1. THE NATURE AND
MEANING OF
DEVELOPMENT
Abigail Pugal-Somera
FDM 201 Principles and Processes of Development
Management
2. Definition of Development
Defined by the Business Dictionary as:
• The systematic use of scientific and technical knowledge
to meet specific objectives or requirements.
• An extension of the theoretical or practical aspects of a
concept, design, discovery, or invention.
• The process of economic and social transformation that
is based on complex cultural and environmental factors
and their interactions.
3. Definition of Development
“The act of developing or disclosing that which is
unknown; a gradual unfolding process by which
anything is developed, as a plan or method, or
an image upon a photographic plate; gradual
advancement or growth through a series of
progressive changes; also, the result of
developing, or a developed state.”
4. Evolutionary Concept of
Development
• Economic Growth as Proxy for Development
– Policies that led to growth were necessarily seen as pro-
development and inherently good; policies that had little,
negligible or negative impact on growth were seen as
necessarily improper.
– Little consideration was given to the evolution of other
factors, such as inequality, poverty or social well-being.
5. Evolutionary Concept of
Development
– Whatever its goals and whatever the means to pursue
these goals, a society would need first to produce the
wealth required to implement whatever objectives it
gave itself.
– Growth would always be a necessary objective, and
the more growth there was, the wider the “realm of
possibilities” became.
7. Human Development
• In 1990, the UNDP introduced the concept of
human development as “a process of enlarging
people’s choices.”
• Income was seen as an important option that
people must have in order to realize their full
potential but has not been seen as an end in
itself.
9. Human Development-Related
Indicators
National Level:
1. Carry out independent national human rights
assessments;
2. Align national legislation with international
standards;
3. Promote human rights norms through education,
sensitization of public authorities, and media
campaigning;
4. Strengthen a network of human rights
institutions; and
10. Human Development-Related
Indicators
5. Promote a rights –enabling economic environment, by
focusing public action where it is most effective and
necessary, integrating human rights considerations into
economic policy-making, and involving private non-
state actors in human rights promotion
11. Human Development-Related
Indicators
International Level:
1. Reduce global inequality and marginalization by, most
notably, strengthening a rights-based approach to
development cooperation and improving global
economic rules;
2. Prevention of conflict, by embarking on new efforts for
peace-making, peace-building and peace-keeping
3. Strengthening the international human rights machinery
14. Health Life expectancy at birth (years) 69.0
Human Development
Indicators in the Philippines
15. Education
Mean years of schooling (of adults) (years) 8.9
Human Development
Indicators in the Philippines
16. Human Development
Indicators in the Philippines
Income
GNI per capita in PPP terms (constant 2005 international $)
(Constant 2005 international $) 3,752
23. Innovation and technology
Fixed and mobile telephone subscribers per 100 people
(per100 people) 92.9
Human Development
Indicators in the Philippines
24. Trade, economy and income Income index 0.535
Human Development
Indicators in the Philippines
25. Human Development Index
Philippines - shows no improvement in HDI ranking. The HDI is a key
indicator of citizens' state of health, education, and income, among others.
Despite gains it has made on the economic front, the Philippines remained
at 114th globally for the 5th straight year in the Human
Development Index (HDI) released by the United Nations Development
Program (UNDP) on Friday, March 15. 2013
26. Millennium Development
Goals
• The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight
international development goals that were officially
established following the Millennium Summit of the
United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of the
United Nations Millennium Declaration. All 193 United
Nations member states and at least 23 international
organizations have agreed to achieve these goals by the
year 2015.
27. Millennium Development
Goals
• The goals are:
• 1. Eradicating extreme poverty and hunger,
• 2. Achieving universal primary education,
• 3. Promoting gender equality and empowering women,
• 4. Reducing child mortality rates,
• 5. Improving maternal health,
• 6. Combating HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases,
• 7. Ensuring environmental sustainability, and
• 8. Developing a global partnership for development.
28. Millennium Development
Goals
• Each of the goals has specific stated targets and dates
for achieving those targets. To accelerate progress, the
G8 Finance Ministers agreed in June 2005 to provide
enough funds to the World Bank, the International
Monetary Fund (IMF), and the African Development
Bank (AfDB) to cancel an additional $40 to $55 billion in
debt owed by members of the Heavily Indebted Poor
Countries (HIPC) to allow impoverished countries to
re-channel the resources saved from the forgiven debt to
social programs for improving health and education and
for alleviating poverty.
29. Programs and Projects
• Social
– Social development has improved the access of Filipinos to
quality basic social service delivery in education, training and
culture; health and nutrition; population and development;
housing; social protection; and asset reform.
– The country is on track in pursuing the Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs) on poverty, gender and equality, child health,
disease control and sanitation.
– However, the country lags in achieving universal primary
education, improving maternal health, and combating HIV/AIDS.
Moreover, large discrepancies across regions need to be
addressed by the social development sector in the next six
years.
30. Programs and Projects
• Social
– Strategies
1. attaining the MDGs;
2. providing direct conditional cash transfers (CCT) to the poor;
3. achieving universal coverage in health and basic education;
4. adopting the community-driven development (CDD) approach;
5. converging social protection programs for priority beneficiaries and target
areas;
6. accelerating asset reform;
7. mainstreaming climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction in
social development;
31. Programs and Projects
8. mainstreaming gender and development;
9. strengthening civil society-basic sector participation and public private
partnership;
10. adopting volunteerism; and
11. developing and enhancing competence of the bureaucracy and
institutions.
32. Programs and Projects
• Economic
– Growing output and employment are the preconditions for
progress in almost all social and economic aspects of
development. Productive employment and rising incomes for the
vast majority over a long period can do more to combat poverty
decisively than any direct assistance government can ever
provide.
33. Programs and Projects
• Economic
− It is private actors – from the smallest self-employed
entrepreneurs to the largest conglomerates – that create
productive jobs and incomes. Government’s responsibility
however – through fiscal and monetary policies – is to create an
environment for vigorous economic activity, as well as to ensure
that enough gains from growth are set aside for larger social
purposes or channeled into social investments that facilitate
future growth. These objectives are achieved by government
decisions regarding the size and direction of public spending and
taxation (fiscal policy) and by decisions regarding the control of
the nation’s money supply (monetary policy).
34. GDP growth at constant 1985 prices
in Philippine pesos:
Year 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
GDP
growth
%
4.6 4.9 4.8 9.2 5 6.4 8 5.6 5.2 5.6
Year 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
GDP
growth
%
5.149 3.423 3.619 1.875 -7.324 -7.307 3.417 4.312 6.753 6.205
Year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
GDP
growth
%
3.037 -0.578 0.338 2.116 4.388 4.679 5.846 5.185 -0.577 3.082
35. GDP growth at constant 1985
prices in Philippine pesos:
Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
GDP
grow
th %
4.411 2.894 3.646 4.970 6.698 4.778 5.243 7.117 4.153 1.148 7.632 3.718 6.6
36. Budget Allocation for 2012
Budget Allocation
Millions of Pesos
(PHP)
Millions of US Dollars
(USD)
%
Department of Education ₱238,800 $5,513.7 13.15
Department of Public Works
and Highways
126,400 2,918.5 6.96
Department of National
Defense
108,100 2,496.0 5.95
Department of Interior and
Local Government
99,800 2,304.3 5.50
Department of Agriculture 61,400 1,417.7 3.38
Department of Social Welfare
and Development
48,800 1,126.8 2.69
Department of Health 45,800 1,057.5 2.52
Department of Transportation
and Communications
34,700 801.2 1.91
State Universities and
Colleges
25,800 595.7 1.42
Department of Finance 23,600 544.9 1.30
Department of Environment
and Natural Resources
17,500 404.1 0.96
37. Programs and Projects
• Governance
– Good governance sets the normative standards of development.
It fosters participation, ensures transparency, demands
accountability, promotes efficiency, and upholds the rule of law
in economic, political and administrative institutions and
processes. It is a hallmark of political maturity but also a
requisite for growth and poverty reduction, for there are
irreducible minimum levels of governance needed for large-scale
investment to occur and for social programs to be supported.
38. Programs and Projects
• Governance
– Four Strategies
1. Ensure high-quality, efficient, transparent, accountable,
financially and physically accessible and nondiscriminatory
delivery of public service;
2. Curb both bureaucratic and political corruption;
3. Strengthen the rule of law; and
4. Enhance citizens’ access to information and participation in
governance.
39. Its stellar economic performance and improved business efficiency pushed the Philippines
five places up a zglobal competitiveness list this year. The Philippines moved to ranking
38th of 59 countries in the 2013 World Competitiveness Yearbook (WCY) from being 43rd
of 59 in the previous list.
This makes the country the 11th most competitive among the Asia-Pacific countries in the
WCY, edging out India and Indonesia. The Philippines posted improvements in three out
of the report's four competitiveness measures namely economic performance,
government efficiency, business efficiency and infrastructure. It showed the most progress
in economic performance, where it jumped 11 places to 31st from 42nd.
PH five places up in global competitiveness rank
Source:| Kim Arveen PatriaYahoo! Southeast Asia Newsroom – May 30, 2013
Ranks 38th
40. Programs and Projects
• Environmental
The degraded state of the country’s environment and
natural resources is felt most intensely by the poor,
especially the rural communities given that they
depend on these resources for their primary source of
living. On the other hand, poverty frequently
aggravates environmental stress as the marginalized
population presses upon limited resources, such as
unregulated activities and upland cultivation.
41. Programs and Projects
• Environmental
– Strategic Framework
1. Improved Conservation, Protection and
Rehabilitation of Natural Resources
– Sustainably manage forests and watersheds
– Improve protection and conservation of biodiversity
– Enhance coastal and marine resources management
– Improve land administration and management
– Manage a more equitable utilization of mineral
resources
42. Programs and Projects
– Develop and implement environment-friendly enterprise
and livelihood opportunities.
2. Improved Environmental Quality for a Cleaner
and Healthier Environment
− Reduce air pollution in Metro Manila and other major
urban centers
− Reduce water pollution to improve water quality in priority
rivers and other economically and ecologically important
water bodies
− Reduce wastes generated and improve waste disposal
− Establish a healthier and livable urban environment
43. Programs and Projects
3. Enhanced Resilience of Natural Systems
and Improved Adaptive Capacities of Human
Communities to Cope with Environmental
Hazards Including Climate-Related Risks
− Strengthen institutional capacities of national and
local governments for CCA and DRRM
− Enhance the resilience of natural systems
− Improve adaptive capacities of communities
44. References
http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/phl.html
Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016 Published by: National
Economic and Development Authority
Foreign Direct Investment and Human Development The evolution
of the concept of development: from economic growth to
human development by Matthias Sant’ Ana Centre de
Philosophie du Droit (CPDR) – UCLouvain IAP VI/O6
Democratic Governance and Theory of Collective Action
