. Cobalt had
been unknowingly used in pottery for centuries, but Brandt published his scientific results about the
metal in 1739. The blue color given off when cobalt is used in pottery was originally thought to be
because of another element, bismuth; Georg proved this wrong. At first there were speculations of
whether or not that this was a new element. Some other scientists claimed it was just a compound of
iron and arsenic. Eventually it gained the recognition it deserved as an element.
The chemical symbol for Cobalt is self–explanatory, Co. The word Cobalt comes from the Greek
word for mine, cobalos. Cobalt is atomic number 27 putting it right in the ... Show more content on
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It has a lustrous blue–silvery color. The boiling point of cobalt is very high, as it is a metal. Cobalt
melts at 2723 degrees Fahrenheit, and it takes 5301 degrees to boil it. This is assuming that the
atmospheric pressure is normal and you're at sea level. Cobalt is very hard, which makes it useful to
humans. It is also pretty dense, at 8.86 grams per centimeters squared. This metal is very ductile, but
only somewhat malleable. There are only 2 known isotopes of Cobalt. Cobalt–59 is the only
naturally occurring isotope of Cobalt. This means that the only cobalt that will ever be found in
nature is cobalt with 32 neutrons. Cobalt–60 is a man–made isotope of cobalt. This radioactive
isotope was discovered by Glenn Seaborg in the late 1930's at the University of California. Cobalt–
60 is an important source of gamma radiation and is used in some medical fields to treat cancer. As
it is a metal, cobalt will not react with water or air at room temperature. However, if cobalt is heated
to above 900 degrees Celsius, the oxide Co3O4 will form. As far as acids go, cobalt will react to
sulfuric acid and will be deteriorated. The direct reaction between cobalt and bromine will result in
dibromide cobalt (II) bromide, CoBr2 being formed. Cobalt is not reactive with

Cobalt Complexes

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Cobalt Complexes