Power resources revised 2020

Energy /Power Resources
Ms Asma Akbar Ali Power Resources 1
Ms Asma Akbar Ali
Educationist
Revised slides 2020

What are Energy and Energy Resources
Energy resources are those things that are able to generate energy in any form
e.g. heat or waves. Energy is the ability to do action/enables action.
Energy is classified into two forms: Potential and Kinetic Energy forms
Every time something moves or plants grows, creatures make sound or any
other action takes place it is using energy. E.g. a piece of coal is sitting in the
furnace, it is not moving but it stills has energy stored inside it, it is just not using
it.( Potential or Stored energy)
Switch on the TV, or use a washing machine, put on the light these are using
electric energy to do the actions, they will work as long as the energy is
transmitted into it . This electric energy is Kinetic energy ( moving energy or as
we say alive)

Examples of Energy forms
Kinetic or moving energy Potential or stored energy
Electrical energy – the movement
of electrical charges. Electricity we use
and lightning.
Gravitational energy – objects within
the gravitational field of the Earth
Radiant energy – electromagnetic energy that
moves in waves. This includes visible
light, X-rays and radio waves.
Elastic energy – objects that are
stretched or squashed have had a force
applied to them and store energy from
that force.
Sound energy – a wave that moves out from
a source as a result of molecules on an object
vibrating.
Chemical energy – stored in the bonds
that hold atoms together, and when the
bonds are broken, energy is released and
will become kinetic energy
Motion/kinetic energy – the energy an object
possesses because of its motion.
Nuclear energy – the energy stored in
the nucleus (centre) of an atom.

Energy Conservation and Transformation
Energy can be transferred or moved from one place to another
and it can change itself (transform) from one type to
another without loosing its energy because energy is conserved
even if it has transformed

Types of Energy ; Thermal
1. How does something get hot? The temperature of an object increases
when the molecules that make up that object move faster. The heat is
energy that can be measured by thermometer
2. A thermal power station is a power station in which heat energy is
converted to electric power..

Types of Energy : Chemical
Chemical energy is energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds, like
atoms and molecules. This energy is released when a chemical reaction takes
place. Usually, once chemical energy has been released from a substance, that
substance is transformed into a completely new substance. The food we eat
contains stored chemical energy
6
Ms Asma Akbar Ali Power Resources

Types of Energy : Nuclear
Nuclear energy from the nucleus of atoms, It is released by nuclear fusion (nuclei
are fused together) or nuclear fission (nuclei are split apart). The radioactive
element called uranium is used but the remains have to be disposed off. They
contain radioactive material
An international symbol of radiation.

Renewable Non Renewable
POWER SOURCES

Renewable & Non Renewable Resources
1. Non Renewables are produced at an extinctable amount/ limited amount
and take a long time i.e. more then the life span of human being to
produce. So the pace is much slower than the rate at which it is being
consumed and so cannot be replenished . E.g. fossil fuels like coal, oil,
natural gas and uranium
2. Renewable Resources are produced at the pace or even faster than at the
rate that it is being consumed. They are replenished naturally e.g. solar,
wind, water (hydro), geothermal ( Kinetic Energy) and biomass (Stored
chemical energy) .

Advantages and Challenges of Renewable resources
Advantages
• Stable energy prices
• Continual source of energy
• Low global warming emissions
Challenges
• High cost of development
• Require a large space to set up
• Not available in all areas

Advantages and Challenges of Non-Renewable resources
Advantages
1. It is easy to store and accessible
2. It is more compatible and affordable
3. It is easy to transport
4. A power plant which runs on non-renewable source of energy can be located
anywhere as long as fuel is available
Challenges
1. It emits toxic gases like carbon dioxide and methane that pollute environment and
produce greenhouse gases.
2. Once exhausted it will take millions of years to replenish. Therefore there is rising
cost.
3. Its residual products are generally non-biodegradable.

Benefits from Renewable Energy
Renewable energy does not emit global warming emissions and so it makes
less water and air pollution keeping the environment much safer for human
health and other living beings. Additionally, when setting up the energy
industries, there are lots of other supporting industries like extraction,
transport, housing etc that are created. These industries creates opportunities
for jobs throughout the continuum. Further more , the price of renewable is
more stable because the raw material cost does not fluctuate and is available
for free.

Fossil Fuel - Coal is a natural Non Renewable Resource

Coal takes several hundred million years to form. It is formed by the
decomposition of natural vegetation under great pressure and heat . There
are four stages in coal formation.
1. plants decay & peat is formed
2. lignite (soft brown coal)
3. Bituminous (black and brittle)
4. Anthracite coal is formed (Dark black)
Non Renewable Resources : Coal Formation and Quality

Carbon
content 60%
• Carbon content
71%
• High moisture
content
• Low heating
value
• Carbon content
77%
• Less Moisture
Content
• Moderate
heating Value
Carbon
content 87%
Very Limited
Moisture
High Heating
Value
Peat Lignite Bituminous Anthracite

Extraction of Coal – Surface mining and Underground mining
Surface or open cast mining makes a big hole in the ground scoops
coal that is near the surface.
The steps are:
Clear off the vegetation and remove the top soil
Explosive are used to blast and loosen the
rocks
Scoop off the coal and transported by trucks
after sorting by quality

Under Ground Adit Mining
Adit is an open passage into the coal seam in the mountain
Remove coal load onto rail or donkeys and bring to surface
Pillars are installed to prevents the roof from falling
Explosives are used to blast and loosen the rock
Horizontal tunnel is dug into the layer where the coal seam is present

Underground Shaft Mining
Shaft is used when coal is found deep inside the earth . Vertical layer is
dug and a shaft is prepared. Horizontal tunnels are built at different
layers where the coal seams are present . Blast with explosives to
loosen the coal .remove the coal and load onto the donkeys or rail and
sent up to the surface by a lifter

Recap - Coal Extraction Methods: Open Cast, Adit and Shaft
Mining

Coal Distribution in Pakistan

Coal Extraction by province
Province Location Type Quantity in
Ton
Balochistan Khost-Sharig-Harnai,Sor
Range/Degari, Duki, Mach-
Kingri, Musakhel Abegum, Pir
Ismail Ziarat,Chamalong
Cooking Coal
Local Name is
Sharig
0.217
Sindh Lakhra, Sonda, Thatta, Jherruck,
Thar, Haji Coal and others
Lignite 184.623
Punjab Eastern Salt Range, Central Salt
Range, Makerwal
Sub Bituminous 0.235
KPK Private Companies Sub Bituminous 0.009

Quantity of Coal Reserves in Pakistan
Tons Global Ranking
Coal Reserves 3,377,477,840 20
th
in the world
Coal production 4,506,243 34
th
in the world
Coal Consumption 10,199,674 38
th
in the world
Yearly Deficit -5,693,431
Coal Imports 7,107,758
Coal Exports 120
Net Imports 7,107,638 Imports 70% of its Coal consumption
Source : https://www.worldometers.info/coal/pakistan-coal/
Pakistan has proven reserves equivalent to 331.1 times its annual consumption. This
means it has about 331 years of Coal left (at current consumption levels)

Thar Coal is a Future Resource
Thar coalfield the 7th largest coal reserves of the world, it has 75 billion tones of
lignite spread across 9,100 sq km and is probably the only viable and sustainable
solution to the country’s energy shortfall.
Pakistan is facing an energy shortfall of aprx 6,000 MW, and is importing oil to
meet its shortfall and energy demand by the industries. This shortage can be
overcome if the available coal mines are modernized and made safer. Pakistan
imports oil from Saudi Arabia and Iran to meet its energy demands which is
creating debts due to the increasing oil price and fluctuating cost of foreign
exchange .
The abundance reserves in Thar is capable of producing 100,000 MW of electricity
for the next 200 years. Further more it will also benefit the 1.5 million people
residing in Thar by getting opportunity for employment and improved life style
like schools and hospitals especially when this district is ranked the lowest
amongst provincial socioeconomic indicators.Ms Asma Akbar Ali Power Resources 24

Environmental Concerns of Burning Coal
1. When coal is burned, it reacts with the oxygen in the air , this chemical
reaction converts the stored solar energy into thermal energy, which is
released as heat. But it also produces carbon dioxide and methane which
is harmful to the ecological balance of the environment.
2. Coal contains sulfur and metals such as mercury, lead, and arsenic, that
escape into the air when coal is burned. It causes asthma, cancer, heart
and lung ailments, neurological problems, acid rain, global warming.
When human eat mercury infected fish from polluted water it causes brain
damage.
3. Coal ash /fly ash causes lower crop yield and respiratory conditions in
humans and livestock

Making Coal Environmental Friendly
1. Clean coal technology seeks to reduce harsh environmental effects by
using multiple technologies ( 7 different technologies) to clean coal and
reduce its emissions.
2. Coal Gasification is a thermo-chemical process in which coal is broken
into its chemical constituents/gas resulting synthetic natural gas (SNG).
Advantage is that gasification generates electricity more efficiently than
simply burning coal, which reduces the amount of coal mining necessary to
generate the same amount of power or fuel.

Pakistan Gasification Project
The Thar Coal gasification pilot project was launched in 2010, it has the
potential to produce 5,000MW electricity for at least 800 years.

Consumption of Coal by Sector
Economic Survey of Pakistan 2008 -09
Pakistan has 31 thermal power
producers (IPPs) coal dependent
power plants produce 9% energy
Others power plants are
Furnace oil – 16%
 Water /Hydel – 27%
 Natural gas -12%
LNG -26 %
Renewable (Solar & Wind) -
5%
 nuclear – 5%

Fossil Fuel - Petroleum /Mineral Oil is a Non Renewable natural
Resource

Petroleum
1. Black gold /mineral oil or petroleum is found in the porous spaces of the
sedimentary rocks. It is mainly deep underground or under the seabed. The
gas portion is changed into natural gas and liquid part is seeped through
porous and non-porous rocks called petroleum or crude oil.
2. Petroleum is found in vast underground reservoirs where ancient seas were
located. The reservoirs can be found beneath land or the ocean floor.
3. Mineral oil is formed when large quantities of vegetative matter , dead
organisms, marine animals, mostly zooplankton and algae, are buried
underneath sedimentary rock and subjected to both intense heat and pressure

Formation of Oil
Hundreds of millions of years ago (before dinosaurs existed), when tiny sea plants and
animals died, they sank to the bottom of the oceans. They were buried by thousands of feet
of sediment and sand, which turned to rock. As the layers increased, pressure and heat built
up, causing the organic matter to be broken down into compounds called hydrocarbons
(made of hydrogen and carbon atoms). Finally, an oil-saturated rock is formed (the doom
shaped anticline )

The Anticline or the Oil Trap
Gas
Oil
Water
Porous
Porous

Oil Reserves in Pakistan
1. According to the United States Energy Information Administration
(EIA), Pakistan may have over 9 billion barrels of petroleum oil and 105 trillion
cubic feet in natural gas (including shale gas) reserves.
2. Pakistan has 353,500,000 barrels of proven oil reserves as of 2016, ranking 52nd
in the world. Pakistan has proven reserves equivalent to 1.7 times more than
its annual consumption. Source: www.worldometers.info ›
oil › pakistan-oil
3. The Toot oil field is located in potohar plateau of Punjab and Khaur Company in
Attock. Pakistan Oilfields Limited (POL) is a the oil and gas exploration and
production company.
New Projects : The Vancouver-based 'International Sovereign Energy' has a MOU
with Pakistan to develop the oil fields of Pakistan

How Oil is Extracted
1. Oil is liquid and therefore
cannot be extracted in the same
way as coal
2. Oil has to be pumped out
through the derrick. Once the
drilling site for oil is selected the
derrick or drilling rig setup
3. The derrick is a large steel
structure that holds the drilling
pipes and other equipment.
4. Once the oil is found the rig is
replaced by pipes and valves
which control the flow of oil.
5. Oil is transported through these
pipelines to the refineries

Crude Oil refining
Oil refineries are located near the oil fields or at the
port of import. There are eight oil refineries are
currently operating in Pakistan
1. Pakistan Refinery,
2. National Refinery,
3. Parco,
4. Attock Refinery,
5. Byco-I and II,
6. Enar Petroleum Refining Facility (ENAR¬I)
7. Enar Petroleum Refining Facility (ENAR-II).

http://www.alhasan.com/sites/default/files/0001_16.png

Uses of Oil

Sectoral Consumption of oil and oil Products
Source: 2007 report ministry of petroleum

Oil Transportation
1. By sea: Both crude and refined oil is transported by sea from Saudi
Arabia . Oil tankers bring them to port keemari and/or port Qasim.The
oil tankers are connected to the oil pier from where they are pumped
out to destinations
2. By Land: Transportation by road and rail is more costly because of the
weight, time consuming and inefficient compared to the pipelines. It is
also dangerous
 Pipeline is environmental friendly, most efficient, convenient
and cheapest mode of transport

Pak Arab Refinery Company (PARCO )
Crude oil is pumped from the
oil tankers at the port Qasim to
the refineries. PARCO refinery
is located at Mahmood Kot
from where refined oil is
supplied to the whole of
Pakistan
White Oil pipeline (WOPP)
carries refine oil from Karachi
to north

Pakistan imports Crude Oil
Pakistan is the 25th largest importer of crude oil in the world. Pakistan
imports crude oil maximum from United Arab Emirates, followed by
Saudi Arabia and Qatar. because Pakistan produces 9.1% annually from
its proven reserves (as of 2016)
Pakistan currently meets only 15 per cent of its domestic petroleum needs
with crude oil production of around 22 million tons; the other 85 per
cent is met through imports.

Meaning of the Terms used
1. Oil is also called petroleum it was formed by decaying matter from sea
plants and animals that died hundreds of millions of years ago.
2. Crude oil is the form that oil is in when it is first removed from the
ground, it cannot be used as an energy source until it has been refined.
3. Oil refineries clean and separate crude oil into various fuels and by-
products.
4. Gasoline is the main product to come from oil. It is used as fuel for
vehicles such as cars.

Fossil Fuel – Natural Gas is a Non Renewable natural
Resource

Natural Gas location in Pakistan
1. Natural Gas is made up of gases like methane , ethane, propane and butanes.
2. The Sui gas field is the biggest natural gas field in Pakistan. It is located near
Sui in Balochistan. The gas field was discovered in 1952 and the commercial
use started in 1955.
3. The Sui Southern Gas Company (SSGC) is engaged in transmission and
distribution of natural gas in southern part of Pakistan- mainly in Sindh and
Baluchistan.
4. The main Gas fields of Pakistan are
Sui Balochistan
Pirkoh Balochistan
Mari Lower Sindh
Meyal Powar
Dhurnal Potwar

Transportation of SuiGas
1. It is Comprised primarily of methane, natural gas is odorless and
colorless when it comes out of the ground.
2. After impurities are removed, the natural gas is introduced into the
pipeline system where it is transported to the consumers.

Major Gas Pipelines Distribution
Source: Required Text 2059/2

Suigas reserves
Petroleum Ministry's report has revealed that the country's sui gas reserves
can end completely in the next 19 years.
published reports Oct 14, 2019

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
1. LNG is the liquid form of natural gas, it contains 95% methane . It is turned
into a liquid cooling it to 162 degrees Celsius. This cooling process reduces
the volume of natural gas more than 600 times making it easier and safer to
store and transport.
2. LNG can get insulated /evaporated by heat that can limit the amount in that is
stored
3. Pakistan is negotiating to develop its LNG terminals with shell and Exxon
companies.
CNG is Compressed Natural Gas, which is mainly methane, it is cheaper and
cleaner than LPG
 LPG is Liquefied Petroleum Gas, a mixture of propane and butane
Watch : https://youtu.be/WzQk6PKuGpg Ms Asma Akbar Ali Power Resources 48

Making electricity from Fossil Fuels
Electricity that is generated by Non- renewable resources like oil, coal, gas and
nuclear fuel is called thermal electricity . The thermal plants have two main
system
1. A thermal power station is a power station in which heat energy is converted
to electric power. Fossil fuel is used to heat the water and the steam spins the
turbine that generates energy which is captured by the generator and changed
into electricity
2. It appears like a huge amount of water is utilised by the
thermal plants but actually very little is consumed because the
heated steam is directed back into the cooling tower and it
keeps cycling back into the reservoir/water source
-water to steam to water

Using Energy Sources to Make electricity
Process involves transforming the potential energy to
mechanical Energy and then into electric energy
Coal is added into the
furnace or the boiler to
heat the water thereby
steam is produced
The high pressure and
fast speed energy of the
speed spin the turbine The vibrating energy produced
from the moving turbine is
captured by the generator
The generator converts the
kinetic energy into electrical
energy
Electricity is transported
into the transformer

Electricity Distribution to End -Users
Domestic
Industries
Agriculture
Shops / markets
Others
Regulates the voltage
for transmission
National Grid/ Transmission
lines carry electricity to long
distances

Boiler
Turbine Transformer
Cooling Tower
Steam
Reservoir
Practice the
process

Brainstorming & Reflections
1. How can coal be used more effectively and also control the
Environmental pollution ? (6) Refer to the lesson and validate your
answer
2. How is the oil consumption contributing to environmental pollution
and the negative balance of trade? Recommend solutions (6) Refer
to the lesson and validate your answer

Power resources revised 2020

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