UES10

1. Scaling bioresource flow in the urban-rural fringe
of Asian cities: comparative case studies between
continental Bangkok and insular Metro Manila
Department of Environmental Systems
Wakayama University
Yuji HARA
hara@sys.wakayama-u.ac.jp
9-11 June 2010
10th Urban Environment Symposium
in Gothenburg

2. Large cities located on alluvial plains in monsoonal Asia
Two groups: continental delta and insular lowlands
2

3. Emerging urban-rural land-use mixed areas (McGee 1991)
3

4. Tremendous wastes in Asian cities, especially organic waste
Needs to treat and reduce

5. Use urban-rural mixture for waste reduction through
promoting bioresource circulations
5

6. This research aims at
 Understanding the current bioresource flows in the
urban fringe areas in Bangkok and Metro Manila
 Examining detailed land-use patterns at a 1:5000
scale
 Discussing possible scenarios for bioresource
circulations in consideration of spatial extent of the
flows and land-use patterns
6

7. 7
Bangkok - continental delta Manila - insular lowlands
0 100km
Built-up area in 2004
Case study cities (shown in this presentation)

8. 1: Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (2003); 2: Constancio et al. (2006); 3: Tokyo Metropolitan Government (2009)
Profiles of the two cities (with Tokyo for comparison)
Bangkok
Metropolitan
Administration 1
Metropolitan
Manila 2
Tokyo
Metropolitan
Government 3
Population 8 160 000
(in 2007)
11 550 000
(in 2007)
12 910 000
(in 2009)
Population density
(persons/km2) 5046 16601 9663
Total waste
generation (ton/day)
9472
(in 2002)
7438
(in 2007)
13178
(in 2007)
Paper (%) 14 13 39
Glass (%) 5 3 9
Metals (%) 2 5 1
Plastic (%) 20 25 11
Organic wastes (%) 43 50 33
Others (%) 16 4 7

9. Case study in Nonthaburi Province within Bangkok
Metropolitan Region
9
Current land uses
Nonthaburi
Bangkok

10. Field survey in Bang Maenang District
10

11. Townhouse (TH) Apartment (AP) urban Detached House (DH)
Food Shop (FS)
Defining house type based on field survey (1/2)
11

12. Gardener’s house (GA)
Temporary house (TE)
Rice Farmer’s house (RF)
Former Farmer’s house (FF)
Defining house type based on field survey (2/2)
12

13. Consistent with digital vector map
13

14. Method_1:
Questionnaire at households & waste related sectors
14
Households
(50 households across house types)
 Household & Labor structures etc.
 Awareness toward waste
generation etc.
 Fertilizer input etc.
Waste related sectors
(Recycle factories & waste pickers etc.)
 Waste volume handled
 Supply-demand etc.

15. Method_2:
Measuring waste amount generated from households
 Total 25 households across
house types
 Visiting households and asking
cooperation
 Collecting everyday for a week
and re-segregating wastes for
weight measurement
 Testing elements of organic &
yard wastes
15

16. Method_3:
GPS tracking for 3 public garbage collection trucks
16Using GPS logger (GARMIN GPS16HVS) and Tracking one week from 19 February 2007

17. Method_4: Monitoring nutrient flow between the canal
and sample fields
Rice & dry fields
(Outflow to canal)＝(area)×(outflow water volume / area)×(nitrogen & phosphorus / water)
(Inflow from canal)＝(area)×(inflow water volume / area)×(nitrogen & phosphorus / water)
(Fertilizer input)＝(area)×(annual fertilizer input / area)
(Soil & Plant biomass)＝(fertilizer input)＋(inflow)－(outflow)
Household
(Discharge into canal)
＝(house numbers)×(persons / house)×(wastewater / person)×(nitrogen & phosphorus / wastewater)
(Discharge via solid waste)
＝(house numbers)×(waste generation / house)×(nitrogen & phosphorus / waste)
 Setting water level & rainfall
loggers
 4mm/day & 5mm/day (soil
infiltration rate for rice & dry fields)
 Measuring irrigation and drainage
water flows
 Monitoring water quality

18. Result_1: The current solid waste flow structure
18
Composting
Feeding animals
Dumping (illegal)
Household
level
Community
and
municipality
level
Province level
Government
Informal and private sector
Collecting company
Washing and
repacking company
Waste pickers
Recycling company
Private
Landfill
Public waste bin
Official garbage
collection (oboto
garbage truck)
Informal collectors
(Tricycle)
House House House House

20. 0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
TE FS FF GA RF AP DH TH
Kitchen garbage Paper Can
Glass Plastic Yard waste
Wood Metal Fabric
rubber, leather Others
Waste generation characteristics by house type
 Total waste generation in Bang Maenang
District：233.97 ton / month
 Collected waste：119.56 ton / month
 Collection rate：51.1%
House
type
Waste
(kg person–1
week–1)
Average
household
population
Number of
households
with waste
collection
Household
collection
rate (%)
TH 3.80 2.39 1850 72.9
DH 3.78 2.16 862 70.7
AP 2.91 2.39 n.a. n.a.
RF 2.10 3.53 67 9.8
GA 4.29 3.53 72 10.9
FF 1.28 3.53 15 7.2
FS 7.76 3.16 98 19.4
TE 1.05 4.58 n.a. n.a.
20

21. Summary of the current solid waste flow structure
 Waste generation amount & components are largely
depending on house type
– Large amount of kitchen waste from urban houses
– Small amount of kitchen waste from farmhouses
 Waste collection is subject to land-use pattern
– High collection rate at urban houses along the road
– Low collection rate at farmhouses along the canal even
they are spatially near to urban houses
 No interest in utilization of organic wastes as
bioresource
21

22. Result_2: The current nutrient flows between
the canal and house / agricultural fields
22
 Large Nitrogen load from housing area
 Wastewater from houses causes canal water pollution
HumanHumanAgriculture
Fertilizer / manure
Plant/Soil
Canal
Wastewater
Human / Food /
Agricultural products
Rice Field Vegetable /
Orchard Field
2,991 3,867 3,177 3,776
7,448 2,708
6,572
2,169
24,029
19,283
Solid Waste
[kg/year]
(a) 2003年
HumanHumanAgriculture
Fertilizer / manure
Plant/Soil
Canal
Wastewater
Human / Food /
Agricultural products
Rice Field Vegetable /
Orchard Field
2,481 3,208 2,954 3,501
6,178 2,518
5,451
1,971
36,580
29,355
[kg/year]
Solid Waste
(b) 2007年

23. Scenario: if they make compost from organic waste
and replace it with the current fertilizer input?
Balancing point is 2300 persons/km2 and 16% of urban land uses
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 2,000 4,000 6,000
Population density [persons/km2
]
TN[t/year]
Wastewater
Solid waste
fertilizer
Wastewater (2003, 2007)
Solid waste (2003, 2007)
Fertilizer
Compost potential (2003, 2007)
Compost

24. Need to review the current land-use planning processes with
consideration of density control per agricultural districts
24

25. Case study in Quezon City within Metro Manila
25
Quezon
City

26. Field survey in three barangays
Selection of three advanced barangays in waste
management practices according to building-to-land ratio
① Barangay Holy Spirit
• 102,194 inhabitants (2007)
• 3.28 km2
② Barangay Phil-Am
• 3,652 inhabitants (2007)
• 0.46 km2
③ Barangay Bagumbuhay
• 7,895 inhabitants (2007)
• 0.26 km2
26
①
②
③

27. Survey methods:
1. Collecting official documents, articles and reports
on the ongoing waste management programs at
– DENR
– EPWMD in the Quezon City Hall
– The three Barangay Halls
2. Quantifying the current bio-waste & resource flows
through
– Gathering original paper records on waste amounts
– Measuring weight of actual waste samples generated
– Tracking garbage carts and trucks
27

28. 3. Estimating potentials of compost utilization in vacant
lands by
– Visiting operated barangay farms and verifying compost input
with the staffs
– Mapping vacant lots through field-verified interpretations of
1:5000 aerial photographs and 1:5000 vector maps using GIS
– Doing questionnaire survey to residents on the current
situation and willingness of compost use
4. Understanding the current management & planning
systems by
– Interviewing with presidents and members of homeowners
associations in subdivisions
– Interviewing with barangay officials
– Interviewing with caretakers and other temporal/permanent
residents 28

29. Features of weighting organic waste
29

30. Result_1: Institutional framework
 Setting of National Solid Waste
Management Commission
 Publishing national guideline for waste
management
 Establishing and implementing Solid
Waste Management Plan (SWMP)
 Monitoring barangays’ activities and
programs under SWMP
DENR
(National
Government)
EPWMD
(Quezon City)
Barangays
 Constructing and operating Material
Recovery Facility (MRF)
 Waste segregation at source for
collecting recyclable materials
 Composting program
RA9003
Order
Incentives
30

31. Result_2-1:
Biomass flow in Holy Spirit
31
Household Household
GarbageTruck
Compost
production
1,260kg/day
Amount of organic
waste withdrawn by
hog raiser
1,102kg/day
Feedstuff
Soldto
farmers
1,134kg/day
Outside of Barangay
By Household or Privatesector
By Barangay
Landfill
Compost use
at Eco Center
126kg/day
MRF
Amount of collected
organic waste
2,602kg/day
1
2
3
4
Holy Spirit
Organic waste for
making compost
1,500kg/day
43%
57% 10%
90%
Household Household
1
2
3
4

32. Result_2-2:
Biomass flow in Phil-Am
32
Household Household Household Household Compostingor feeding?
Dumping?
Organicwaste
carried into MRF
by residents
(housekeepers)
489.7kg/day
Compost production
540kg/day
（16,200kg/month）
LACTO Ltd.
Compost amount
1,000kg/month
Farmers
Compost amount
15,200kg/month
Bought by
100%
100%
Phil-Am
1
2
By Household or
Privatesector
By Barangay
Outside of Barangay
1
2

33. Result_2-3:
Biomass flow in Bagumbuhay
33
Bagumbuhay
Household Household Household Household
Garbage Cart
Collectedorganicwaste
1009.1kg/day
Compost
production
121kg/day
Amountof organic waste
withdrawnby hog raiser
883.1kg/day
Feedstuff
Bought by
gardeningshop
66.6kg/day
On sale
Organicwaste
for compost
126kg/day
12%
88% 55%
45%
1
2
3
4
By Household or Privatesector
By Barangay
Outside of Barangay
1
2
3
4

34. Common problem: compost oversupply
Currently feedstuff at the piggery farms in remote rural
area is playing an important role
34

35. Promotion of agricultural activities is one
of the possible option to consume compost
Operated barangay farm Well-observed individual agricultural
activities in the vacant lands
35
Can be systemized?

36. Result_3-1:
Vacant lots and land use in Holy Spirit
Vacant lot distribution Current land use
36
Vacant
Commercial
Mortgage
Subdivision
Others

37. Result_3-2:
Vacant lots and land use in Phil-Am
Vacant lot distribution Current land use
37
Commercial
Subdivision
Vacant
Others

38. Result_3-3:
Vacant lots and land use in Bagumbuhay
Vacant lot distribution Current land use
38
Commercial
Subdivision
Vacant
Others

39. Result_4:
Potential of vacant lots for utilizing compost
made from organic waste
Barangay Current compost
production (t/year)
Potential amount of
compost use in all
vacant lots (t/year)
Holy Spirit 460 1876
Phil-Am 194 126.2
Bagumbuhay 44 70.3
39
High potential of vacant lots; however, will it be materialized?

40. Result_5:
Field-verified agricultural lot use in Holy Spirit
Subdivision
Name
Total lot
number
Vacant lot
number
Active
farming lot
Vegetable &
potato
Gardening Maintenance
fee (PHP/M)
BF
HOMES
600 111 4 33 3 500
MAPAYAPA
VILLAGE 2
190 34 8 18 3 375
ISHIDORA
HILLS
182 42 9 5 1 120
DON
ENRIQUE
300 75 4 11 0 400
DON
ANTONIO
500 85 11 36 5 250
SOUTH
VILLE
113 0 0 0 0 200
GRAN
WOOD
151 0 0 0 0 900
40

41. Agricultural lot use by caretaker
41
 Absentee landowner of speculative vacant lot wants
to avoid illegal dumping and vegetation overgrowth
 Caretakers used to be absentee landowner’s
housekeeper, driver or their relatives
 ID guaranteed by absentee landowner
 Thereby homeowners association can accept them

42. Installation of new ID-clarify systems by public agencies
can be discussed for promoting agricultural lot use
42
Quezon City
Holy Spirit
Philam Bagumbuhay
City boundary
Barangay
boundary
HOA
boundary
In-subdivision
house
Individual
house
Squatters
Open space
Vacantlot

43. Summary_1:
Findings on the current field situation
 Currently bioresource flows started from three
surveyed barangays in Quezon City are expanding
into remote rural areas
 Considerable vacant lots in the barangays are
promising to utilize barangay-produced compost
for agricultural activities, thereby contributing
smaller-scale bioresource circulation
43

44. Summary_2:
Proposition for system improvement
Quezon City can play an important role to
coordinate compost destinations between
barangays
Building coordinating system between lot
owners/homeowners association and possible lot
users like caretakers is necessary (Barangays or
other administrative bodies might play an
important role in it)
44

45. Comparison between the two case study cities
Bangkok Metro Manila
Landform Continental delta
Large hinterlands
Insular lowlands
Narrow space
Organic waste
generation
Plenty amount of waste
generation supported by large
open spaces
Plenty amount of waste
generation causes serious
pollution
Farmland & fertilizer
utilization
Chemical fertilizer into large
rice/vegetable fields
Limited area of urban
agricultural lots
Sustainable land-use
pattern
Diffused low-story housing
development in the irrigation
districts
Utilization of the current vacant
lots for urban agriculture

46. Metro
Manila
Insular
lowland Colonization
Landholding
concentration
Dense
population
Large-scale gated subdivisions with
considerable number of vacant lots
Squatter Vacant lot
management
Tremendous wastes
Composting program
Large portion of organic wastes
Income gap
Caretaker
Housekeeper
Promotion of urban
agriculture in vacant lots
Population
growth
0 2km
Narrow
space

47. 0 2km
Bangkok
Huge
continental
delta
Canal
construction
Large
farm size
Large-scale townhouse
Population growth
Construction
machine
Land reclamation
after 20th Century
Large lot conversionUrban-rural separation
Organic wastes
Composting
Urban-rural communication
Agricultural products
Local products for
local consumption
One village one
product movement
International tourism

48. Rerated publications
Hara, Y., Furutani, T., Murakami, A., Palijon, A.M. and Yokohari, M. (201?):
Current organic waste recycling and the potential for local recycling
through urban agriculture in Metro Manila. Waste Management &
Research (submitted).
Hara, Y., Hiramatsu, A., Honda, R., Sekiyama, M. and Matsuda, H. (2010):
Recycling-oriented society and urban-rural mixed land-use planning in an
urban fringe of Asian large cities: a case study in Nonthaburi Province,
Thailand. Sustainability Science (in press).
Honda, R., Hara, Y., Sekiyama, M. and Hiramatsu, A. (2010): Impacts of housing
development on nutrients flow along canals in a peri-urban area of
Bangkok, Thailand. Water Science and Technology 61, 1073-1080.
Hiramatsu, A., Hara, Y., Sekiyama, M., Honda, R. and Chiemchaisri, C. (2009):
Municipal solid waste flow and waste generation characteristics in an
urban-rural fringe area in Thailand. Waste Management & Research 27,
951-960.

49. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
以降予備スライド
49

50. Intensive agriculture before urbanization
Land improvement with agricultural infrastructures

51. 51
Easy conversion of agricultural infrastructures into
urban infrastructures

53. Starting point of Western urban planning theory
Ebenezer Howard’s “Garden City” (1898)
A marriage between the urban and the rural
53
Zoning
RuralUrban

54. Application to Asian growing cities
54

55. (Sternstein 1982)
Uncontrollable…
55

56. Urban-rural mixture itself is our starting and stand point

57. What kinds of advantages in urban-rural mixture?
57Focusing on bioresource flows between urban and rural
Modified after Ishikawa (2003)

58. Background_2:
Importance of resource circulation
Circulative resources
consideredas economically
efficientand
environmentallypreferable
with smallerimpact.
Reusing/
Repairing of materials/
devices,diversionof
used cooking oil,etc.
Community-based
Sound
Material Cycle
Local Material Cycle
Village B
Recycling
Final Disposal
Separate
collectionReuse &
Recycling
City A
Heat Recovery
Households/
Retailers
Material Use
City D
Town C
Use of
Biomass
58
(Ministry of the Environment Japan 2008)

59. For bioresource circulation, smaller regional scale
including both urban and rural areas is better
Plantation
Secondary
forest
LivestockLivestock
Wood
Agricultural land
Residential
area
Thined
wood
Methane
fermentation
Livestock
wastes
Agricultural
residue
Garbage/Human wastes
Compost
Residue
Paddy field under
production
adjustment
Forage paddy rice
Heating for
greenhouse
Forage for 1.4 times of
current number of cattle
Support current
status of total
nitrogen input
Selling surplus compost
63% of domestic heat
energy use would be
supported
Biogass
Heat
energy
Lumber
Recycling
Residue
Sawdust
Waste heat
30% of lumber
consumption would
be supported a
Lumber
Woodchip, etc.
a Assuming 25 years-cycle for lumber construction.
59(Harashina and Takeuchi 2004)

60. Land-use change (in the southern part)
From water-basis agricultural landscape to land-basis
urban landscape
60
1952 1967 1979
1987 1995 2002
(Hara et al. 2008)

65. -3m
Fishpond Rice field Orchard Khlong
houses
OrchardKhlong
houses
Fishpond Townhouse Khlong
houses
Khlong
houses
Orchard
1987 Land use
2000 Land use
5m
0
1000m
Clay fill (CL, 5Y5/1)
Water body
Sand fill (S, 10YR6/6)
Crushed rock
Concrete plank
Material (texture, color)
Rice field
Townhouse
Pillar (<6m)
Khlong
Road
Landform transformation resulting minimum-
scale bioresource circulation
65
(Hara et al. 2008)

66. Land-use change (in the eastern part)
Landforms are recognizable at a scale of land-use mixture
66
1966 1986 2004
(Hara et al. 2008)

68. How to minimize spatial scale of bioresource flow?
68

69. Kabuhayan sa Gulayan
(Urban agriculture program)
69
Department of Agriculture
(Food security national program)
Barangay
Holy Spirit
Homeowners
Association
Quezon City Agricultural
Service
(Kabuhayan sa Gulayan
at Bulaklakan)
Training & education
programs on
composting and
vegetable growing
Training
Providing
compost
and seeds

70. Quezon City
Households
Garbage Truck
Agricultural Service
Gulayan at Bulaklakan
RA9003Central Government
EPWMD
Department of Agriculture
Food security national program
Training &
education
programs on
composting and
vegetable growing
Training
MRF
Providing
compost
and seeds
Guideline &
incentives for
garbage
segregation and
composting
Maintenance fee
Vacant lots
Barangay
Holy Spirit
Each Subdivision
Maintenance and utilization
Coordination for
participation
Waste Management Urban Agriculture
Segregation
Homeowners Association