presentation tries to look into causes and pattern of disaster in the built environment and suggest options how architectural education can be leveraged to minimise such disasters
2. INTRODUCTION
• Natural disasters are product of the very processes of formation
of the earth, water and atmosphere.
• Natural disasters have large scale implications in terms of:
Damage caused to the built environment,
Economy,
Infrastructure,
Loss of Human life,
Social and economic fabric
• Disaster not only have local/national but also global implications
• extent of losses needs of reconstruction / rehabilitation some
times exceed the capacity of the impacted country.
• Between 1991-2000 Asian countries have account for 83% of the
population impacted.
• The major disasters contributing to loss of human life / property
(1900-1987) were:
Earthquakes (50.9%),
Floods (29.7%)
Cyclonic Storms (16.8%),
Volcanic Eruptions (1.9%),
Tsunamis (0.5%) and
Landslides (0.1%).
3. INTRODUCTION
• Most parts of India suffer from one or other natural hazards,
60% of the land mass liable to moderate/ severe damage during earthquakes over
40 million hectare of land prone to floods,
8.4% to cyclonic winds / storm surges and
68% land susceptible to drought.
• More than two third area suffers from natural disasters.
• Accordingly, appropriate strategies need to be worked out to:
Minimize the adverse impact of the natural disasters
Loss and damage caused to built areas,
Economy and
Social fabric of the community
• Strategy of pre-disaster mitigation rather than post-disaster relief
to be adopted to minimize the loss
• Resources / investment made in disaster mitigation are much
more productive / cost effective than expenditure on relief and
rehabilitation.
• Approach has to be preventive rather than curative.
• Majority of damage caused in the developing region (85.5%)
• Economic losses rising rapidly at @ 400% after each decade.
• Haiti Earthquake 2010 killed more than 1,15,000 and caused huge
economic loss.
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10. LOOKING FORWARD
Role Of Architectural Education And Architectural Institutions
• More human losses due to failure of structures rather than disaster.
• Country loses more than 1 million house annually.
• Six earthquake Indian showed vulnerability of Indian construction
1988 Bihar-Nepal – liquification of soil/damage to structure
1991-Uttarkashi - poor performance in hill construction
1993-Khillan - failure of stone masonry
1997- Jabalpur - semi-urban/urban construction
1999- Chamoli - failure of hill construction
2001- Bhuj - failure of RCC structures
• Need to make safe structures
• Architects prime movers of built environment.
• Accordingly role of architect critical to make buildings safe.
• Architects to be equipped with knowledge to design safe buildings.
• Architectural education needs re-orientation to ensure provision of
adequate expertise in designing safe buildings.
• Need for reviewing course curriculum.
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12. LOOKING FORWARD
• To include designing safe
buildings as integral part of
course.
• To teach disaster mitigation
as a compulsory subject right
from beginning
• Evolving methodologies and
evaluation mechanism for
structural stability of
buildings.
• Defining strategies for
retrofitting.
• Redefining building bye-laws
zoning and building controls
to make buildings safe.
• Preparing Risk Management
plan for settlements.
• Empowering
nations/communities to
create buildings which
withstand any intensity of
disasters.
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15. Redefining Building Bye-
laws
• Building Bye-law critical for
designing/construction of safe
buildings.
• Bye-laws now taught as an
academic exercise without
understanding the context of
evolving safe buildings.
• Bye-laws need redefinition to
include safety against disasters
• Reviewing Bye-Laws on regular
basis for making them an effective
mechanism of disaster mitigation
• Review process can be taken up
by educational institutions.
• Bye-laws to exclude non-qualified
person from the area of designing
buildings.
• Training the manpower of local
authorities in the context of
building bye-laws for proper
interpretation and effective
implementation.
16. Creating Awareness
• People need education about the
role and importance of adopting
safe technologies.
• Technologies to be cost-effective
and simple to use for easy
adoption.
• Technologies need detailed R&D
support for constant upgradation.
• Architectural institutions can take
up R&D as an integral part of
professional consultancy in the
area of disaster resistant buildings.
• Architectural institution can also
take up arranging exhibition for
creating awareness among
stakeholders.
• Holding sensitization workshops
and organizing trainings of
Architects/Engineers/ Mason in
creating seismically safe building
designs/constructions.
17. Creating Model
Structures• Technical guidelines on
repair/retrofitting of existing
buildings already published by
various agencies.
• Architectural and Engineering
Institutions in collaboration
with building industry can take
up preparing Model-Structures
adopting simple design
techniques.
• Various options of retrofitting
to make buildings safe need to
be demonstrated by models or
exhibitions.
• Training of masons etc can
also be taken up for educating
in the area of retrofitting and
constructing safe buildings.
18. Sharing Experiences
• Architectural Institution should
share knowledge about
different
techniques/technologies to
make buildings safe.
• Large number of case studies
available in the area of safe
buildings.
• Case studies should be made
integral part of the educational
curricula for understanding
various facets of disaster and
their mitigation.
• Case study can helps in
promoting understanding and
creating valuable data bank.
• Success stories out of case
studies can be documented to
disseminate good practices.
19. Involving Educational
Institutions
• Vulnerability of built environment outcome of inadequate
education / training.
• Architectural education focus more on aesthetics, functionality,
space efficiency.
• For creating disaster resistant building-structural safety to be
made integral part of education.
• To address the issue two pronged strategy needs adoption.
Structural safety to be made integral part of architectural education.
Architectural / Structural configurations to be integrated for gelling
aesthetics with safety.
• Second strategy includes:
Educating large number of Architects in the profession.
• Architectural institutions to draw training modules for in-
service/professional Architects for creating awareness/ skill.
• Work on existing proven materials and construction technologies
and their up gradation.
• Educational institute to work closely with IIA, COA, Institute of
Engineers, Indian Building Congress, BIS to work out a
comprehensive program for training / education.
• Run short term courses on regular basis.
• Prepare manuals on safe construction of buildings both for
engineered / non-engineered buildings.
20. Role of Information
Technology• I.T. hold enormous potential in the area of
disaster mitigation and disaster management.
• I.T. critical for creating safe built
environment.
• Software developed can be used for
assessing structural safety of buildings
designs.
• I.T. can be used for accessing whole range of
knowledge and data available in the context
of disaster.
• I.T. can be used for accessing/documenting
all success stories on safe buildings and safe
technologies.
• I.T. can be used for sharing knowledge and
networking at institutional/professional
levels.
• Critical role of I.T can be leveraged in
Architectural Educations for designing safe
built environment by launching websites for
on-line education of
teachers/students/people.
21. National Report on Disaster Management in India
• Holding sensitization workshops and trainings of
Architects/Engineers/ Masons in creating seismically safe
building designs/constructions.
• Introduction of earthquake Architectural in undergraduate
Architecture Curricula.
• Certification of Architects for testing their knowledge of
earthquake resistant constructions.
• Capacity building of institutions in the field of training &
retrofitting of life-line buildings.
• Mechanism of carrying out special audit of buildings to be
put in place to ensure buildings conform to latest buildings
bye-laws based on latest BIS standards.
• Reviewing Guidelines for constructing earthquake/cyclone
resistant rural housing under Indira Award Yozna &
Sampoorna Grameen Rojgar Yozna.
• Creating multi-purpose cyclone shelters.
• Creating design/construction tool kit to address the issue of
designing/construction of safe buildings and retrofitting of
buildings.
National Report on Disaster Management in India emphasizes on :
22. National Report on Disaster
Management in India Emphasizes
• Capacity enhancement of urban local bodies to enforce
compliance of techno-legal regime.
• Amendment of curriculum of undergraduate B. Arch. course
to include mitigation technologies elements in general and
elements of earthquake engineering in particular.
• Cost of disaster mitigation/preparation to be included in
project formulation and financing.
• Demonstrating the use of locally available materials and
upgrading local technologies in creating safe built
environment through community participation.
• Promoting long term training to alter people’s attitude and
behaviors- involving people will be critical in disaster
management (public education)
• Launching education campaign on disaster mitigates on the
pattern of road safety, health safety fire prevention need to
be launched.
• Emphasizing on learning rather than education.
23. CONCLUSIONS
• Considering wide and massive
Physical, social, economic, infrastructural and environmental
implications of disasters
Creating safe buildings will be critical.
• For focusing on disasters, UN declared 1990-2000 decade as
International Decade for National disaster Reduction.
• Role of Architectural education critical for minimizing loss of
lives and properly from built environments.
• Role of Architects not fully valued and recognized.
• Architectural Education in the past not geared /focused much
on disaster.
• Course curricula needs to be redefined to include:
Creating safe buildings in the face of disasters and
For providing required level of professional competencies to
Architects.
• Safety to be made integral post of Architectural
education/learning from the inception and not at the end of
the course.
• Technical Universities should provide necessary
resources /manpower to empower architectural education.
• Sooner it is done better it will be for the health, economy of
the nation and communities.