WiMAX Network Planning
(A Study on Coverage and Capacity Planning)
by
Yubraj Gupta (010-416)
Mahendra Giri (010-409)
Manish Chaudhary (010-439)
Under the supervision of
Asst. Prof. Basanta Shrestha
A project report submitted to be
in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and Communication
Bhaktapur, Nepal
February, 2015

CERTIFICATE
The undersigned certify that they has read and recommended to the Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering for acceptance, a project report entitled
“WiMAX Network Planning”, Submitted by Yubraj Gupta, Mahendra Giri and Manish
Chaudhary in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Bachelor’s degree in
Electronics and Communication Engineering.
Supervisor:
………………………..
Mr. Basanta Shrestha
Assistant Professor
External Examiner:
…………………………
Mr. Rajan Sharma
Telecom Engineer
Nepal Telecom
………………………….
Mr. Sanjeev Singh Kathayat
Manager
Tribhuvan International Airport
Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal

DEPARTMENTAL ACCEPTANCE
The project report entitled “WiMAX Network Planning (A study on Coverage and
Capacity Planning)”, submitted by Yubraj Gupta (010-416) , Mahendra Giri (010-409)
and Manish Chaudhary (010-439) in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
Bachelor’s degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering has been accepted as a
bonafide record of work independently carried out by the group in the department.
………………………
Asst. Prof. Sachin Shrestha
Project Coordinator
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Bhaktapur, Nepal.
…………………………
Asst. Prof. Amit Shah
Project Coordinator
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Bhaktapur, Nepal.
……………………………
Asst. Prof. Durga prasad Bhandari
Head of the Department
Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Nepal Engineering College,
Bhaktapur, Nepal.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost we want to thank our supervisor Asst. Prof. Basanta Shrestha for
guiding us throughout the project, since the proposal. We appreciate all his contributions
of time and ideas for making our project experience scintillating. The joy and enthusiasm
we had for research, along with the motivation and confidence imposed by him on us,
resulted in successful completion of our project.
We also like to thankful to our project coordinators Asst. Prof. Sachin Shrestha and Asst.
Prof. Amit Shah for their guidance and inspiration that they showered on us to make this
project a success.
Lastly, we express our sincere thanks to our colleagues for their suggestion and ideas to
make this project. We wish to record our appreciation to all the persons who directly or
indirectly contributed their help during the course of the project.

ABSTRACT
The new era of communication, currently employed in some part of the world is
worldwide interoperability for Microwave Access in short form it is called as WiMAX.
Now days WiMAX has become the corner stone in the field of wireless broadband
communications. There exists a huge demand from subscribers for peak data rates, for
Voice data, for better quality information on multimedia applications. WiMAX is the
trade name of “IEEE 802.16” which is a standard for point-to multipoint wireless
networking.
Challenged by the LTE system, Mobile WiMAX is set to be the next generation
broadband wireless system. Providing high data rates over large distances gives unlimited
possibilities for services provided to the end users. As for all undeveloped system,
Mobile WiMAX has also been exposed to rumors and hypes. Mobile WiMAX has the
trade name of “IEEE 802.16e” which is a standard for point-to-multipoint wireless
networking.
The radio planning process involves two key parameter; coverage and capacity. Coverage
is the distance to which the signal can travel in geographical area with obstacles and is
determined by two key metrics; path loss and received signal power where capacity
involves accessing the demand and available traffic for different service requirement
considering the activity factor, overbooking/contention ratio. This project aims is to
provide radio planning of a Mobile WiMAX network in the populated areas of Pokhara,
Nepal. The coverage predictions have been performed by using Atoll 2.8.1, the radio
planning tool of Forsk.
Also, this project explains about the purpose of Mobile WiMAX system, and its coverage
and capacity are important issues in the planning process.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................v
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................vi
LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................ix
LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................... x
ABBREVIATIONS..................................................................................................xi
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 1
1.1. Background .................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Problem Description....................................................................................... 2
1.3. Scope....................................................................................................................... 3
1.4. Objectives............................................................................................................... 3
1.5. Overview of the report ................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................. 4
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY......................................................................... 6
3.1. Radio Planning Process.................................................................................. 6
3.2. Coverage Planning ......................................................................................... 7
3.3. Capacity Planning .......................................................................................... 8
3.4. Radio planning Tool....................................................................................... 9
3.4.1 Atoll 2.8.1 ................................................................................................ 9
CHAPTER 4: THEORETICAL ANALYSIS...................................................... 11
4.1. WiMAX......................................................................................................... 11
4.2. WiMAX and Related Standards ......................................................................... 12
4.2.1. IEEE 802.16a (FWA)............................................................................. 12
4.2.2. IEEE 802.16d (NOMADIC) .................................................................. 12
4.2.3. IEEE 802.16e (MOBILITY) .................................................................. 12
4.2.4. IEEE 802.16m (VEHICULAR) ............................................................. 13
4.3. Mobile WiMAX ............................................................................................ 13
4.4. OFDMA Based Subscriber Access ............................................................... 13
4.5. Quality of Service.......................................................................................... 14

4.6. MIMO Antenna Concept............................................................................... 15
4.7. Fractional Frequency Reuse.......................................................................... 15
4.8. WiMAX Link Budget.................................................................................... 16
4.9. Important Components of Link Budget Calculations ................................... 17
4.10. Propagation Model ...................................................................................... 19
4.11. Propagation Model Tuning.......................................................................... 21
4.12. Directional Antenna .................................................................................... 22
4.12.1. Antenna Pattern................................................................................... 22
CHAPTER 5: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.................................................... 24
5.1. Description of Findings for Coverage........................................................... 24
5.2. Simulated Result ........................................................................................... 24
5.3. Steps Involve in Finding Capacity ................................................................ 31
5.3.1. Setup the Frequency Band.................................................................... 31
5.3.2. Create the WiMAX Bearers.................................................................. 31
5.3.3. Create the TMA Equipment.................................................................. 31
5.3.4. Create the Feeder Equipment ............................................................... 32
5.3.5. Create the BTS Equipment ................................................................... 32
5.3.6. Create the WiMAX Equipment ............................................................ 32
5.3.7. Setup the WiMAX Parameter............................................................... 33
5.3.8. Create the Traffic Map.......................................................................... 33
5.3.9. WiMAX 802.16e Simulations .............................................................. 35
5.4. Statistics Result of Simulator ........................................................................ 36
5.5. Discussion on Findings ................................................................................. 40
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION.............................................................................. 41
6.1. Recommendation........................................................................................... 42
REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 43
APPENDICES......................................................................................................... 44

LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 3.1: Radio Network Planning Process ............................................................................6
Fig 3.2: Print Screen of Atoll 2.8.1......................................................................................10
Fig 4.1: OFDM and OFDMA Received Signals..................................................................14
Fig 4.2: MIMO Antenna System .........................................................................................15
Fig 4.3: Fractional Frequency Reuse ...................................................................................16
Fig 4.4: Urban 2500 MHz Parameter...................................................................................21
Fig 4.5: Suburban 2500 MHz Parameter .............................................................................22
Fig 4.6: Radiation Pattern of Dual Band Antenna ...............................................................23
Fig 5.1: Total Surface Area for Coverage Planning ............................................................24
Fig 5.2: Location of Sites.....................................................................................................25
Fig 5.3: Location of Sites with Transmitter.........................................................................26
Fig 5.4: Coverage by Signal Level ......................................................................................28
Fig 5.5: Histogram based on the Coverage Areas................................................................28
Fig 5.6: Coverage by Transmitter........................................................................................29
Fig 5.7: Sector Traffic Map .................................................................................................34
Fig 5.8: Traffic Map per density of users ............................................................................35
Fig 5.9: Video, VoIP, FTP Service Subscribers ..................................................................35
Fig 5.10: Clutter Weight ......................................................................................................36

LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1 Base Station Parameter........................................................................................10
Table 4.1 Link Budget for Mobile WiMAX of 2500 MHz .................................................17
Table 4.2 Allowed Propagation Loss...................................................................................19
Table 5.1 Specification of Different Sites............................................................................26
Table 5.2 Specification of Different sites and Transmitters ................................................27
Table 5.3 Percentage of Coverage by Signal Level.............................................................30
Table 5.4 Selected values for Frequency Band....................................................................31
Table 5.5 Selected values for WiMAX Bearers...................................................................31
Table 5.6 Selected values for TMA Equipment...................................................................31
Table 5.7 Selected values for Feeder Equipment.................................................................32
Table 5.8 Selected values for BTS Equipment ....................................................................32
Table 5.9 Selected values for Default WiMAX Equipment (DL) .......................................33
Table 5.10 Selected values for Default WiMAX Equipment (UL) .....................................33

ABBREVIATIONS
3G - 3rd Generation Technology
3Gpp - 3rd
Generation Partnership Project
CSI - Channel State Information
FDD - Frequency Division Duplexing
FFT - Fast Fourier Transform
FTP - File Transfer Protocol
GPS - Global Positioning System
GSM - Global System for Mobile Communications
HDTV - High Definition Television
HSPA - High Speed Packet Access
HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol
IDU - Indoor Unit
IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IP - Internet Protocol
ISI - Intersymbol Interference
LOS - Line of Sight
LTE - 3Gpp Long Term Evolution
MAC - Medium Access OSI Layer
MIMO - Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output

MPEG - Motion Picture Experts Group
MS - Mobile Station
NLOS - Non Line of Sight
ODU - Outdoor Unit
OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
OFDMA - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
OSI - Open System Interconnection Reference Model
PDA - Personal Digital Assistant
PHY - Physical OSI Layer
PLOS - Partial Line of Sight
QAM - Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QoS - Quality of Service
QPSK - Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
RF - Radio Frequency
S-OFDMA - Scalable-OFDMA
SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
SNR - Signal-to-Noise Ratio
TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
TDD - Time Division Duplexing
UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
VoIP - Voice over IP
Wi-Fi - Wireless Fidelity
WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network
WiMAX - Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Mobile WiMAX is a broadband wireless solution that enables convergence of mobile and
fixed broadband networks through a common wide area broadband radio access
technology and flexible network architecture. The Mobile WiMAX Air interface adopts
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) for improved multi-path
performance in NLOS (non-line of sight) environments. Scalable OFDMA (SOFDMA) is
introduced in IEEE 802.16e Amendment to support scalable channel bandwidths from
1.25 to 20 MHz. The Mobile Technical Group (MTG) in the WiMAX Forum is
developing the Mobile WiMAX system profiles that will define the mandatory and
optional features of the IEEE standard that are necessary to build a Mobile WiMAX
compliant air interface that can be certified by the WiMAX Forum. The Mobile WiMAX
system profile enables mobile systems to be configured based on a common base feature
set thus ensuring baseline functionality for terminals and base stations that are fully
interoperable. Some elements of the base station profiles are specified as optional to
provide additional flexibility for deployment based on specific deployment scenarios that
may require different configurations that are either capacity-optimized or coverage
optimized. Mobile WiMAX profiles will cover 5, 7, 8.75 and 10 MHz channel
bandwidths for licensed worldwide spectrum allocations in the 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz, and
3.3 GHz and 3.5 GHz frequency bands as described by Doug Gray. [16]
Wireless technology has proven itself to be a fast evolving technology. From the entry of
GSM and WLAN, customers have continuously increased the demand for mobility,
services and capacity. Third generation mobile technology and UMTS came as a fresh
breath for the mobile industry by supporting higher data rates than GSM, and providing
more advanced services such as support for video conferences. As of today, mobile
devices are becoming more and more advanced, and supports and more demanding
applications. Many mobile phones support advanced applications by the use of WLAN
within Wi-Fi hotspots. Outside these cells, the customers have to rely on the UMTS or
HSPDA technology. With the prospect of a metropolitan wireless technology supporting
data rates up to 60 Mbps, 4G, the possibilities are unlimited regarding applications to

offer the end users. Having such technology incorporated into laptops, PDAs, and mobile
phones makes location based information possible. We mean to say that users may
download real time traffic data for avoiding congested areas during commuting traffic. In
emergency purposes, ambulance personnel may upload patient information to prepare the
hospital, and fire teams may get building information about the burning building while
they are on the road. For the commercial purpose, video conferences, VoIP, HDTV
streaming, music applications, real time surveillance, Internet browsing, and email are
some of the possible applications for a metropolitan broadband wireless system.
The Mobile WiMAX is a 4G wireless technology with the promise of the mentioned
features. Apart from providing high data rates over large distances, Mobile WiMAX
supports mobility within and between sectors and base stations of up to 120 km/h. In the
initial stages, Mobile WiMAX is intended to complement with WLAN for outdoor
access, where users may take the advantage of ubiquitous broadband communication
access. By looking at the success of HSDPA and HSUPA today, a well-developed
Mobile WiMAX network may one day outstanding WLAN and provide broadband
access both outdoor and indoor. This report is solely focusing on the Mobile WiMAX
technology.
1.2 Project Description
As we know Wi-Fi uses radio waves, the signal strength is affected by the presence of
obstacles. Hence Wi-Fi works better on outdoor than indoor. According to the latest Wi-
Fi 802.11n draft, this technology can seamlessly deliver speed up 108 Mbps, but we
already have better technology (Gigabit LAN) that can deliver speeds up to 1000 Mbps.
Hence Wi-Fi technology in present state are not suitable for fast connectivity needs like
network gaming. Wi-Fi coverage range is up to 100m. Also in UMTS peak data rate is
only up to 10.8 Mbps and its range outdoor is just only 2-10 Km and also its operating
channel BW is 5MHz. It is slow and expensive than Mobile WiMAX. Mobile WiMAX is
expected to be the next generation radio-interface, complementing WLAN and
challenging UMTS/HSDPA. Larger cells, better QoS, mobility, and large bandwidth
increases the expectations from the users. However, the technology is still very young,
and measurements and planning is imminent in order to implement the standard. Users

desire to utilize a high data rate communication fully operational indoor and outdoor.
Thus, Mobile WiMAX has to be planned in order to reach these requirements. The
assignment consists of planning topology and base station clusters for coverage of Mobile
WiMAX in the populated area of Pokhara, by means of the software tool Atoll.
1.3 Scope
Radio planning in general is a large and demanding process ranging from the initial
process of setting up a business model, deploying the network, and releases the services
for commercial purposes. In order to limit the scope of this project, the main focus has
been on the actual radio planning with Atoll 2.8.1. Due to problem with the upgrade of
the WiMAX equipment, the limitations have been re-defined to comprise radio planning
with Atoll, preparatory planning of the measurements, creating an Atoll user case, and
provide suggestions to presentation of data, and future work.
1.4 Objective
 To verify theoretical concept of coverage and capacity planning of Mobile
WiMAX with mathematical calculations.
 To provide coverage and capacity in specify geographical area with less number
of sites using Atoll Planning tool.
1.5 Overview of Report
Concerning about overview of project report it is divided in six chapters:
Chapter 1 gives the introduction of the project named “WiMAX Network Planning (A
study on Coverage and Capacity planning)”.
Chapter 2 gives the literature review of the project.
Chapter 3 explains the methodology of Radio system Planning process with their phases
and key parameters.
Chapter 4 gives the theoretical analysis of WiMAX System, link budget, etc.
Chapter 5 gives the result and discussion of the project.
Chapter 6 discusses the conclusion of the project.

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
This section will provide a brief description of the previous work done in the area of
Mobile WiMAX. The study has been done to gain better understanding of the
technology, standard and to gain some theoretical experience in the area of testing a
Mobile WiMAX network. Few Mobile WiMAX field tests have been made available,
thus pre-mobile WiMAX field trials have been read with inspiration to get hints and tips
for planning and testing a Mobile WiMAX network.
A field study of the performance of Mobile WiMAX in Wireless Trondheim, Norway:
The report is a result of a project assignment performed at NTNU in 2008.The scope was
to perform practical performance testing on a pre-mobile WiMAX network in Trondheim
city. Wireless Trondheim provided both WiMAX equipment and a base station site at the
Gunnerus Library. The transport protocols UDP and TCP were tested both with and
without competing traffic created by GenSyn. The base station was an Alvarion
BreezeMAX 2500 operating in the 2.5 MHz frequency band over a 5 MHz channel. A
total of 12 locations were tested with both indoor and outdoor performance. Measured
TCP throughput was found to be 6.12 Mbps and UDP throughput 6.0 Mbps, about 70%
of the throughput provided by the system vendor. Synthetic traffic generated by GenSyn
showed an earlier decline in throughput at large bandwidths in comparison with the
traffic-free measurements. [2]
D. J. Shyy Jamie Mohamed in 2008 designed WiMAX RF Planner Fixed WiMAX (IEEE
802.16d): is positioned as a wireless broadband alternative to the traditional cable and
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technologies. Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e) has been
chosen as the 3G/4G technology by major mobile/cellular service providers around the
globe. Many Government organizations are also interested in the WiMAX technologies.
We have built a WiMAX RF Planner, a WiMAX cell planning tool. The WiMAX RF
Planner incorporates all the standard features of commercial RF planning tools with
additional features tailored for government requirements including: support of base
station mobility as well as interfacing to WiMAX radios, OPNET and Google Earth. [3]
The WiMAX Forum is committed to providing optimized solutions for fixed, nomadic,
portable and mobile broadband wireless access: 802.16e WiMAX, Optimized for

dynamic mobile radio channels and this version is based on the 802.16e amendment and
provides support for handoffs and roaming. It uses Scalable Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing Access (SOFDMA), a multi-carrier modulation technique that uses
sub-channelization. Service provides that deploy 802.16e can also use the network to
provide fixed services. The WiMAX Forum is committed to providing optimized
solutions for fixed, nomadic, portable and mobile broadband wireless access: 802.16e
WiMAX, Optimized for dynamic mobile radio channels and this version is based on the
802.16e amendment and provides support for handoffs and roaming. It uses Scalable
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Access (SOFDMA), a multi-carrier
modulation technique that uses sub-channelization. Service provides that deploy 802.16e
can also use the network to provide fixed services.
By using propagation path models to estimate the received signal level as a function of
distance, it becomes possible to predict the SNR for a mobile communication system.
Both theoretical and measurement-based propagation models indicate that average
received signal power decreases logarithmically with distance. For comparative analysis
we use COST-231 HATA model with the practical data. Most of the models are based on
a systematic interpretation of the theoretical data service area like urban, suburban at
2500 MHz frequency. [6]
Link budget analysis in the network designed mobile WiMAX technology in the territory
of the urban area of the city of Gjakova: By planning this comes to mobile networks for a
full coverage of the urban part of city are needed 7 (seven) base stations. This network is
being planned in complete cohesion with the guidelines of the Kosovo
Telecommunications Regulatory Authority in our country for the city's urban planning is
done in the 3.5 GHz frequency band with a width of 5MHz channel and using 6
frequency channels. From the calculation made above it appears that the radius of cell to
a base station in urban areas is about 0.6 km. Link budget parameters for network
expansion in the urban environment in the planning area and the frequency band of
3.5GHz, with channel width of 5 MHz TDD and spectrum 30MHz.What makes this
calculation important and makes this paper important too is the results that came from the
budget link, which is 133.5 db. [7]

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
Providing ubiquitous coverage in a predefined area is the main purpose of setting up a
wireless communication network. Knowledge about wireless communication theory,
technology standard, equipment together with topology and demographics are important
prerequisites. Furthermore, knowledge and experience with the radio planning tool is also
important. In a description of wireless communication theory linked with Mobile
WiMAX, and the pre-mobile WiMAX equipment was provided. Whereas, the topology
and demographic was provided by supervisor. The reason for studying topology and
demographics is to define the desired area to cover with Mobile WiMAX. From an
operator’s point of view, ubiquitous coverage provided by minimum number of base
stations is desirable, making the system more cost efficient. Furthermore, a data rate
threshold has to be taken in consideration in order to provide the desired QoS. Quality of
Service requires, as mentioned, a given throughput. In urban areas, wireless
communication systems are often capacity limited rather than range limited. Increasing
the number of base station in an area where it is expected to be capacity limited is thus a
countermeasure which has to be taken in consideration.
3.1 Radio Planning Process
The main aim of radio network planning is to provide a cost-effective solution for the
radio network in terms of coverage, capacity and quality. The Network planning process
and design criteria vary from region to region depending upon the dominating factor,
which could be capacity or coverage. The radio network design process itself is not the
only process in the whole network design, as it has work in close coordination with the
planning processes of the core and especially the transmission network. But for ease of
explanation, a simplified process just for radio network planning is shown in fig 3.1.
Network
Requirements
Capacity,
Quality,etc
Pre-Planning
Coverageand
CapacityPlan
Sitesurvey
&
SiteSelection
C/IAnalysis
Frequency
plan
Parameter
Planning
RadioNetwork
Plan
Fig 3.1: Radio Network Planning Process

The process of radio network planning starts with collection of the input parameters such
as the network requirements of capacity, coverage and quality. These inputs are then used
to make the theoretical coverage and capacity plans. Definition of coverage would
include defining the coverage areas, service probability and related signal strength.
Definition of capacity would include the subscriber and traffic profile in the region and
whole area, availability of the frequency band, frequency planning methods, and other
information such as guard band and frequency band division. The radio planner also
needs information on the radio access system and the antenna system performance
associated with it. The pre-planning process results in theoretical coverage and capacity
plans. These are coverage-driven areas and capacity-driven areas in a given network
region. The average cell capacity requirement per service area is estimated for each phase
of network design, to identify the cut-over phase where network design will change from
a coverage-driven areas is to find the minimum number of sites for producing the
required coverage, radio planners often have to experiment with both coverage and
capacity, as the capacity requirements may have to increase the number of sites, resulting
in a more effective frequency usage and minimal interference.
Candidate sites are then searched for, and one of these is selected based on the inputs
from the transmission planning and installation engineers. Engineers are also needed to
do a feasibility study of constructing the base station at that site. After site selection,
assignment of the frequency channel for each cell is done in manner that causes minimal
interference and maintains the desired quality. Frequency allocation is based on the cell-
to cell channel interference ratio. The frequency plans need to be fine-tuned based on
drive test results and network management statistics. Parameter plans are drawn up for
each of the cell sites. There is a parameter set for each cell that is used for network launch
and expansion. [1]
3.2 Coverage Planning
The objective of coverage planning phase in coverage limited network areas is to find a
minimum amount of cell sites with optimum locations for producing the required
coverage for the target area. Coverage planning is normally performed with prediction

modules on digital map database. The basic input information for coverage planning
includes:
 Coverage Regions
 Coverage Threshold values on per Regions
 Antenna (tower height information)
 Preferred Antenna line system specifications
 Preferred BTS specification
Activities such as propagation modeling, field strength predictions and measurements are
usually referred to as coverage planning.
3.3 Capacity Planning
Capacity planning is very important process in the network rollout as it defines the
number of base stations required and their respective capacities. Capacity plans are made
in the pre-planning phase for initial estimations, as well as later in a detailed manner. The
number of base stations required in an area comes from the coverage planning and the
number of transceivers required is derived from capacity planning as it is directly
associated with the frequency reuse factor. The frequency re-use factor is defined as the
number of base stations that can be implemented before the frequency can be re-used.
Another factor to keep in mind is the antenna height at the base station. If the antenna
height is too high then the signal has to travel a greater distance, so the probability that
the signal causes interference becomes greater. The average antenna height should be
such that the number of base station is enough for the needed capacity of the network.
There are essential parameters required for capacity planning:
 Estimated Traffic
 Average Antenna Height
 Frequency Usage
As mention above, the maximum simultaneous usage is the main planning target for the
network capacity. The capacity peaks are momentary and therefore define a blocking
probability, which is the accepted level for unsuccessful call attempts due to lack of
resources. The amount of traffic is expressed in Erlang, which is the magnitude of

telecommunication traffic. An Erlang describes the amount of traffic in one hour. The
definition of Erlang is the following:
3.4 Radio Planning Tool
A radio planning tool implements statistical propagation models to facilitate estimation of
coverage. There exist several tools to predict radio propagation and coverage like: Atoll,
Astrix, ICS telecom nG, and Radio Mobile are some of many. Effectively using the
available software is a demanding task. Concentration and experience are key features for
making the predictions as accurate and efficient as possible. Continuously comparing the
prediction with real time measurement increases the accuracy of the software. Atoll has,
for instance, a measurement logging tool. The measurements are thus implemented in the
software, where a correction layer adjusts the predicted coverage data, resulting in an
improved and more accurate coverage prediction. Apart from having the software, high
resolution terrain data which is up to date is imminent. An additional layer like clutters
with building heights makes the tool more accurate than a clutter only describing the
ground occupancy. A building height layer provides reflection, scattering and absorption
from actual buildings, and not from statistical buildings which would be the case in a
ground occupancy layer.
3.4.1 Atoll 2.8.1
Atoll is a scalable and flexible multi-technology network design and optimization
platform that supports wireless operators throughout the network lifecycle, from initial
design to densification and optimization. It can be used to plan both radio networks and
microwave links like:
 GSM/GPRS/EGPRS
 UMTS/HSPA
 CDMA2000 1xRTT1xEV-DO
 LTE
 TD-SCDMA
 WiMAX 802.16d/WiMAX 802.16e

The Atoll provides a comprehensive and integrated set of tools and features that allow
creating and defining radio-planning project in a single application. The entire project can
be saved as a single file, or can link project to external files. Atoll use standard windows
interface elements, with the ability to have several document windows open at the same,
time, support for drag-and-drop, context menus, and support for standard windows
shortcuts, for example cutting and pasting. [9]
Fig 3.2: Print Screen of Atoll 2.8.1
Parameter Value
Tx Power 43 dBm
Loss 3 dB
Antenna Gain 18 dBi
Rx Sensitivity -95.2
Frequency 2500 MHz
Table 3.1: Base Station Parameter

CHAPTER 4: THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
4.1 WiMAX
WiMAX is a wireless communication standard designed to provide 30 to 40 Mbps data
rates, with the 2011 update providing up to 1 Gbit/s for fixed stations. The name
“WiMAX” was created by the WiMAX Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to
promote conformity and interoperability of the standards. The forum describes WiMAX
as “a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband
access as an alternative to cable and DSL”. WiMAX refers to interoperability
implementations of the IEEE 802.16 family of wireless-networks standards ratified by the
WiMAX forum. WiMAX forum certification allows vendors to sell fixed or mobile
products as WiMAX certified, thus ensuring a level of interoperability with other
certified products, as long as they fit the same profile. The basic application and services
offered by WiMAX are:
 Fixed- For the home internet user, in a place of or complement to cable or DSL
 Phone- For home phone service via voice-over-internet protocol (VoIP), including
video calls
 Nomadic- For laptop internet users at various locations where service may be
available, for example, in cafes or libraries
 Mobility- For laptop/handset users for internet data access or just for handset
users for a VoIP application (Mobility implies pedestrian or Vehicular use)
The outstanding advantages of WiMAX include:
 Low cost
 Compatibility with 3G cellular
 IP-based QoS and common application
 An alternative to laying copper lines for DSL/cable operator, while using their
existing IP core network
 Service for hard-to reach areas/rural areas

4.2 WiMAX and its Related Standards
The working group of IEEE 802.16 developed the standard of WiMAX, which is also
called wireless area metropolitan network (WMANs). The WiMAX-technology based
IEEE 802.16 standard also addresses the European Telecommunication Standards
(ETSI’s) high performance radio metropolitan area network (HiperMAN) standard,
rendering is a worldwide compatible standard.
4.2.1 IEEE 802.16a (FWA)
The evolution of WiMAX 802.16a was to overcome major limitations in wireless LAN
like bandwidth, outdoor coverage, QoS and inadequate capacity for subscribers. The
IEEE 802.16a is the first standard accepted by IEEE for WiMAX/WMAN. The reason
for this standard being accepted was because IEEE 802.16a provided a good support for
low latency applications compared to previous generations of wireless communication.
The operating frequency accepted by 802.16a is in the range of 10 GHz to 66 GHz. The
IEEE 802.16a support advanced air interface solution with complex PHY layer to
transmit data for long range communications.
4.2.2 IEEE 802.16d (NOMADIC)
Fixed WiMAX supports both point to point and point to multipoint communications.
IEEE 802.16d supports fixed and nomadic applications. It supports both LOS (Line of
Sight) and NLOS (Non Line of sight), with a maximum coverage up to 31 miles in LOS
with peak throughput of 72Mbps, and up to 6 miles coverage in NLOS of peak
throughput of 40Mbps. The frequency band for IEEE 802.16d is in range between 2 GHz
to 11 GHz. The air interface uses OFDM technology for both downlink and uplink.
4.2.3 IEEE 802.16e (MOBILITY)
The Mobile-WiMAX (802.16e) was developed to provide larger coverage are with better
data rates and higher mobility. Mobile WiMAX uses multiple cells to cover urban area
and so called cell based technology. Mobile WiMAX support users with multimedia
applications when moving at 75 miles/hr. Mobile WiMAX supports users at those areas
where wired connection is impossible with a better speed.

4.2.4 IEEE 802.16m (VEHICULAR)
The IEEE 802.16m also termed as International Mobile Telecommunication- Advanced
(IMT_A) is the 4th generation wireless communications. Compared to previous versions
of WiMAX, IEEE 802.16m support low delay, better service classes, high speed and
coverage, data access-bidirectional at an affordable cost.
Our project is based on the IEEE 802.16e version of WiMAX standard which is called as
Mobile WiMAX.
4.3 Mobile WiMAX
Mobile WiMAX is set to become the next generation of broadband wireless systems.
High throughput at large ranges is the main reason for the hype and high expectations
around the system. As described by Monard-Hansen [1], broadband wireless systems are
very vulnerable to multipath fading and Inter-symbol interference (ISI). Orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has thus proven to be the key feature of future
wireless systems, such as Mobile WiMAX and LTE, to deal with this problem. The
OFDM technology divides the data streams into several parallel streams. In this way, the
transmission will be more robust to multipath fading and, with cycle prefix, be totally ISI
free.
Mobile WiMAX, 802.16e, is based on the amendment of the IEEE 802.16-2004 Air
Interface standards, where the main improvements are due to the support of mobility.
Moreover, the WiMAX Forum is a non-for-profit organization consisting of more than
500 members. Its purpose is to create a set of rules, profiles, for system developers to
provide interoperability between equipment. Hence WiMAX Forum certified products
are able to co-exist in a network. This chapter will provide a brief description of the
different features of Mobile WiMAX.
4.4 OFDMA Based Subscriber Access
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) gives 802.16e more
flexibility when managing different user devices with a variety of antenna types and form
factors. It reduces interference for user device with Omni-directional antennas and
improves NLOS capabilities that are essential when supporting mobile subscribers.

Fig 4.1: OFDM and OFDMA Received Signals [4]
4.5 Quality of Service (QoS)
QoS describes the type of service delivered to the user. In other words it means to say
that it is a resource allocation that is required for given application. Resource allocation
depends on the requirement for the given service. For instance VoIP, require high data
rate. Since the human ear is great decoder of speech, re-sending lost packages is waste of
capacity, and will tamper the actual communication between two persons. Downloads
from the internet on the other hand, requires that all data has been received correctly.
Bursty traffic is thus acceptable. Connections are handled by the base station for QoS-
control. A unidirectional connection has to be established prior to data transmission for
each service. The adability of Mobile WiMAX makes it support asymmetric traffic and a
wide range of QoS. The WiMAX forum defines five mandatory Quality of service
categories:
 UGS (Unsolicited grant Service) support real-time service as voice over IP (VoIP)
 rtPS (Real-Time Polling Service) Support services as streaming of audio and/ or
video
 ErtPS (Extended Real-Time Polling Service) was introduced in the 802.16e
amendment, and supports variable bandwidths and packet sizes. Meaning that the
bandwidth is decreased when there still is a connection but no transmission
 nrtPS (Non-Real-Time Polling Service) supports transmission which tolerate
delays, and re-transmission

 BE (Best-Effort Service) is supported by applications which has no strict QoS
requirement. Data is sent when data is available
4.6 MIMO Antenna Concept
WiMAX technology also makes use of Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO). MIMO
is a system where the base station sends signals through multiple carrier frequencies.
These carriers behave differently to obstacles. On getting to the receiver, only one copy is
taken. If the signal stream coming from one carrier is cut off, another carrier is selected to
make up for the packet loss. Thus a better Quality of Service (QoS) is achieved. With
this, you get a continuous stream of uninterrupted data (it would be difficult for all the
carriers not to get to the receiver, unless the receiver is outside the base station coverage
area). Each receive antenna on the right is configured to receive a signal plus its reflected
version from all the transmit antennas on the right. In the fig, for the clarity, only two
transmit antennas and one receives antennas are shown in action.
Fig 4.2: MIMO Antenna System [3]
4.7 Fractional Frequency Reuse
Frequency reuse one is achieved when all sectors within a cell and all cells within a
network operate on the same frequency channel. However, frequency reuse one in a
cellular network implies that users at a cell edge may get degraded signals due to
interference from adjacent cells. Mobile WiMAX addresses this issue by "tweaking" the

frequency reuse one. It works by allowing users at a cell center to operate on all available
sub-channels. Cell center is the area closer to a base station (BS) that is particularly
immune to co-channel interference.
While users at a cell edge are only allowed to operate on a fraction of all available sub-
channels. This sub-channels fraction is allocated in such a way that adjacent cells' edges
will operate on different sets of sub-channels (see picture above). This is called fractional
frequency reuse. Fractional frequency reuse takes advantage of the fact that a Mobile
WiMAX user transmits on sub-channels (because in OFDMA, a channel is divided into
sub-channels) and doesn't occupy an entire channel such as in 3G (CDMA2000 or
WCDMA). Fractional frequency reuse maximizes spectral efficiency for users at a cell
center and improves signal strength and throughput for users at a cell edge.
Fig 4.3: Fractional Frequency Reuse [4]
4.8 WiMAX Link Budget
A link budget is accounting of all of the gains and losses from the transmitter, through the
medium (free space, cable, waveguide, fiber, etc.) to the receiver in a telecommunication
system. It accounts for the attenuation of the transmitted signal due to propagation, as
well as the antenna gains, feed line and miscellaneous losses. Randomly varying channel
gains such as fading are taken into account by adding some margin depending on the
anticipated severity of its effects. The amount of margin required can be reduced by the
use of mitigating techniques such as antenna diversity or frequency hopping.

Link Budget Calculation of
Mobile WiMAX for Mobile
handset Outdoor
Parameter Downlink Uplink
Transmitter Units Value Value Remark
Output Power of Power Amplifier dBm 43 27 A1
Number of TX
Antennas(assuming 2*1 MIMO
base station)
dec. to
dB
2 1 A2
Power Amplifier Back off dB 0 0 A3
Transmit Antenna Gain dBi 18 0 A4
Cable Losses dB 3 0 A5
Effective isotropic radiated power
(EIRP)
dBm 61 27 A6=A1+10log(A2)+A3+A4-
A5
Receiver
Channel Bandwidth MHz 10 10 A7
Number of Sub-Channels 16 16 A8
Receiver Noise Level dBm -104 -104 A9= -174+10log(A7*10^6)
Receiver Noise Fig dB 8 4 A10
Signal to Noise Ratio dB 0.8 1.8 A11
Macro Diversity Gain dB 0 0 A12: No Macro diversity
assumed
Sub-Channelization Gain dB 0 12 A13=10log(A8)
Data rate per Sub-Channel Kbps 151.2 34.6 A14
Receiver Sensitivity dB -95.2 -110.2 A15=A9+A10+A11+A12-A13
Receiver antenna gain dBi 0 18 A16
System Gain dB 156.2 155.2 A17=A6-A15+A16
Link Margin
Shadow fade Margin dB 10 10 A18
Building Penetration dB 0 0 A19
Max allowable Path loss (MAPL) dB 146.2 145.2 A20=A17-A18-A19
Table 4.1: Link Budget of Mobile WiMAX for 2500 MHz [5]
4.9 Important Components of Link Budget Calculations
1. Connector and Cable Loss: As cable and connectors are used in power
transmission, the losses incurred there in should be taken into account. Generally
the value of connector loss is taken as 3 dB in link budget. In actual situation the

value should be calculated based on the loss of cables with different lengths and
types.
2. Transmitter Power: BTS transmitted power is adjusted to provide a balanced radio
link (i.e. Uplink Downlink radio link performance is the same) for given BTS and
MS receiver performance, MS transmitter performance, antenna and feeder cable
characteristics. At MS side, according to Mobile WiMAX protocol, the max MS
transmission power is 43 dBm.
3. Path loss and Received Power: This is the main output of link budget calculations.
The losses in signal strength that occur during transmission from the Tx antenna
to the Rx antenna are given by the path loss, while the received power is the result
of path loss phenomenon. Isotropic path loss is the maximum path loss because
BTS and MS according to given radio system performance requirements.
4. Cell range Calculation: After the maximum allowable path loss has been
determined, the cell size can be evaluated. Determination is done by using any of
the suitable propagation prediction formulas. We typically want to have 90%
location probability over the cell area; shadow fading margin needs to be added
accordingly. Cell range for indoor and outdoor coverage is a rough indication
about cell range in different area types and can be used for network dimensioning.
5. EIRP (Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power): In radio communication
systems, Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP) or, alternatively, EIRP
is the amount of power that a theoretical isotropic antenna (that evenly distributes
power in all directions) would emit to produce the peak power density observed in
the direction of maximum antenna gain.
6. Carrier Frequency and System Bandwidth: Carrier frequency affects the
transmission loss. Radio waves of different frequencies have different propagation
models and different losses. Here the carrier frequency for allowed propagation
loss is taken as 2500 MHz. in Mobile WiMAX system, the receiver bandwidth is
10 MHz.
7. Receiver Sensitivity: Receiver Sensitivity is the lowest power level at which the
receiver can detect and RF signal and demodulated data. Sensitivity is purely a

receiver specification and is independent of the transmitter. The Receiver
Sensitivity can be calculated as:
8. Noise Fig: Noise fig (NF) is a measure of degradation of the signal to noise ratio
(SNR), caused by components in the RF signal chain. The noise fig is the ratio of
the output Noise fig of a device to the portion of their attributable to thermal noise
in the input termination at standard noise temperature T (usually 290 K). The
noise fig is thus the ratio of actual output noise to that which would remain if the
device itself did not introduce noise. It is a number by which the performance of a
radio receiver can be specified.
9. Building Loss: For outdoor Mobile station building penetration is 0 dB whereas in
case of indoor desktop (assuming single wall) then the loss will be 10 dB. [4]
4.9.1 Allowed Propagation Loss
Allowed Propagation Loss defines how much system can stand Propagation Loss.
Name Urban Suburban Units
Carrier Frequency 2500 2500 MHz
BS antenna Height 23 28 m
MS antenna Height 1.5 1.5 m
Downlink Range 1.0803 1.3436 km
Uplink Range 1.0129 1.2595 km
Cell Range 1.0129 1.2595 km
Coverage of single site 3.223168 4.983634 km
Total Surface Area 33.837 33.837 Sq.km
No. of required site 11 7
Table 4.2: Allowed Propagation Loss
4.10 Propagation Model
Median path loss in a radio channel is generally estimated using analytical models based
on either the fundamental physics behind radio propagation or statistical curve fitting of
data collected via field measurements. For most of the practical deployment scenarios,

particularly non-line- of-sight scenarios, statistical models based on empirical data are
more useful. Although most of the statistical models for path loss have been traditionally
developed and tuned for a mobile environment, many of them can also be used for an
NLOS fixed network with some modification of parameters. In the case of a line-of-sight-
based fixed network, the free-space radio propagation model can be used to predict the
median path loss. Since WiMAX as a technology has been developed to operate
efficiently even in an NLOS environment, we focus extensively on this usage model for
the remainder of the appendix.
4.10.1 COST-231 Hata Model
The Hata model is widely used for cellular networks in the 800MHz/900MHz band. As
PCS deployments begin in the 1,800MHz/1,900MHz band, the Hata model was modified
by the European COST (Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Research) group, and
the extended path loss model is often referred to as the COST-231 Hata model. This
model is valid for the following range of parameters:




The median path loss for the COST-231 Hata model is given by:
The MS antenna correction factor is given by:
For urban and suburban area, the correction factor is 3dB and 0dB respectively. The
WiMAX Forum recommends using this COST-231 Hata Model for system simulations
and network planning of macro cellular systems in both urban and suburban areas for
mobility applications. The WiMAX Forum also recommends adding a 10dB fade margin
to the median path loss to account for shadowing.

4.11 Propagation Model Tuning
The propagation models are not universal. The predictions must be verified by
measurements and the models tuned accordingly. The model testing and tuning is a very
sophisticated and challenging task, which requires detailed knowledge of the propagation
nature. It should be done for every area type in a given country or region before the
detailed network planning is started. Some of the Propagation Model tuning used in Atoll
tool is shown in below fig. These values are taken from reliable sources.
Fig 4.4: Urban 2500 MHz Parameter

Fig 4.5: Suburban 2500 MHz Parameter
4.12 Directional Antenna
These antennas are mostly used in mobile cellular systems to get higher gain compared to
Omni directional antenna and to minimize interference effect in the network. In the
vertical plane these antennas radiate uniformly across all azimuth angles and have a main
beam with upper and lower side lobes. In these types of antennas, the radiation is directed
at a specific angle instead of uniformly across all azimuth angles in case of Omni
antennas. [14] [15]
4.12.1 Antenna Pattern
The main characteristics of antenna are the radiation patterns. The antenna pattern is a
graphical representation in three dimensions of the radiation of the antenna as a function
of angular direction. The shape of this pattern depends on the type of antenna used.
Antenna radiation performance is usually measured and recorded in two orthogonal
principal planes (E-Plane and H-plane or vertical or horizontal planes). The pattern of
most base station antennas contains a main lobe and several minor lobes. A side lobe

occurring in shape in the direction opposite to the main lobe is called back lobe.
The antenna type that is used in this project is Andrew ® Dual Band Antenna, HWX-
6516DS1-A1M, Antenna Gain of 18 dBi, frequency range 1710-1880 MHz and 2500-
2690 MHz, horizontal beam width 65 degree, and it is RET compatible. The horizontal
and vertical radiation Pattern of this antenna is given in Fig 4.6.
Horizontal Pattern Vertical Pattern
Fig 4.6: Radiation Pattern of Dual Band Antenna, HWX-6516DS1-A1M [9]

CHAPTER 5: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5.1 Description of Finding for Coverage
Total surface area to provide coverage planning is shown in fig 5.1. The numbers of sites
are located at different places within the specific area which is shown in fig 5.2, and the
transmitter is placed on each site which is shown in fig 5.3. Coverage by signal and
coverage by transmitter is shown in fig 5.4 and fig 5.6. And fig 5.3 shows the total
coverage of the defined area with the use of less number of sites. Sector traffic map is
shown in fig 5.7. Traffic map per density of users is shown in fig 5.8 and finally obtained
active and inactive subscriber who are connected in provided services which is shown in
fig 5.9.
5.2 Simulated Result
Fig 5.1: Total Surface Area for Coverage Planning
33.837 sq.km is the total surface area where coverage planning is done. The area includes
different clutter and terrain such as urban, suburban with open land, agriculture land,

forest, sparse forest, river, residential area, industrial area, etc. Here, different clutter
classes are shown in different color like residential by pink, urban by red and forest by
green, etc. After selecting the area we had calculated the number of a site required for
urban and suburban separately from which we get number of site for urban is more than
suburban. This is because the coverage of single site to urban is less than suburban.
Fig 5.2: Locations of Sites
Here the various sites are located in different regions with the latitude and longitude
which is shown in fig 5.2. In urban six sites are used where as in suburban eight sites are
used. It is located as per the cell range, path loss and number of sites which is calculated
from power link budget. So there are large site in residential area than other area such as
agriculture, open land, etc. The location of different sites with their longitude and latitude
is shown in Table 5.1.

Name Longitude Latitude Altitude (m)
Site0 83.990707E 28.219936N [870]
Site1 84.008454E 28.211251N [850]
Site10 84.014667E 28.230248N [1,149]
Site11 84.007633E 28.23594N [1,237]
Site12 84.008629E 28.219608N [996]
Site13 84.021283E 28.214995N [630]
Site2 84.01447E 28.203274N [705]
Site3 83.97603E 28.231573N [1,038]
Site4 83.980954E 28.204991N [830]
Site5 83.966008E 28.214321N [893]
Site6 83.989048E 28.241277N [911]
Site7 83.992957E 28.194874N [817]
Site8 83.998469E 28.2071N [946]
Site9 83.998941E 28.214272N [853]
Table 5.1: Specification of Different Sites
Fig 5.3: Location of Sites with Transmitter
The location of transmitter at the different sites is show in fig5.3. It contains 14 sites
having 3 transmitters each. It is placed so because in practice the placement of the
transmitters is also 3 in each sites which looks like the hexagon. Table 5.2 is the
specification of different transmitters with antenna height, Azimuth and Mechanical tilt

that is used in the Atoll tool. The Propagation Model used in the Atoll tool is duplicate of
Standard Propagation Model which is later on changes into various terrains such as
urban, suburban with carrier frequency 2500MHz.
Site Transmitter Height (m) Azimuth (°) Mechanical Downtilt (°) Main Propagation
Model
Site0 Site0_1 23 356 6 urban 2500
Site0 Site0_2 23 149 6 urban 2500
Site0 Site0_3 23 279 5 urban 2500
Site1 Site1_1 23 20 10 urban 2500
Site1 Site1_2 23 180 3 urban 2500
Site1 Site1_3 23 88 2 urban 2500
Site10 Site10_1 28 167 2 suburban 2500
Site4 Site4_1 23 82 10 urban 2500
Site4 Site4_3 23 183 10 urban 2500
Site6 Site6_1 23 307 1 urban 2500
Site6 Site6_2 23 135 10 urban 2500
Site6 Site6_3 23 243 6 urban 2500
Site8 Site8_1 23 286 10 urban 2500
Site8 Site8_2 23 185 3 urban 2500
Site8 Site8_3 23 124 9 urban 2500
Site9 Site9_2 23 175 8 urban 2500
Site9 Site9_3 23 209 10 urban 2500
Table 5.2: Specification of Different Sites and Transmitters

Fig5.4: Coverage by Signal Level
Fig 5.5: Histogram based on the Covered Areas

The coverage of signal level is shown in fig 5.4. Coverage of signal level is shown by
different colors. The best signal level as per the values of signal strength is given aside of
fig 5.4. The value of best signal level as per the percentage of covered signal is cleared
from the histogram fig 5.5.
Fig 5.6: Coverage by Transmitter
The coverage by transmitter is shown in fig 5.6 which represents the coverage by each
transmitter. Here also we use different color to indicate the best signal level for
transmitter. Here the different color is provided for each site which is also shown in
legend aside. Here the antenna named “HWX-6516DS1-VTM” with different heights,
Mechanical Downtilt and Azimuth is used. Here the overlapping signal is minimized by
changing the azimuth of the antenna and its mechanical tilt. Here we have selected
Default BTS Equipment in the BTS Equipment likewise we have selected Default TMA
Equipment for TMA Equipment and for Feeder Equipment we have selected 1-5/8” at
2500 MHz and main resolution is 50. Here we have selected Frequency band as 2.5 GHz-
10 MHz and the Channel Allocation Status is allocated and the Preamble index status is
not allocated and also Frame Configuration is FFT size 1024 and here we have selected
Default WiMAX Equipment in WiMAX Equipment.

5.3 Steps Involve in Finding Capacity
5.3.1 Setup the Frequency Band
In the data tab of the Explore Window, right click on transmitter and go to Network
Settings and click on the Frequencies and then click on Bands. And we have created the
entities for the frequency which we are going to use.
Name Duplexin
g Method
TDD: Start
Frequency, FDD:
DL Start
Frequency (MHz)
Channe
l Width
(MHz)
Samplin
g Factor
First
channel
Last
channel
Adjacent
Channel
Suppression
Factor (dB)
2.5
GHz -
10 MHz
TDD 2,500 10 1.12 0 18 11
Table 5.4: Selected values for Frequency Band
5.3.2 Create the WiMAX Bearers
In the data tab of the Explore Window, right click on transmitter and go to Network
setting and click on the WiMAX Bearers and here we have created the entities for the
WiMAX Bearers which we are going to use.
Radio Bearer
Index
Name Modulation Channel Coding
Rate
Bearer Efficiency
(bits/symbol)
1 16QAM 1/2 16QAM 0.5 2
2 64QAM 5/6 64QAM 0.833 5
Table 5.5: Selected values for WiMAX Bearers
5.3.3 Create the TMA Equipment
In the data tab of the Explore Window, right click on transmitter and the click on
Equipment and again click on TMA Equipment. First check the data sheet of the TMA
information and enter the values in the table below. Here we have created the entities for
the TMA Equipment which we are going to use.
Name Noise Fig (dB) Reception gain (dB) Transmission losses (dB)
Default TMA Equip 1.5 12 3
Table 5.6: Selected values for TMA Equipment

5.3.4 Create the Feeder Equipment
Equipment and again click on Feeder Equipment. First check the data sheet of the Feeder
the Feeder Equipment which we going to use.
Name Loss per length (dB/m) Connector reception loss
(dB)
Connector
transmission loss
(dB)
1/2" at 2500 MHz 0.103 0.5 0.5
1-5/8" at 2500 MHz 0.04 1 0.5
7/8" at 2500 MHz 0.06 1 0.5
Table 5.7: Selected values for Feeder Equipment
5.3.5 Create the BTS Equipment
Equipment and again click on BTS Equipment. First check the data sheet of the BTS
the BTS Equipment which we going to use.
Name Noise Fig (dB) Downlink Losses due to the
configuration (dB)
Uplink Losses due to the
configuration (dB)
Default BTS Equip 4 0 0
Table5.8: Selected values for BTS equipment
5.3.6 Create the WiMAX Equipment
Equipment and again click on WiMAX Equipment.
Default WiMAX Equipment (DL)
Radio
Bearer
Index
Sub
channel
Allocation
Mode
Mobility Max
BLER
Number of
MIMO
Transmission
Antennas
Number of
MIMO
Reception
Antennas
Max MIMO Gain STTD/MRC
Gain (dB)
All All All 1 2 2
-23 1 -22 1 -21 1 -20 1 -19 1 -
18 1 -17 1 -16 1 -15 1 -14 1 -13
1 -12 1 -11 1 -10 1 1 1 2 1 3 1
4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 1 10 1 11
1 12 1 13 1 14 1 15 1 16 1 17 1
18 1 19 1 20 1 21 1 22 1 23 1
24 1 25 1 26 1 27 1 28 1
0

Default WiMAX Equipment (UL)
Radio
Bearer
Index
Sub
channel
Allocation
Mode
Mobility Max
BLER
Number of
MIMO
Transmission
Antennas
Number
of MIMO
Reception
Antennas
Max MIMO Gain STTD/MRC
Gain (dB)
All All All 1 2 2
-1 1 -0.9 1 -0.8 1 -0.7 1 -0.6 1
-0.5 1 -0.4 1 -0.3 1 -0.2 1 -0.1
1 0 1 0.1 1 0.2 1 0.3 1 0.4 1
0.5 1 0.6 1 0.7 1 0.8 1 0.9 1 1
1 1.2 1 1.3 1 1.4 1 1.5 1 1.6 1
1.7 1 1.8 1 1.9 1 2 1 2.1 1 2.2
1 2.3 1 2.4 1 2.5 1 2.6 1 2.7 1
0
Table 5.9 & 5.10: Selected values for both Default WiMAX Equipment DL and UL
Now for calculating the losses of the transmitter and reception losses we have to go the
transmitter and then click on equipment and then click on recalculate losses and noise fig.
After that if we go to transmitter table, we can see that transmission loss and reception
loss column has been populated in Atoll toll.
5.3.7 Setup the WiMAX Parameters
Now we have to setup the WiMAX Parameter. First expand the WiMAX Parameter
folder and for each subfolder, right click and choose open table. And then import the
required data from the Excel for the:
 Services - FTP Download, Video Conferencing, VoIP, Web Browsing
 Mobility Types – 50 km/h, 90km/h, Fixed and Pedestrian
 Terminals – MIMO Terminal, Mobile Terminal and Rooftop Terminal
 User Profiles – Business User and Standard User
 Environments – Suburban and Urban
5.3.8 Create the Traffic Map
There are several ways to create traffic map in Atoll. Here, for our project we will discuss
map per density of users. Three steps are needed to create this Map.
1. Run a coverage by transmitter prediction – Refer to fig 5.6
2. Create a traffic map per sector: In traffic map sector we will do our project only
in throughputs in uplink and downlink. Sector traffic map can be either generated
by input data manually or imported from external files. But in our project we

have given input manually. The input parameters for each serving cell and each
service are the uplink and downlink throughputs.
Fig 5.7: Sector Traffic Map
3. Create a traffic map per density of users: User density traffic maps provide the
number of connected users per unit surface. The density of users, as input. This
can be either the density of users per activity status or the density of users
including all activity statues. Atoll provides the following type of traffic map per
user density:
 All Activity Statues
 Active in Uplink
 Active in Downlink
 Active in Uplink and Downlink
 Inactive

Fig 5.8: Traffic Map per density of users
5.3.9 WiMAX 802.16e Simulations
After establishment of traffic map, the Monte Carlo Simulation can be calculated. For
urban we have taken 400 Subscriber per sq.km and for suburban we have taken 200
subscribers per sq.km.
Subscriber connected to DL+UL
Subscriber connected to DL
Subscriber connected to UL
No services
Fig 5.9: Video, VoIP, FTP, Web Service Subscribers

Fig 5.10: Clutter Weight
Here we have taken clutter weighting of each clutter in percentage and the clutter weight
means that how much users are there in each clutter.
5.4 Statistics Result of Simulator
Request:
Total number of users trying to connect: Users: 23,419
Active: Downlink: 4,417, Uplink: 4,571, Downlink + Uplink: 14,431
DL: Max Throughput Demand (DL): 3,493.01 Mbps
Min Throughput Demand (DL): 542.21 Mbps
UL: Max Throughput Demand (UL): 807.38 Mbps
Min Throughput Demand (UL): 374.77 Mbps
Breakdown per service:
FTP Download: Users: 2,607
Active: Downlink: 0, Uplink: 0, Downlink + Uplink: 2,607
DL: Max Throughput Demand (DL): 2,607 Mbps
Min Throughput Demand (DL): 0 Mbps
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
sea
inland_water
open_land
forest
parks
open_in_urban
villages
industrial
residential
urban
dense_urban
dense_urban_high
sparse_forest
airport
river/canal
seasonal_water
agriculture
Weight

Min Throughput Demand (UL): 0 Mbps
Video Conferencing: Users: 1,962
Active: Downlink: 642, Uplink: 692, Downlink + Uplink: 628
DL: Max Throughput Demand (DL): 81.28 Mbps
VoIP: Users: 13,478
Web Browsing: Users: 5,372
Results:
Number of Iterations: 7
Total number of users not connected (rejected): 6,912 (29.5%)
No Service: 4,557, Resource Saturation: 2,355

Total number of connected users: Users: 16,507 (70.5%)
DL: Peak MAC Aggregate Throughput (DL): 341.28 Mbps
Effective MAC Aggregate Throughput (DL): 72.48 Mbps
Aggregate Application Throughput (DL): 68.86 Mbps
UL: Peak MAC Aggregate Throughput (UL): 237.91 Mbps
Effective MAC Aggregate Throughput (UL): 2.09 Mbps
Aggregate Application Throughput (UL): 1.99 Mbps
Breakdown per service:
FTP Download: Users: 2,085 (80%)
Effective MAC Aggregate Throughput (UL): 64.32 kbps
Aggregate Application Throughput (UL): 61.1 kbps
Video Conferencing: Users: 1,672 (85.2%)
Active: Downlink: 607, Uplink: 558, Downlink + Uplink: 507

VoIP: Users: 10,777 (80%)
Web Browsing: Users: 1,973 (36.7%)
5.5 Discussion on Findings
The goal of this project is to provide the total coverage in the defined area by using less
number of sites which is successful. This is verified by fig 5.2 which shows the number
of sites and also by the table 5.3 which gives the percentage of the coverage by signal
level. Table 5.3 shows the total surface area with percentage of covered area, open land,
forest, inland water, residential, urban, spare forest, river/canal and agriculture. Thus
table 5.3 shows that the total defined area is covered with good coverage. And another
part of our project is the capacity analysis. Here first, we have done some internal
calculation in inside Atoll tolls and after that we have shown the sector traffic map for

only in throughputs in uplink and downlink in fig 5.7 likewise we have shown traffic map
per density of users in fig 5.8. In fig 5.9 we have shown that in which part there are
maximum voices or data subscribers and fig 5.9 also shows the active and inactive
subscriber to provided service. And at the last we have found that total users trying to
connect to provide service is 23,419. And the total connected user is 16,507 and the total
not connected user is 6912 for all provided service.

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION
Our project is based on the study of WiMAX Network Planning. Here we study about
WiMAX system, Frequency reuse and other theoretical aspects which are useful to our
project. All Mathematical calculation is done in MS excel where the link budget was
calculated. From link budget, we get the value of Maximum allowable path loss (MAPL)
for downlink is 146.2 dB and uplink as 145.6 dB.
And then we use COST-231 Hata model for calculating cell range here we have taken
base station height for urban as 23m and for suburban as 28m and also we have taken
mobile station height 1.5m for both urban and suburban and then after doing some
calculation we got cell range as 1.0129km as for urban and 1.2595km as for suburban and
then again doing some calculation we got 11 site for urban region and 7 site for suburban
region for total surface area 33.837 sq.km. By using the digital map of Nepal we
processed the simulation part into the Atoll software.
In Atoll we used duplicate of SPM (Standard Propagation Model) as a propagation
model. The data for the WDR parameter are provided by supervisor. Further propagation
model is change into urban 2500 MHz and suburban 2500 MHz as per SPM. Then
practically, we choose specific geographical area of 33.837 sq.km in digital map where
we choose total 14 sites to cover 33.837 sq.km.
We have successfully covered the specific area as much as possible by using only 14
numbers of sites and for the capacity analysis first we have shown the sector traffic map
and after that we have shown traffic map per density of users, and after that fig 5.9 shows
the connected or not connected subscriber to provided services.
And at the last we have found that total users trying to connect to provide services are
23,419. And the total connected user is 16,057 and the total not connected user is 6,912
for all provided service.
From this result we can say that the result we obtained for provided service has 70.5%
connected subscribers whereas only 29.5% subscribers are not connected to any service.
In context of our location, we can say that we have done better network planning.

6.1 Recommendation
Although we have completed this project in small network planning but it can also be
done in large area network. With emerge of new technology there comes different
possibilities to enhance its ability. Technology always have unfinished task. This
unfinished task may be the result of limited time or lack of resources. Resources can be
anything liked, skilled manpower, other enhancing technology, device and fund etc.
In our case, we could not do more to enhance speed due to the time bound. Speed could
be enhancing in various ways i.e. increasing the bandwidth. However, increasing
bandwidth result low coverage and increases complexity in receiver antenna. Thus
without much compromising in coverage and increasing complexity we can increase
speed by using suitable modulation technique. Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) can be better option. We therefore suggest other fellows whoever
is interested in WiMAX Network Planning to do further research in modulation technique
to enhance downlink and uplink speed of Mobile WiMAX.

REFERENCES
[1] JensWiel Monrad-Hansen. Mobile WiMAX, 802.16e, 2008, Project Assignment.
[2] Anne Gry Ulfstein. Field Study of the performance of Mobile WiMAX in Wireless
Trondheim, 2008. Project Assignment.
[3] WiMAX Seminar Report (www.Scribd.com/doc/7785440).
[4] WiMAX. Forum, “Mobile WiMAX-part I: technical overview and performance
evaluation” WiMAX forum publications, August 2006.
[5] http://4g360.com/forum/attachment/download?id=610217%3AUploadedFi152%3A133247
[6] Simon R. Saenders, A.A-Z (2007). Antennas and Propagation for wireless
communication systems, Second Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
[7] IJCSI (International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol.9, issues 5, No.2,
September 2012, www.IJCSI.org).
[8] Witech. Don’t Even Think You Can Go Without Some Accurate and Professional
Radio and Microwave Network Planning, 2009.
[9] 1996-2009, F. (n.d).Atoll2.8.1 version.
[10] Frode Kaspersen and Henning Nestein. 802.16, 2007. Project Assignment.
[11] IEEE.IEEE 802.16. Air interface for Fixed and Mobile Broadband Wireless Access
Systems.
[12] Jeffrey G. Andrews, Aranabha Ghosh and Rias Muhamed Fundamentals of
WiMAX. Pearson Educations, 2007.
[13] Common scope. (n.d).RetrievedNov272014, from
http://www.commonscope.com/catalog/andrew/product_details.aspx?id=17184
[14] Carr, j.j. (n.d). Directional or omnidirectional antenna. Joe Carr’s Radio Tech-Notes.
[15] TELETOPIX.ORG. (2013, Jan).Retrieved from
http://www.teletopix.org/WiMAX/antenna-types-and-antenna-characterists/
[16] WiMAX Forum, Mobile WiMAX- Part II: A Comparative Analysis, Doug Gray,
August 2006

APPENDICES
A. Datasheet of Antenna used in this project HWX-6516DS1-A1M
Andrew® Teletilt® Antenna, 1710-1880 MHz and 2500-2690 MHz, 65ᵒ horizontal beam
width, RET
Table A.1 Electrical Specifications [13]
Frequency
Band, MHz
1710–1880 1850–1990 1920–2170 2300–2500 2500–2690
Gain, dBi 17.3 17.4 18.2 18.4 18.7
Beam width,
Horizontal,
Degrees
68 66 65 61 60
Beam width,
Vertical,
Degrees
6.8 6.4 6.1 5.4 5.0
Beam Tilt,
Degrees
0-10 0-10 0-10 0-10 0-10
USLS, dB 17 17 17 20 20
Front-to-Back
Ratio at
180ᵒ,dB
30 30 30 32 29
Isolation, dB 30 30 30 30 30
VSWR| return
Loss, dB
1.5| 14.0 1.5|14.0 1.5|14.0 1.5|14.0 1.5|14.0
PIM 3rd
order,2*20 W,
dBC
-150 -150 -150 -150 -150
Input power per
port, maximum,
watts
350 350 350 300 300
Polarization ±45ᵒ ±45ᵒ ±45ᵒ ±45ᵒ ±45ᵒ
Impedance 50 Ohm 50 Ohm 50 Ohm 50 Ohm 50 Ohm
General Specifications
Antenna Brand Andrew®
Antenna Type DualPol®
Band Single Band

Brand DualPol® | Teletilt®
Operating Frequency Band 1710-2690 MHz
Mechanical Specifications
Color Light Gray
Lightning Protection Dc Ground
Radiator Material Low Loss Circuit Board
Randome Material PVC, UV resistant
RF Connector Interface 7-16 DIN Female
RF Connector Location Bottom
RF Connector 2
Quantity, Total
Wind Loading, Maximum 273.0 N @ 150 km/h | 61.4lbf@ 150 km/h
Wind Speed, Maximum 241.0 km/h | 149.8 mph
Dimensions
Depth 105.0 mm | 4.1 in
Length 1390.0 mm | 54.7 in
Width 170.0 mm | 6.7 in
Net Weight 6.0 kg | 13.2 lb
Remote Electrical Tilt (RET) Information
Model with Factory Installed
AISG 2.0 Actuator
HWX-6516DS1-A1M
RET System Teletilt®
Regulatory Compliance/ Certifications
Agency Classification
RoHS 2011/65/EU Compliant by Exemption
China RoHS SJ/T 11364-2006 Above Maximum Concentration Value (MCV)
ISO 9001:2008 Designed, Manufactured and/or distributed under
this quality management system

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