A biomaterial is "any substance (other than drugs) or combination of substances, synthetic or natural in origin, which can be used for any period of time, as a whole or as a part of a system which treats, augments, or replaces any tissue, organ, or function of the body".
6. What is biomaterials?
A biomaterial is "any substance (other than drugs) or
combination of substances, synthetic or natural in origin,
which can be used for any period of time, as a whole or as a
part of a system which treats, augments, or replaces any
tissue, organ, or function of the body".
8. What is Biocompatibility?
The ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host
response in a specific application.
9. What is Host Response?
The response of the host organism (local and systemic) to
the implanted material or device.
10. Illustration of how some materials, biological, medical, and
engineering properties must be integrated to achieve successful
biomaterials for tissue regeneration. [10]
11. A Little History on Biomaterials
Romans, Chinese used gold in dentistry over 2000 years ago.
Aseptic surgery 1860 (Lister)
Bone plates 1900, joints 1930
Polyethylene and stainless steel being used for hip implants,
1960
The first biological engineering program was created at
Mississippi State University in 1967.
More recent programs have been launched at MIT University
12. Material Selection Parameters
Biocompatibility
Bio stability
Bioinert
Bioactive or surface reactive
Biodegradable
Sterilizability
Adequate mechanical and physical properties
Manufacturability
low weight
reasonable cost
15. Metallic Biomaterials
The metallic systems most frequently used in the body are:
(a) Iron-base alloys of the 316L stainless steel
(b) Titanium and titanium-base alloys, such as
1)Ti-6% Al-4%V, and commercially pure ‡ 98.9%
2)Ti-Ni (55% Ni and 45% Ti )
16. Metallic Biomaterials
(c) Cobalt base alloys of four types
1)Cr (27-30%), Mo(5- 7%), Ni (2-5%)
2)Cr (19-21%), Ni (9-11%), W (14-16%)
3)Cr (18-22%), Fe (4- 6 %), Ni (15-25%), W (3-4%)
4)Cr (19-20%), Mo(9-10%), Ni (33-37%)
18. (a) The Harrington rod ,a stainless steel surgical device.
(b) The stem of a total hip replacement, usually made from either stainless steel,
cobalt- or titanium-based alloys. [7]
19. Ceramic Biomaterials
Non absorbable (relatively inert)
like as Alumina, zirconia, silicone nitrides.
bioactive (semi-inert)
like as Certain glass ceramics and dense hydroxyapatites.
resorbable (non-inert)
like as calcium phosphates and calcium aluminates
27. Examples of medical and dental materials and
their applications
Material Principal applications
Metals and alloys
316L stainless steel Fracture fixation, stents, surgical
instruments
Co-Ti, Ti-Al-V, Ti-Al-Nb, Ti- 13Ni-13Zr, Ti-
Mo-Zr-Fe
Bone and joint replacement, fracture
fixation, dental implants, pacemaker
encapsulation
Co-Cr-Mo, Cr-Ni-Cr-Mo Bone and joint replacement, dental
implants, dental restorations, heart valves
28. Examples of medical and dental materials and
their applications
Material Principal applications
Ni-Ti Bone plates, stents, orthodontic wires
Gold alloys Dental restorations
Silver products Antibacterial agents
Platinum and Pt-Ir Electrodes
Hg-Ag-Sn amalgam Dental restorations
29. Examples of medical and dental materials and
their applications
Material Principal applications
Ceramics and glasses
Alumina Joint replacement, dental implants
Zirconia Joint replacement
Calcium phosphates Bone repair and augmentation, surface
coatings on metals
Bioactive glasses Bone replacement
Carbons Heart valves, percutaneous devices,
implants
30. Examples of medical and dental materials and
their applications
Material Principal applications
Polymers
Polyethylene Joint replacement
Polypropylene Sutures
Polyesters Vascular prostheses, drug- delivery
systems
Silicones Soft-tissue replacement
31. Examples of medical and dental materials and
their applications
Material Principal applications
Composites
BIS-GMA-quartz/silica filler Dental restorations
PMMA-glass fillers Dental restorations (dental cements)
35. Journals of biomaterials
Biomaterials World News
Materials Today
Nature
Journal of Biomedical Materials Research
Cells and Materials
Journal of Biomaterials Science
36. Journals of biomaterials
Artificial Organs
ASAIO Transactions
Tissue Engineering
Annals of Biomedical Engineering
Medical Device Link
37. Biomaterials Companies
MATECH Biomedical Technologies, development of
biomaterials by chemical polymerization methods.
Medtronic, Inc. is a medical technology company specializing
in implantable and invasive therapies.
Molecular Geodesics Inc., biomimetic materials for
biomedical, industrial, and military applications
38. Biomaterials Companies
Biform Research & Consulting, Inc., fibrinolytic systems,
protein-material interactions
Baxter International develops technologies related to the
blood and circulatory system.
Biocompatibles Ltd. develops commercial applications for
technology in the field of biocompatibility.
Carmeda makes a biologically active surface that interacts
with and supports the bodys own control mechanisms
39. Biomaterials Companies
Collagen Aesthetics Inc. bovine and human placental
sourced collagens, recombinant collagens, and PEG-
polymers
Endura-Tec Systems Corp. bio-mechanical endurance testing
ofstents, grafts, and cardiovascular materials
Howmedica develops and manufactures products in
orthopaedics
40. Biomaterials Companies
SurModics, offers PhotoLink(R) surface modification
technology that can be used to immobilize biomolecules
W.L. Gore Medical Products Division, PTFE microstructures
configured to exclude or accept tissue ingrowth.
Zimmer, design, manufacture and distribution of orthopaedic
implants and related equipment and supplies
41.
42.
43.
44.
45. Review
Definition of bioengineering and biomaterials
History of biomaterials
Effective parameters of biomaterials
Classification of biomaterials
Applications of biomaterials
Biomaterials fabrication techniques
Some important journals and companies
46. References
D. Ratner and Allan S. Hoffman and Frederick J. Schoen,
“Biomaterials Science, An Introduction to Materials in Medicine
Buddy”,
Aldo R. Boccaccini and Julie E. Gough, “Tissue engineering using
ceramics and polymers”,
Handbook of Materials for Medical Devices
Patitapabana Parida and Ajit Behera and Subash Chandra Mishra,
“Classification of Biomaterials used in Medicine “, International
Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences (IJAAS), 2012
47. References
Timothy J. Keane and Stephen F. Badylak, “Biomaterials for tissue
engineering applications”, www.Elsevier.com, 2014
Joao. F and Mano, “Designing biomaterials for tissue engineering
based on the deconstruction of the native cellular environment”,
www.Elsevier.com, 2014
Qizhi Chen and George A. Thouas, “Metallic implant biomaterials”,
www.Elsevier.com, 2014
48. References
Paul K. Chu, “Surface engineering and modification of
biomaterials”, www.Elsevier.com, 2012
David F. Williams, “on the nature of biomaterials”,
www.Elsevier.com, 2009
B. L. Seal and T. C. Otero and A. Panitch, “Polymeric biomaterials
for tissue and organ regeneration”, www.Elsevier.com, 2001