Day 3 Risk Management

1. Case studies on Risks
Natural Disaster risks

2. Hazards
and
Disasters
What is the difference?

3. 1. 9.5 Bio-Bio, Chile Valdivia Earthquake1960-05-22 19:11 38.14°S 73.41°W
2. 9.2 Southern Alaska 1964 Great Alaska Earthquake, Prince William Sound Earthquake,
Good Friday Earthquake 1964-03-28 03:36 60.91°N147.34°W
1. 9.1 Off the West Coast of Northern Sumatra Sumatra-Andaman Islands Earthquake,
2004 Sumatra Earthquake and Tsunami, Indian Ocean Earthquake 2004-12-26 00:58
3.30°N 95.98°E
2. 9.1 Near the East Coast of Honshu, Japan Tohoku Earthquake 2011-03-11 05:46
38.30°N142.37°E
5. 9.0 Off the East Coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia Kamchatka, Russia 1952-11-04
16:58 52.62°N159.78°
Largest Earthquakes in the World
USGShttps://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/browse/largest-world.php

4. Mega-earthquake and Tsunamis
• 2004 off Sumatra Mw9.1-9.3
• 2009 off Samoa Mw8.1
• 2010 off Chile Mw8.8
• 2011 off Tohoku Mw9.0
http://tg.tripadvisor.jp/Earthquake/

5. See it on world map:
USGS
https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/map/#%7B%22feed%22%3A%2214
91579806344%22%2C%22sort%22%3A%22largest%22%2C%22mapposition%
22%3A%5B%5B-
85%2C0%5D%2C%5B85%2C360%5D%5D%2C%22viewModes%22%3A%7B%2
2help%22%3Afalse%2C%22list%22%3Atrue%2C%22map%22%3Atrue%2C%22
settings%22%3Afalse%7D%2C%22autoUpdate%22%3Afalse%2C%22search%2
2%3A%7B%22id%22%3A%221491579806344%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22S
earch%20Results%22%2C%22isSearch%22%3Atrue%2C%22params%22%3A%
7B%22starttime%22%3A%221900-01-
01%2000%3A00%3A00%22%2C%22endtime%22%3A%222017-04-
07%2023%3A59%3A59%22%2C%22minmagnitude%22%3A8%2C%22orderby
%22%3A%22magnitude%22%2C%22limit%22%3A20%7D%7D%7D

6. Tsunami reached
Alaska, Hawaii,
and Chile
(17,000km
distant). The
water carried an
estimated 5
million tons of
debris out of the
sea.

7. Indian Ocean Earthquake (Dec.26, 2004)

11. Tsunami 2004 in Indonesia
Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam province and Nias Island
• More than 130.000 people dead and 37.000 remain
missing.
• The survivors lost almost everything: family,
houses and livelihoods.
• Approximately 4,717 coastal fishing boats lost,
20.000 ha fish ponds were destroyed or out of
action
• 60,000 farmers were displaced
• Over 60,000 ha agricultural land damaged
• 100,000 small business persons have lost their
livelihoods.
• Furthermore, the environment is profoundly
altered. (A joint report of the BRR and International Partners,
December2005: ACEH AND NIAS ONE YEAR AFTER THE TSUNAMI; The
Recovery Effort and Way Forward)
26 December 2004, 07:58 WIB
9.1 richter scale
10 m wave height

12. Sichuan Earthquake (May 12, 2008)

16. Kobe (Jan. 17, 1995)

19. Secondary
damage to
livelihoods
- Outbreak of
fire due to
electricity
leakage

20. M3 M5 M7
March 11, 2011, 7:00〜22:00
〜15 min
〜1 hour
〜1 day
1 day 〜
防災科学技術研究所Hi-net
Elapses of Time:
Earthquake epicenters and magnitudes

21. Dead 15,894
Missing 2,562
Total 18,456
Highest Tsunami 40m

22. Subduction of the Philippines plate

24. Great East Japan Earthquake (March 11, 2011)

25. Ofunato
Bay
Kesen-numa
Bay
Shizugawa Bay
Ogatsu Bay
Onagawa Bay
Sendai
Bay
Oshika P.
(3points)
Mangoku-ura
Gamo tideland
Yamamoto
Natori-Hiroura
Oppa Bay
Samenoura Bay
Higashi
Matsushima
Nagatsura-ura
Okirai Bay
Rias Coast

26. Onagawa Town 50 days after
12,000 → 6,000 (approx. pop.)

27. National Geographic video
Google initiative in remembering what cities
looked like pre-disaster
https://www.miraikioku.com

28. Estimated Number of Casualties
Indonesia BandaAceh M 9.1
230,000 to 280,000 (and many missing)
China – Sichuan M 7.9
88,000 (deaths approx.) 19,000 (approx. missing) 380,000
(injured)
Japan – Kobe M 7.3
5,500 to 6,500 (deaths) 44,000 (approx. injured) 250,000 to
310,000 (displaced)
Japan – Tohoku M 9.1
15,894 (deaths) 6,200 (approx. injured) 2,500 (people missing)

29. 23% World’s population lives within 100 km of the coast
50% are likely to do so by 2030
Adger et al. (2005)
70% our planet’s surface is covered by ocean
UNEP

34. Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)
Humanitarian Practice Network

35. <Group Work: 80-90min>
Your group is responsible for advising a risk
reduction master plan to the prime
minister/president for Country X.
Come up with a Disaster Risk Reduction
(DRR) plan that can minimize the number of
casualties (deaths, injuries, and displaced) .

36. International Policy Framework on Disaster
Risk Reduction
International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction
1990-2000
World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in
Yokohama 1994
International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR)
2000
World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in Hyogo
2005
World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in Sendai
2015

37. Who is the organizer?
UNISDR: United Nations International Strategy for Disaster
Reduction
- UNISDR’s mandate has been defined by a number of UN
General Assembly Resolutions, the most notable is “to
serve as the focal point in the UN system for the
coordination of disaster reduction and to ensure synergies
among the disaster reduction activities of the UN system
and regional organizations and activities in socio-
economic and humanitarian fields”.
Video

38. World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in Hyogo
2005
World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in Sendai
2015
Hyogo Framework for
Action (HFA)
Sendai Framework for
DRR
Responsive
Pro-active (DRR)

39. Main features of Hyogo Framework for Action
The framework calls for countries to…
- Build resilience of nations and communities to
disasters
- It is a 10-year plan to make the world safer from
natural hazards
- It describes in detail the work that is required from
different sectors and actors to reduce disaster losses
- Goal is to substantially reduce disaster losses by 2015;
reducing loss of lives and social, economic, and
environmental assets when hazards strike

40. Sendai Framework
Main features of Sendai Framework
The framework calls for countries to…
- Shift focus from managing disasters to managing risks,
which requires a better understanding of risk in all its
dimensions of vulnerability exposure and hazards.
- Focus on people-centered, all hazaards, and
multisectoral based approach to disaster risk
reduction.
- It aims to guide multi-hazard management of disaster
risk in development at all levels as well as within and
across all sectors with engagement from all of society.

41. Guiding principles of the Sendai Framework
Build Back Better
Is an underlying philosophy to the Sendai Framework DRR,
that “involves consideration to the natural environment,
encouraging the building of resilience in society,
incorporating counter-measures to reduce impacts of
future disasters, and encouraging sustainability of
communities”
UNISDR Video

42. Disasters are intensifying…
- Severity and intensity of natural hazards is increasing, including
biological hazards (e.g. Epidemics and pandemics)
- Increased inter-dependency and complexity of risk drivers
- Resource scarcity and degradation of energy and natraural
capital (land, water food, biodiversity)
- Climate change (extreme events, slow onset disasters)
- Increasing risk of unplanned rapid urbanization coupled with
hazards exposure of population and assets in high risk areas.
- Increasing governance challenges, coordination, accountability,
legislations, institutional mechanisms, migration, conflict, which
all affecting human security
- Inequality, poverty, exclusion, - all beig fundamental
development challenges contributing to vulnerability

43. Means of implementation…
- Facilitate and advocate for developing countries
access to finance, innovation, knowledge and
information sharing
- Inclusion of DRR into bilateral & multilateral
assistance
(mainstreaming DRR)
- Tasking to the UN agencies, funds and programs
- Engagement & support from multiple partners and
initiatives such as the Global Compact, International
Parliamentary Union & United Cities and Local
Governments
- Global Review mechanisms, with inputs from national,
regional, and global platforms

44. Sendai Framework Priorities for Action

46. Downloadable: http://sendai-resilience.jp/en/sfdrr/

47. Numerous amounts of debris into the sea
bloomberg.co.jp

48. Eco-sysem based Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR)
Eco-DRR is the sustainable management, conservation and
restoration of ecosystems to reduce disaster risk, with the aim to
achieve sustainable and resilient development.
Well-managed eco-systems, such as wetlands, forests and coastal
systems, act as natural infrastructure, reducing physical exposure
to many hazards and increasing socio-economic resilience of
people and communities by sustaining local livelihoods and
providing essential natural resources such as food, water and
building materials.

49. Hard infrastructures, early warning systems
are effective disaster reduction ways for
keeping human lives
Credit: Asahi Shinbun

50. Conventional solutions
(construction of coastal barriers) can cause additional
problems
Waves reflect on hard structures, increasing
eroding force.
Hard structures prevent sediment supply,
thus disturbing the sediment budget balance

51. Wetland Sea grass bed
Sea bottom
“Eutrophic”
Tidal flatUnused wetland
Unused wetland
behind of the dyke
“Hypertrophic”
Tidal flat in front
of the dyke
“Oligotrophic”
Wetland Sea grass bed
Sea bottom
“Eutrophic”
Tidal flatUnused wetland
Unused wetland
behind of the dyke
“Hypertrophic”
Tidal flat in front
of the dyke
“Oligotrophic”
Dyke
Former tidal flat area
( freshwater system ) Marine environment
Land Sea

52. Wetland Sea grass bed
Sea bottom
“Eutrophic”
Tidal flatUnused wetland
Unused wetland
behind of the dyke
“Hypertrophic”
Tidal flat in front
of the dyke
“Oligotrophic”
Wetland Sea grass bed
Sea bottom
“Eutrophic”
Tidal flatUnused wetland
Unused wetland
behind of the dyke
“Hypertrophic”
Tidal flat in front
of the dyke
“Oligotrophic”
Ecosystem based-DRR (Eco-DRR)
Land Sea
Reed beds, salt marsh Tidal flats, sand bar, sea grass beds
X
Preservation of coastal eco-tone

55. forest
agriculture
coastal fisheries
and aquaculture
Environmental Commons in Coastal Areas
Village
land-sea interaction
Material cycles
bio-/geo-/chemical
and sediment transportation
contribute in forming biodiversity and abundance

57. forest
agriculture
coastal fisheries
and aquaculture
Environmental Commons in Coastal Areas
Village
land-sea interaction
Material cycles
bio-/geo-/chemical
and sediment transportation
contribute in forming biodiversity and abundance

58. Science
x
‘Build Back Better’ -Building Communities Back Better
x
Capacity Building for Disaster Risk Reduction
X
Sustainable Development