History of hypothesis about learning Theory of Learning Process of learning

2. Any teacher have to answer to these
two questions:
language?
Language
learning?
What’s

3. What’s your opinion
about teaching and
learning‫؟‬

4. When I started teaching, I found that
my basic image of what a teacher’s job
was and how a teacher should behave
were drawn largely from what I had
seen my own teachers doing. These
internal images were quite deeply
held and quite hard to challenge.
Learning teaching (Jim Scrivener)

5. Content
• Behaviorism
• Cognitive theory
• Gestalt psychology
• The Monitor Model
• Information Processing Model(IPM)

6. Behaviorism
B. F. Skinner
• Language under this view is essentially a
system of habits; learning comes by
producing a response to a stimulus and
receiving either positive or negative
reinforcement.

7. Habit Formation
-Positive Reinforcement
Repetition and Imitation
-Linguistic Input Environment

8. Cognitive theory
Proposed by
N.E.Miller
J.Dollard.
Expanded by
Albert Bandura.

9. • Observing others
• Internal process that change
behaviour
• Behave in certain ways to reach goals
• Self-directed
• Automatized vs. restructured.
Social Cognitive Theory

10. • behaviourist psychologists avoided
description of mental processes or the
mind in their literature
• Psychoanalytic theories on the other
hand stress the importance of the
unconscious while cognitive theories
emphasize on conscious thoughts.
• Cognitive Psychology focuses on the
study of how people think, understand,
and know

12. Gestalt psychology
• Gestalt is a perspective focuses on the belief
that human consciousness cannot be broken
down into its elements. This approach to
psychology was founded on the concept of the
gestalt, or whole.
• Gestalt psychologists led by Max Wertheimer
(1880 - 1943), Wolfgang Kohler (1887 – 1967)
and Kurt Koffka (1886 – 1941) have made
substantial contributions to our understanding
of perception.
• Gestaltists pointed out that perception has
meaning only when it is seen as a whole.
• The word Gestalt in German literally means
“shape” or “figure”.

14. • Gestalt psychology is a theory of
mind and brain that suggests that
the operational principle of the
brain is holistic, parallel, and analog,
with self-organizing tendencies, or
that the whole is different from the
sum of its parts.
• Gestalt effect refers to the form-
forming capability of our senses,
particularly with respect to the visual
recognition of figures and whole
forms instead of just a collection of
simple lines and curves.
• Figure 5.4 shows an example of
picture that contains the gestalt
theory.

15. Creative construction Theory
• It is propose by Stephen
Krashen
• It is also called as The
Monitor Model
• Learners are thought to
“construct” internal
representations of the language
being learned

16. Creative Construction
Theory
1
2
3
4
5
The Monitor hypothesis.
The Acquisition – learning hypothesis.
The natural order hypothesis.
The input hypothesis.
The Affective Filter hypothesis.

17. 1 The Acquisition– learning hypothesis.
This hypothesis says
that
There are two independent systems
The learned systemThe acquired system
is
The product of
formal instruction and
a conscious process.
is
The product of a
conscious process.
Krashen says that “learning” is less important than acquisition.

18. Differences between Acquisition
and Learning
Acquisition Learning
implicit, subconscious explicit, conscious
informal situations formal situations
uses grammatical 'feel' uses grammatical rules
depends on attitude depends on aptitude
stable order of acquisition simple to complex order of learning

19. 2 The Monitor hypothesis.
Everyone has a monitor that tells them when
something is good or bad. It requires these conditions:
time, knowledge and focus on form.
MONITOR
Conditions
(you need…)
TIME
KNOWLEDGE
FOCUS
ON
FORM
Have time to think. Know the rules (not
have forgotten it).
Feel a need to use
the correct form.

20. 3 The natural order hypothesis.
This is a natural, predictable order in which people
acquire language. It is the same for each person and
independent of the instruction program.

21. 4 The input hypothesis.
People acquire a language by receiving
camprehensible input. This input should be slightly
ahead of a learner´s current state of knowledge( i + 1 ).
+ INPUT
1
i

22. 5 The Affective Filter hypothesis.
When the learner is experiencing high anxiety, low-
steam or low motivation, the filter turns on and causes
the learner to block out input.
INPUT INPUT
MOTIVATION
SELF - STEAM
ANXIETY
FILTER
HIGH
FILTER
LOW
MOTIVATION
SELF - STEAM
ANXIETY

23. Combined model of acquisition and production

24. • The Information Processing Theory approach
to the study of cognitive development
evolved out of the American experimental
tradition in psychology.
• Information processing theorists proposed that
like a computer, a human mind is a system that
processes information through the application
of logical rules and strategies.
Information Processing Model(IPM)

27. • Short-term memory: Also known as primary or active
memory, is the information we are currently aware of or
thinking about. (conscious mind). The information found in
short term memory comes from paying attention to
sensory memories.
• The Duration of Short-Term Memory: approximately 20 to
30 seconds, but it can be just seconds if rehearsal or active
maintenance of the information is prevented,
• The Capacity of Short-Term Memory:
1- In an important paper titled "The Magical Number Seven,
Plus or Minus Two," psychologist George Miller suggested
that people can store between five and nine items in short-
term memory.
2- More recent research suggests that people are capable of
storing approximately four chunks or pieces of information in
short-term memory.

28. Distinction Between Short-Term Memory and
Working Memory
• Working memory refers to the processes that are
used to temporarily store, organize and
manipulate information.
• Short-term memory refers only to the temporary
storage of information in memory.

29. • Long-term memory refers to the continuing storage of information.
• This information is largely outside of our awareness, but can be
called into working memory to be used when needed
• The Duration of Long-Term Memory : While long-term memory is
also susceptible to the forgetting process, long-term memories can
last for a matter of days to as long as many decades.
Types of Long-Term
Memory
declarative (explicit)
memory
episodic memory
(specific events)
semantic memory
(knowledge about the world)
procedural (implicit)
memory

30. Output
Recall
Integration (defragmentation)
Intake
Comprehension
Perception
Input
Processes
Of
learning

31. Input
• Data and information which are given to the
learner
• Nowadays, the children’s wit (intellect) are
more than the children in previous decades.
Why?

32. Perception
• Perception is the organization, identification, and
interpretation of sensory information in order to
represent and understand the environment.
• The main role of perception in learning is to
speed up the learning process and recall.
Perception involves the use of identification and
sensory information to of a subject. Exposure to
stimulus develops the interest and conscious
knowledge of a person which enables better
understanding and learning of the person about a
specific subject.

33. Intake
Repetition
Meaningful
Natural situation
Use of language not
performing
Awareness(A key to
learner independence)
uses effective strategies
has appropriate knowledge
holds positive beliefs and
attitudesPersonalization

34. Rote learning is where
you memorize something
without full understanding
and you do not know
how the new information
relates to your other
stored knowledge.
When meaningful learning
occurs the facts are
stored in a relational
manner. That is, the brain
stores them together
because they are related
to each other.

35. Integration
Language Integration Over Isolation
Integrated content is more effective
than teaching the language in isolation.

36. Recall
Role playGames