3. Definition
• A biomaterial is any substance that has been
engineered to interact with biological systems
for a medical purpose - either a therapeutic
(treat, augment, repair or replace a tissue
function of the body) or a diagnostic one.
• Material exploited in contact with living
tissues, organisms, or microorganisms (IUPAC
definition).
5. history
• More than 2000 years ago chinese and Romans
used gold in dentistry.
• In 1937, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was
introduced in dentistry.
• In 1958, Rob suggested that Dacron Fabrics can
be used to fabricate an arterial prosthetic.
• In 1960, charnley uses PMMA, ultrahigh-
molecular-weight polyethylend, and stainless
steal for total hip replacement.
• In 1975, society for biomaterials formed.
6. Biomaterial science
• Grow cells in culture
• Apparatus for handling protiens
• Devices to regulate fertility in cattles
• Aquaculture of oysters
• Biochips : cell silicon
7.
8. Generations of biomaterials
• First generation biomaterials
• Second generation biomaterials
• Third generation biomaterials
9. First generation biomaterials
• Most successes were accidental than by
designs.
• Inert or nearly inert materials
• First to be used by scientists with minimal
toxicity awareness and susceptibility.
• Examples : Metals (stainless steel and cobalt–
chrome-based alloys, Ti and Ti alloys).
Ceramics (Alumina Al2O3 and Zirconia ZrO2).
10. Second generation biomaterials
• Developed through collaboration of scientists and
engineers.
• Bioactive materials ‘ability to interact with the biological
environment to enhance the biological response and the
tissue/surface bonding’, and resorbable biomaterials that
have ability to degradation while new tissue regenerates
and heals.
• Built on first generation experiences.
• Examples: Ceramics (Bioactive glass, glass–ceramics and
calcium phosphates (CaPs)).
Polymers (Biodegradable polymers of synthetic and natural
origin such as polyglycolide (PGA), polylactide (PLA).
11. Third generation biomaterials
• Bioactive and bioresorbable materials as
temporary three-dimensional porous structures
which are able to activate genes that stimulate
regeneration of living tissue.
• For these biomaterials, the bioactivity and
biodegradability concepts are combined, so the
combination of bioactivity and biodegradability is
the most characteristics of the third-generation
biomaterials.
12. applications
• Heart valves
• Artificial tissues
• Dental and bone implants
• Intraocular lenses
• Vascular grafts
• Hip replacements
13.
14. Challenges
• To more closely replicate complex tissue
architecture and arrangement in vitro.
• To better understand extracellular and
intracellular modulators of cell function.
• To develop novel materials and processing
techniques that are compatible with biological
interfaces.
• To find better strategies for immune
acceptance.
15. An emerging industry
• Next generation of medical implants and
therapeutics.
• Interface of biology and traditional
engineering.
• Polymeric biomaterial will lead to the growth
of global biomaterial market.
Nanotopography means the surface characters that are formed at Nanoscale, having applications in the field of medicine and cell engineering. It can be formed by using numerous techniques such as etching, plasma functionalization, etc