Day two planning

Jakarta
16 December 2012

Arief Hamdani Gunawan

OFDMA & MIMO Planning

References (2012)
• LTE Advanced: 3GPP Solution for IMT-Advanced by
Harri Holma and Antti Toskala (Oct 4, 2012)
• EPC and 4G Packet Networks, Second Edition: Driving
the Mobile Broadband Revolution by Magnus Olsson
and Catherine Mulligan (Dec 12, 2012)
• Long Term Evolution IN BULLETS, 2nd Edition (Black &
White) by Chris Johnson (Jul 6, 2012)
• LTE-Advanced and Next Generation Wireless Networks:
Channel Modelling and Propagation by Guillaume de la
Roche, Andrés Alayón-Glazunov and Ben Allen (Nov 28,
2012)

References (2011)
• 4G: LTE/LTE-Advanced for Mobile Broadband
by Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall and Johan
Skold (May 10, 2011)
• LTE Signaling: Troubleshooting and
Optimization by Ralf Kreher and Karsten
Gaenger (Jan 25, 2011)
• LTE, WiMAX and WLAN Network Design,
Optimization and Performance Analysis by
Leonhard Korowajczuk (Aug 22, 2011)

Planning

Cellular Planning Deployment Planning
•Introduction to Cellular Planning •Design Criteria
•Link Budget •Technology Considerations
•Dimensioning •Frequency Bands
•Coverage Planning •Core Design
•Traffic Forecasting •RF Design - RAN
•Calculation Steps •Backhaul Considerations
•Nominal Planning •Bandwidth Efficiency
•Investment/Pricing Models
•Business Consideration
•Ecosystem Deployment

Planning

Cellular Planning Deployment Planning
•Introduction to Cellular Planning •Design Criteria
•Link Budget •Technology Considerations
•Dimensioning •Frequency Bands
•Coverage Planning •Core Design
•Traffic Forecasting •RF Design - RAN
•Calculation Steps •Backhaul Considerations
•Nominal Planning •Bandwidth Efficiency
•Investment/Pricing Models
•Businesses Consideration
•Ecosystem Deployment

Pendahuluan
Implementasi suatu jaringan telekomunikasi di suatu wilayah disamping
berhadapan dengan regulasi telekomunikasi, juga akan berhadapan dengan situasi
pasar yang harus dipelajari dengan seksama untuk mengantisipasi berbagai
kemungkinan. Di bawah ini adalah 3 tugas besar yang harus dikerjakan seorang analis
pasar ...
•Prediksi gross income (pendapatan kasar).
Berbagai upaya dapat dilakukan untuk meneliti gross income,
diantaranya adalah penelitian populasi penduduk, rata-rata
income, tipe-tipe bisnis yang berkembang, dll
•Pengenalan kompetitor
Penting untuk diketahui situasi kompetitor yang ada, untuk
memastikan adanya peluang. Dalam hal ini bisa dilihat cakupan
dari kompetitor, performansi sistemnya, maupun juga jumlah
pelanggan untuk dibandingkan jumlah pelanggan potensial yang
belum terlayani.
•Keputusan cakupan geografis
Pertanyaannya adalah : mana daerah geografi yang dicakup
sistem yang diinginkan serta jenis layanan apa yang cocok
untuk daerah tersebut ? Pertanyaan tersebut harus dijawab
untuk kemudian diteruskan pada Bagian Teknik.

Apa sesungguhnya peranan seorang engineer ?

Setelah menerima 1. Memulai sketsa perencanaan pada daerah pelayanan,
laporan dari analis tujuannya adalah menghasilkan cakupan service pada daerah
pelayanan dengan sesedikit mungkin jumlah sel, kapasitas
ekonomi yang meneliti
sebesar mungkin untuk alokasi BW yang diberikan, serta
kelayakan ekonomi, kualitas sebaik mungkin.
tugas seorang engineer 2. Menentukan jumlah kanal RF yang diperlukan untuk melayani
untuk mewujudkan prediksi trafik pada jam sibuk sampai beberapa tahun ke
jaringan yang andal dari depan.
sisi kapasitas, kualitas 3. Studi problem interferensi. Cochannel interference, adjacent
dengan biaya seefisien channel interference, maupun juga kemungkinan terjadinya
mungkin intermodulasi dari tiap sel. Selanjutnya mencari cara-cara untuk
mengatasi hal itu.
4. Studi mengenai probabilitas blocking pada tiap sel, serta
mencari langkah-langkah untuk meminimisasi hal tersebut
5. Perencanaan teknologi untuk menyerap pelanggan baru. .
Jumlah kenaikan pelanggan baru akan tergantung kepada biaya
komunikasi, performansi sistem, serta juga kecenderungan
bisnis. Secara teknik harus dipikirkan upgrading sistem, teknik-
teknik pengembangan kapasitas untuk BW yang terbatas pada
layanan sistem komunikasi bergerak.

Cellular System Planning Cycle

Sasaran Perencanaan Jaringan
• Sasaran Coverage / Cakupan
– Wilayah cakupan
– Penetrasi cakupan
• Sasaran Capacity / Kapasitas / Traffic
– Jumlah pelanggan
– Traffic per pelanggan
• Sasaran Quality
– Pertimbangan pada Coverage dan Capacity
– QoS yang diinginkan
• Sasaran Cost / Bisnis dan Logistik (Business Consideration)
– Anggaran modal
– Penjadwalan instalasi dan penggelaran
– Biaya / laba pengoperasian jaringan

Adalah cukup sulit untuk mencapai performansi yang diharapkan pada
lingkungan komunikasi mobile yang sangat kompleks. Karena itu
diharapkan seorang engineer memiliki berbagai pengetahuan untuk
melakukan optimalisasi sistem yang nantinya akan melibatkan
berbagai solusi kompromi dari berbagai kondisi trade off yang nantinya
akan dihadapi. Berbagai metoda optimalisasi jaringan komunikasi
bergerak seluler ini diberikan pada bagian selanjutnya.

Tujuan Perencanaan Jaringan Selular...

• Capacity
• Coverage
Goal
•Quality
• Cost (Business Consideration)

Tujuan dari Perencanaan

Perencanaan jaringan
dimulai dari alokasi lebar
pita frekuensi yang
diberikan pemerintah
kepada suatu operator
seluler.

Alokasi lebar pita
frekuensi inilah yang
digunakan oleh operator
untuk memberikan
layanan komunikasi
dengan kualitas
komunikasi yang sebaik-
baiknya dan untuk
sebanyak-banyaknya
user.

Cell Planning Flowchart
START
Capacity
Prediction of
Analysis of required traffic needed
capacity
until the next
Atot = (Erlang) few years END
System capacity of (statistical Quality
the allocated BW analysis of
demand)
Asel = (Erl / cell)
Yes
OPTIMATION No
Number of cell • Threshold handover QUALITY
Atot /Asel = (cell) • Power Transmitt OK ?
• Noise Figure, dll
Servis Area
Cell Area
Number of Ceel
Cell Area Pathloss Analysis Link
Cell Radius Budget Analysis Power
2,6 Calculation Frequency
Planning Coverage

Tahapan Perencanaan Jaringan
• Tahap Pra-perencanaan
– Dimensioning
– Perencanaan konfigurasi
– Perencanaan kapasitas
• Tahap Perencanaan
– Perencanaan detail
– Perencanaan konfigurasi
– Perencanaan cakupan
– Perencanaan kapasitas
– Perencanaan frekuensi
– Verifikasi parameter perencanaan
• Tahap Post-perencanaan
– Optimasi
– Monitoring (Key Performance Indicator)

Parameter Global
dalam Perencanaan Jaringan
• Traffic Forecasting
• Coverage threshold
• Site Configuration

15
Objectives of the Planning
• Traffic Forecasting: to measure the demand on targeted
marked so as to allow an appropriate growth of the
Network.
• Coverage: to obtain the ability of the network ensure the
availability of the service in the entire service area.
• Capacity: to support the subscriber traffic with sufficiently
low blocking and delay.
• Quality: linking the capacity and the coverage and still
provide the required QoS.
• Costs: to enable an economical network implementation
when the service is established and a controlled network
expansion during the life cycle of the network.

Traffic Forecasting Clues for a New System

Methodical Estimation of Required Trunks

Pendimensian Jaringan dalam Analisis Techno-Economics

Cakupan
sel

Dimensi suatu
jaringan

Kapasitas
sel

Memaksimalkan Coverage dan Capacity
Memaksimalkan coverage Memaksimalkan kapasitas
• Pilih teknologi akses • Pilih teknologi akses
• Gunakan band frekuensi yang • Perbesar band frekuensi
rendah • Gunakan re-use frequency
• Tingkatkan tinggi antena • Kurangi persyaratan C/I
• Naikan daya pancar • Rendahkan tinggi antena
• Kurangi persyaratan kualitas • Gunakan fitur software
• Gunakan antena adaptif

Radio Planning Process Overview
• Spectrum Usage, eNodeB Basic Configuration, RF
Dimensioning Features.

• Propagation model tuning, Nominal Coverage Planning,
Nominal Capacity Analysis, Site Survey, Site Pre-Validation.
Planning

• Detailed Coverage and Capacity based on planning on
Detailed planning tools, Site Validation.
Planning

• Drive Test measurements and analysis, eNodeB database
Pre-launch parameter checking, Antenna tilt & azimuth tuning based
Optimization
in drive test analysis.

LTE Dimensioning Definition
LTE Spectrum Usage

Parameters Value
LTE Duplex FDD
Frequency 2100 MHz (BAND 1)
Frequency DL 2110-2170 MHz
Frequency UL 1920-1980 MHz
Bandwidth 10 MHz (50 Resource Block)
Modulation &Coding AMC (QPSK,16QAM,64QAM) & ½ , ¾
Schemes
Scheduling Proportional Fair

LTE Dimensioning Definition
LTE eNodeB Configuration
Parameters Value
PTx (dbm) 46 dbm
Gain Antena Tx 18 dbi
Jumper Cable 0.2 db/m
Feeder Cable 0,4db/km
Rx Sensitivity (dbm) -100 dbm
Gain Antena Rx 18 dbi
TMA / MHA 13 db
Sector 3

Sistem Antena Base Station (BTS)

Gain antenna,
Beam antenna

Feeder Loss

Tx Power
Receiver Sensitivity
Noise Figure, dll

Nominal Planning By Coverage

• UL Calculate
• UL Radius Cell
• DL Calculate
• DL Radius Cell
• Radius Cell
Balance
• Number of Cell

• PROPAGATION MODEL : COST231-Hata
L 46,3 33,9 logf c 13,82 logh T a(h R ) (44,9 6,55logh T )logd CM

• Element:
Frekuency A B
150 - 1500 MHz 69.55 26.16

1500 - 2000 MHz 46.3 33.9

0 dB For Rural and suburban
CM =
3 dB For Dense Urban and Urban

• UL Calculate
Uplink Link Budget LTE

Data Rate
Unit
Kbps
Value
1024
Info
• MAPL = 147.67
Transmitter - UE
a. Tx Power dBm 23 a
b. Tx Antenna Gain dB 0 b
c. Body Loss dB 0 c • Radius = 0.99 Km
d. EIRP dBm 23 a+b+c

Receiver - eNodeB
e. Noise Figure dB 2.2 e
f. Thermal Noise dBm -107.13 k*T*B
g. SINR dB -1.95 g
h. Receiver Sensitivity dBm -106.88 e+f+g
i. Interference Margin dB 1.81 i
j. TMA Gain dB 2 j
k. Rx antenna gain dBi 18 k
l. Loss System dB 0.4 l

MAPL dB 147.67 d-h-i+j+k-l

MAPL Calculation (Downlink Link)
Downlink Link Budget LTE
Unit Value Info
Data Rate kbps 1000
Transmitter - eNodeB
a. Tx Power dBm 46 a
b. Tx Antenna Gain dB 18 b
c. Loss System dB 3 c
d. EIRP dBm 61 a+b+c

Receiver - UE
e. Ue Noise Figure dB 7 e
f. Thermal Noise dBm -102.7 k*T*B
g. SINR dB -5 g
h. Receiver Sensitivity dBm -100.7 e+f+g
i. Interference Margin dB 3 i
j. Control Channel Overhead dB 1 j
k. Rx antenna gain dBi 0 k
l. Body Loss dB 0 l

MAPL dB 157.7 d-h-i-j+k-l

Propagation Model
• LTE – 700 MHz
– Okumura-Hatta
Lp 69,55 26,16 log f – 13,82 log hB - CH [44,9 – 6,55 log hB] log d

• LTE – 2100 MHz
– Cost 231-Hatta
Lp 46,3 33,9 (logf c ) 13,82 logh T a(h R ) (44,9 6,55logh T )logd CM

• LTE – 2600 MHz
– SUI
Lp 109.78 47.9 log (d/100)

Pathloss SUI
Lp = 109.78 + 47.9 log (d/100)

47.9 log(d / 100) Lp 109.78
log(d / 100) ( Lp 109.78) / 47.9
(d / 100 ) 10 ( Lp 109.78) / 47.9

d 100x10( Lp 109.78) / 47.9
(157.7 109.78) / 47.9
d 100x10
1.00042
d 100x10
d 1000.966 meters

Radius Calculation

L = 2,6 d2 L = 1,3 . 2,6 . d2

For 2-sectoral

L = 1,95 . 2,6 . d2
For 3-sectoral

Radius Calculation
For Omni directional For trisectoral

L = 2,6 d2 L = 1,95 . 2,6 . d2

L 2.6 x (1) 2 L 1.95 x 2.6 x (1) 2
L 2.6 km2 L 5.07 km2

Number of eNodeB
• Urban Area (3 sector)
– total area 242.928 km2
– N eNodeB 242 .928 / 5.07
– N eNodeB 48

• Balance Site Radius
R = 0.98 km
Coverage Site = 4.98 KM² • 25 Site
Coverage Area = 125 KM²

L = 2,6 d2 L = 1,3. 2.6 . d2
For 2-sectoral

L = 1,95 . 2.6 . d2
For 3-sectoral

Perencanaan Coverage:
Propagasi, Link Budget dan Coverage
• Propagasi sinyal perlu dipelajari untuk menentukan
kebutuhan power dan menentukan coverage.
• Terdapat tiga jenis penentuan redaman propagasi pada
sistem selular:
– Fress space loss, merupakan redaman akibat penyebaran
ke ruang bebas.
– Prediksi propagasi sinyal secara teoritis, terdiri dari
perambatan sinyal pada bumi datar, perkiraan titik demi
titik, dan redaman akibat penghalang.
– Model empirik, suatu konsep propagasi hasil pengukuran
di lapangan dalam bentuk kurva atau formula.

Model Propagasi
• Suatu model propagasi menggambarkan
hubungan redaman jarak rata-rata yang terjadi
yang sekaligus dapat digunakan untuk
perhitungan radius/jangkauan sel.
• Model propagasi bergantung pada:
– Enironment: urban, rural, dense urban, suburban,
open, forest, sea…
– Jarak
– Frequency
– Kondisi atmosfer
– Indoor/outdoor

Contoh Model Propagasi
• Free space
• Wakfish-Ikegami
• Okumurra-Hatta
• Longley-Rice
• Lee

• Perhitungan link budget digunakan untuk
memperkirakan maksimum redaman yang
diperbolehkan antara perangkat mobile terhadap
base station.
• Path loss maksimum memungkinkan kita
melakukan perhitungan radius sel suatu BTS
untuk suatu lingkungan radio tertentu dengan
model propagasi tertentu.
• Ukuran sel diperlukan untuk melakukan
perhitungan jumlah sel yang dibutuhkan untuk
meng-cover suatu area layanan.

• Coverage / Cakupan sel berperan penting
dalam menentukan wilayah-wilayah yang
mendapatkan layanan telekomunikasi.
• Link Budget digunakan untuk mengetahui
cakupan sel.

Link Budget

path loss
TXer RXer
Txer Rxer
component component

link budget component

Komponen-komponen dalam perancangan link budget

• Gain sistem merupakan budget energi dari sistem berdasarkan
profil sistem
• Margin Sistem merupakan nilai loss yang diperkirakan akan
dialami oleh sistem ketika dioperasikan.
• Radius sel merupakan keluaran dari proses perhitungan link
budget.
• Radius sel diprediksi dengan menggunakan model
propagasi.
• Perhitungan radius secara teoritis dilakukan pada
perancangan link budget.

LINK BUDGET
Gain Margin Radius
Sistem Sistem Sel
Daya Pancar Fading Margin Model Propagasi

Interference
Gain Antena Frekuensi Operasi
Margin
Tinggi Antena
Sensitivitas Loss penetrasi
pemancar/
Penerima bangunan penerima
SNR threshold Gain/loss
Jarak Referensi
tiap modulasi sistem lainnya

Radius Sel

Model Path loss Frekuensi Operasi

Tipe
System Gain Modulasi dan
Radius Coding
Sel

Link Budget: Up Link
• Base station parameters
• Frequency range, MHz
- Rx ant. gain Rx jumper loss
• Mobile parameters - Rx tower top amp gain (net)
- Tx PA output (max)
- Rx cable loss
- Cable loss
- Antenna gain - Rx ligthning arrester loss
-------- (Subsc. ERP max, dB) - Rx duplexer loss
• Environmental margins - Rx diversity gain
- Fading margin
- Rx coding gain
- Environmental attenuation
- Cell overlap - Rx sensitivity
-------------------- (dB) ------- Up-link budget, dB

Link Budget: Down Link
• Environmental margins
• Frequency range, MHz - Tx diversity gain
• Base station parameters - Fading margin
- Tx PA output power - Environmental attenuation
- Cell overlap
- Tx combiner loss
(dB)
- Tx duplexer loss • Mobile parameters
- Tx ligthning arrester loss - Antenna gain
- Tx cable loss - Rx diversity gain
- Tx jumper loss - Antenna cable loss
- Tx tower top amp gain - Coding gain
- Rx sensitivity
- Tx antenna gain
---------- Down-link budget, dB
(Cell ERP, dB)

ENGINEERING MODEL
Example of WCDMA RLB for Voice
Link budget of AMR 12.2 kbps voice service (120 km/h, in-car users, Vehicular A type channel,
with soft handover)

Example of WCDMA RLB for Data
Link budget of 144 kbps real-time data service (3 km/h, indoor user covered by outdoor BS,
Vehicular A type channel, with soft handover)

Contoh Perhitungan Link Budget

Perencanaan Kapasitas:
Calculation steps
0. Dasar/Pengertian
1. Number of user
2. User density
3. Services and Type
4. Penetration : building, vehicular, pedestrian
5. BHCA and call duration
6. OBQ
7. Site calculation

Kapasitas Sel (Capacity Plan)
• Kapasitas sistem adalah kemampuan sistem dalam
menyampaikan banyaknya informasi per satuan
waktu (bit per detik).
• Menghitung kapasitas sistem
• Menghitung kapasitas sistem

Permutasi
Subcarriers

Pengertian Kapasitas
Selama fase perencanaan penggelaran, setelah operator
menetapkan ukuran kanal spektrum radio, pertanyaan
berikutnya adalah :

Berapa banyak koneksi data yang dapat disuport
oleh kanal tersebut ?

Berapa banyak Base Station yang diperlukan
untuk suatu area layanan ?

Pemahaman terhadap kapasitas sistem adalah kunci
untuk menggelar Access Network yang sukses.

Perencanaan Kapasitas: Kategori Pelanggan
Untuk perencanaan kapasitas, pelanggan dibagi menjadi 3 kategori
Professional User: Pelanggan yang membutuhkan Mobile
Broadband Access untuk tujuan bisnis dan juga personal.
• E-mail, video conferencing, file downloads, etc.
• Akses mobile dan nomadic broadband dibutuhkan untuk
mempertahan komunikasi ketika commuting, meeting with
clients, inspecting remote job sites, dll.
High-End Consumer: Pelanggan dengan high usage, dengan
penggunaan aplikasi untuk keperluan personal lebih tinggi
dibanding bisnis.
• Web browsing, gaming, music downloads, dll.
Casual User: Pelanggan yang menginginkan akses secara periodik,
hanya beberapa jam per hari.
• Web browsing

Perencanaan Kapasitas: Pengertian Kapasitas

Kapasitas suatu jaringan wireless (fixed/mobile)
didefinisikan sebagai jumlah dari user-user yang dapat
disuport oleh suatu cell site dengan mempertahankan
kriteria QoS/GOS tertentu.
Dapat juga direpresentasikan oleh jumlah user yang
diasosiasikan dengan throughput data dan kriteria QoS
tertentu.
Spektrum RF yang tersedia, mempunyai kaitan
langsung dengan kapasitas yang bisa diberikan.
Air Interface yang mampu menggunakan alokasi
spektrum secara efisien, akan menawarkan kapasitas
yang lebih besar.

Perenanaan Kapasitas: Perhitungan Throughput

Faktor yang menentukan throughput yang tersedia pada suatu
sektor:
1. Jumlah data subcarrier yang digunakan per frame
OFDM/OFDMA

2. Tipe Modulasi
Terdapat 2 coding rate per modulation rate yang
menghasilkan 8 level modulasi yang berbeda :
(1) BPSK ½ (2) BPSK ¾ (3) QPSK ½ (4) QPSK ¾ (5) 16QAM
½ (6) 16QAM ¾ (7) 64QAM 2/3 (8) 64QAM ¾

3. DL/UL duration ratio

Estimasi Jumlah Pelanggan
– Pada implementasi real, jumlah pelanggan harus berdasarkan survey demand
baik mikro (lingkup kota, data primer, survey demand) maupun makro (national,
data sekunder mis. Dari BPS)
– Jumlah pelanggan ditentukan oleh ukuran pasar (market size), target market
share dan penetrasi service yang diinginkan,
– Market Size menunjukkan seberapa besar pasar broadband yang ada di kota
tersebut :
• Jumlah dan trend pengguna komputer
• Jumlah dan trend pengguna broadband wireline maupun broadband
wireless existing
– Penetrasi layanan yang diinginkan
• Jenis layanannya (product)
• Segmentasi pelanggan yang disasar (umur, belanja telekomunikasi, dlsb)
– Target market share ditentukan oleh
• Kompetitor dan level kompetisi
• Rata-rata pelanggan yang pindah (churn rate)
• Operator lama atau operator baru

Kebutuhan Jumlah Base Station
Kebutuhan jumlah BS untuk suatu area tertentu ditentukan oleh
– Capacity Demand, berapa total “bps” yang dibutuhkan oleh area
tersebut yang dihitung mencakup kebutuhan 3 – 5 tahun ke
depan. Kebutuhan kapasitas ditentukan oleh
– Jumlah pelanggan mencakup pertumbuhannya 3-5 thn ke
depan
– Rata-rata trafik per pelanggan (desain layanan)
– Over booking yang menyatakan resource tersebut disediakan
secara sharing (untuk berapa pelanggan ?) atau ekslusif (tanpa
sharing)
– Luas wilayah, luas kota dimana BS akan dipasang dan kategorinya
apakah urban, sub-urban atau rural
– Radius per sector BS
– Kapasitas per sector BS

Estimasi Jumlah Pelanggan
– Pada implementasi real, jumlah pelanggan harus berdasarkan survey demand
baik mikro (lingkup kota, data primer, survey demand) maupun makro
(national, data sekunder mis. Dari BPS)
– Jumlah pelanggan ditentukan oleh ukuran pasar (market size), target market
share dan penetrasi service yang diinginkan,
– Market Size menunjukkan seberapa besar pasar broadband yang ada di kota
tersebut :
• Jumlah dan trend pengguna komputer
• Jumlah dan trend pengguna broadband wireline maupun broadband
wireless existing
– Penetrasi layanan yang diinginkan
• Jenis layanannya (product)
• Segmentasi pelanggan yang disasar (umur, belanja telekomunikasi, dlsb)
– Target market share ditentukan oleh
• Kompetitor dan level kompetisi
• Rata-rata pelanggan yang pindah (churn rate)
• Operator lama atau operator baru

Nominal Planning By Capacity:
Number of user

Un = Uo (1 + gf)n
Uou = u x UoN
Uosub = sub x UoN
Uo is Uou or Uosub

Where:

UoN = a x b x d x N
• Un : num of user on year ‘n’
• Uo : initial num of user (based on urban/sub-urban)
• a : percent of cellular user (%)
• b : penetration of operator A (%)
• d : Percent of LTE user
• N : num of civilian in the object area
• gf : num of user growth factor
• n : planned year
• u/sub : urban or sub-urban penetration (%)

Number of user
Ex :
• Population = 1445892 people
• Cellular penetration = assumption 80%
• LTE penetration = assumption 10 %
• LTE provider A penetration = assumption 50 %

Population 1445892 people
Customer cellular (80%) 1156713 user
Customer LTE (10%) 115671 user
Customer LTE provider A (50%) 57835 user

User prediction in 5th years
• U5 = 57835 ( 1 + 0.05 )5 assumption fp=5%
= 73814 user

User Density
Lu = L x u Cu = Un/ Lu

• Lu : urban area wide • Cu : Urban area density
• L : object area wide • Csub : sub-urban area density

Ex :
• urban area penetration = assumption 40 %

=>
Urban area wide (Lu) : 242,928 km2
=>
Cu = 44288 / 242,928 = 182,31232 user/km2

Traffic user prediction

Traffic user prediction
- Avg. Traffic user / BH
= 10 MB
- Avg. Traffic user / Sub
= 10 MB / 3600 s *8 bit
= 22.75 Kbps
- Total Offered Traffic
= 73814 * 22.75
= 1679268.5 Kbps
= (1680 Mbps)

Nominal Planning By Capacity
• Calculate Cell by Capacity
Element Value Unit
Cell Capacity 18 Mbps
Sector 3 sector
EnodeB Capacity 54 Mbps
Congestion Control 80 %
Total Offered Traffic 1680 Mbps
No. Of Site 24.88889 Site

• No. Of Site = 25 Site

Number of User
Un = Uo (1 + gf)n
Uou = u x UoN
Uosub = sub x UoN
Uo is Uou or Uosub

Where:
UoN = a x b x d x N

• Un : num of user on year ‘n’
• Uo : initial num of user (based on urban/sub-urban)
• a : percent of cellular user (%)
• b : penetration of operator A (%)
• d : Percent of LTE user
• N : num of civilian in the object area
• gf : num of user growth factor
• n : planned year
• u/sub : urban or sub-urban penetration (%)

Customer Prediction Parameter
Ex :
• Population = 1445892 people
• Cellular penetration = assumption 80%
• LTE penetration = assumption 10 %
• LTE provider A penetration = assumption 50 %
Population 1445892 people
Customer cellular (80%) 1156713 user
Customer LTE (10%) 115671 user
Customer LTE provider A (50%) 57835 user

User prediction in 5th years
• U5 = 57835 ( 1 + 0.05 )5 assumption fp=5%
= 73814 user

Example User Calculation

Ex :
• urban penetration = assumption 60 %
• suburban penetration = assumption 40 %
• Urban user = 73814 x 60 % = 44288 user
• Suburban user = 73814 x 40 % = 29525 user

User Density

Lu = L x u Lsub = L x sub

• Lu : urban area wide
• Lsub : sub-urban area wide
• L : object area wide

Cu = Un/ Lu Csub = Un/Lsub

• Cu : Urban area density
• Csub : sub-urban area density

Example User Density Calculation
Ex :
• urban area penetration = assumption 40 %
• suburban area penetration = assumption 40 %
• Openarea = assumption 20 %
=>
Urban area wide (Lu) : 242,928 km2
Sub-urban area wide (Lsub) : 242,928 km2

=>
Cu = 44288 / 242,928 = 182,31232 user/km2

Csub = 29525 / 242,928 = 121,54155 user/km2

Services and Type
• Services (Rb)
– VoIP : 64 kbps
– FTP : 1000 kbps
– Video : 384 kbps

• Type (c)
– Building : 50 %
– Vehicular : 30 %
– Pedestrian : 20 %

• Penetration (p) per type per service
e.g: BUILDING VoIP usage penetration = 0.5
BUILDING FTP usage penetration = 0.4
PEDESTRIAN Video usage penetration = 0.3

• BHCA (B) per type per service
e.g: BUILDING VoIP usage penetration = 0.008
BUILDING FTP usage penetration = 0.009
PEDESTRIAN Video usage penetration = 0.008

• Call duration (h) per type per service (ms)
e.g: BUILDING VoIP usage penetration = 60
BUILDING FTP usage penetration = 50
PEDESTRIAN Video usage penetration = 50

Penetrasi User (p)
Building Pedestrian Vehicular
Voip 0,5 0,5 0,2
Video 0,3 0,3 0,2
FTP 0,4 0,4 0,3
call duration (h)
type service net user bit rate (Rb)
voip video ftp
VoIP 64000
building 60 40 50
pedestrian 60 50 70 FTP 1000000
vehicular 60 40 80 Video 384000

BHCA (B)
Service Building Pedestrian Vehicular
Voip 0,008 0,008 0,009
Video 0,007 0,008 0,009
FTP 0,009 0,008 0,008

OBQ (Offered Bit Quantity)
• VoIP
OBQT = cT x Cu; T x pT x RbVoIP x BT x hT

• FTP
OBQT = cT x Cu; T x pT x RbFTP x BT x hT

• Video
OBQT = cT x Cu; T x pT x RbVid x BT x hT

Note: if T= pedestrian, then “OBQT “ is pedestrian OBQ,
“BT “ is pedestrian BHCA, etc.
T : Type (Building; Vehicular; Pedestrian)

OBQ cont’d
OBQ total = OBQVoIP + OBQFTP + OBQVideo
Where:
OBQVoIP = OBQvehicular + OBQbuilding + OBQ pedestrian
OBQFTP = OBQvehicular + OBQbuilding + OBQ pedestrian
OBQVideo = OBQvehicular + OBQbuilding + OBQ pedestrian

OBQ cont’d

OBQ

Service Building Pedestrian Vehicular

Voip 1,400158616 0,5600634 0,252029
Video 2,940333094 5,2505948 1,008114
FTP 16,40810878 8,1675919 7,000793

∑ 20,74860049 13,97825 8,260936

OBQtotal= 20,74860049 + 13,97825 + 8,260936 = 42,98779

eNodeB Capacity
bit N symbol per subframe
PeakBitRate[ Mbps] xN subcarriers x
Hz 1ms

Modulation
Bandwidth (MHz)
QPSK 16 QAM 64 QAM
1.4 2.016 Mbps 4.032 Mbps 6.048 Mbps
3 5.04 Mbps 10.08 Mbps 15.12 Mbps
5 8.4 Mbps 16.8 Mbps 25.2 Mbps
10 16.8 Mbps 33.6 Mbps 50.4 Mbps
15 25.2 Mbps 50.4 Mbps 75.6 Mbps
20 33.6 Mbps 67.2 Mbps 100.8 Mbps

Site Calculation

• Site (L)
L = (50.4 x 3) / OBQtotal
= (50.4 x 3) / 42,98779 = 3,5172778 km2
50.4 Mbps ---> (asumption: using 64 QAM 1/1, BW = 10 MHz)

• Radius (d)
d = (L / 2.6 / 1.95) ^ 0.5
= (3,5172778 / 2.6 / 1.95) ^ 0.5 = 0,832912489 km

Site Calculation Con’t

• Number of eNodeB (M)
M = Lu / L
= 242,928 km2 / 3,5172778 km2
= 69,06704366

We use “Lu” JUST IN CASE we
count urban capacity only

Design Criteria

• Which Spectrum Licenses are Available?
• Is Coverage Area Urban or Rural?
• Are Existing Towers Available or Will Tower Construction be
Required?
• Applications - Fixed Solution vs. Mobility?
• CPE – Outdoor, USB Desktop, Dongle, or Handsets
• What Backhaul Options are Available?
• Product Availability and Number of Vendor Options?
• Ensure Design Reflects Goals for Geographic Coverage and
Broadband Speed?

700 MHz Band Plan

700 MHz – Lower Band 48 MHz; Upper Band 60 MHz
Most Blocks are 6 MHz, Allowing 5 MHz LTE Carrier
35% Build-Out Required by June 13, 2013 for A,B, & E
40% Build-Out Required by June 13, 2013 for Upper C

700 MHz Details

• Block A – 12 MHz Lower Band Paired
• Block B – 12 MHz Lower Band Paired
• Block C – 12 MHz Lower Band Paired and 22 MHz Upper Band
Paired
• Block D – 6 MHz Lower Band Unpaired (Video) and 10 MHz
Upper Band Paired (Public Safety)
• Block E – 6 MHz Lower Band Unpaired (Video)

700 MHz Spectrum Ownership

• Verizon – 22 MHz Upper C Block Nationwide (except Alaska
and U.S. Territories) and Scattered Lower A and B Blocks
• AT&T – Scattered Lower B and C Blocks (Mostly Metro Areas);
Purchasing Unpaired Lower D Block Nationwide and
Unpaired E Block in some Major Markets from QualComm
(for LTE Use)
• Sprint – No 700 MHz
• T-Mobile – No 700 MHz
• Regional Carriers – Lower B and C Blocks (Mostly Rural)
• Public Safety – 10 MHz Upper D Block

AWS Band Plan

AWS – Advanced Wireless Service; 1.7 GHz; 2.1 GHz
Blocks are 6 or 10 MHz, Allowing 5 or 10 MHz LTE Carrier
Substantial Service Build-Out Deadline is 2021

PCS Band Plan

PCS – Broadband Radio Service; 1.9 GHz

BRS/EBS Band Plan

BRS – Broadband Radio Service; 2.6 GHz

• EBS (Educational Broadband Service) was not licensed for commercial services,
although its use has been postulated for LTE in some markets.
• Due to current Band 7 ecosystem using FDD, BRS is of limited use until Band 41
TDD ecosystem becomes reality.

RF Design - RAN

• Using RF Analysis Tool, Determine Predicted Coverage Levels
and Aggregate Speeds Based Upon Technology and CPE
Selection
• Utilize Various GIS Data To Evaluate Possible Tower Sites
• Select First Choice Tower Locations in Populated Areas
• Select Additional Tower Locations to Fill in Rural Areas
• Identify Areas Where New Towers May Be Required
• Generate Site Search Rings When Necessary
• Analyze Results and Add or Delete Sites as Required

Service Area Of Interest

• Network Planning / Design Tools-GIS Software
• E911 Location Data
• Highway/Street Traffic Count Vector Data
• Minimum UL/DL Throughput Requirements
• Network Resource Locations

Propagation Tools

• Propagation Software Tools
• Integrated With GIS Software
• Target to Customer Design
• Backhaul (Microwave) Feasibility Tool
• Operations Reports to Assist with
Customer Service

Shaded Relief Showing Topography of Area

E911 Points for Potential Locations

Evaluate Network Objective
•Percentage of Projected Coverage Area
•Coverage of Major Thoroughfares
•Ability For Sites To Be Contiguous
•Fixed Locations and/or Mobile Devices

Network Parameters
•Technology Type
•Frequency Band(s)
•Network Backbone/Backhaul

Existing Cellular Coverage
in Planned Service Area

Coverage Objective for Planned Service Area

102

Establish Search Area Ring (SAR)

Search Area Ring (SAR)
Description:
Identify feasible sites for providing necessary coverage as to existing
network.

The SAR includes the following activities and deliverables:
• Importing target coverage zones
• Develop alternate search area rings
Base map indicating:
• RSA Boundaries
• E911 addresses (When Necessary)
• Existing Coverage
• Contours
• Topography
• Roadways
• Target and Propagation overlay demonstrating RF coverage as related to
target zones for specified frequencies.

Review Co-Location Possibilities

105

Establish Site Location

106

Projected Coverage
in Planned Service Area
•PERCENTAGE OF PROJECTED COVERAGE AREA
•COVERAGE OF MAJOR THOROUGHFARES

LTE Coverage Maps

LTE Downlink (USB Dongle) 2Mbps to 8Mbps
Four Towers with Five Mile Radius; Roughly 16 Miles x 16 Miles

LTE Coverage Maps

LTE Uplink (USB Dongle) 2Mbps to 6Mbps
Four Towers with Five Mile Radius; Roughly 16 Miles x 16 Miles

Backhaul

• LTE demands high-capacity backhaul
• Leased T1’s will prove inadequate
• Viable choices are fiber or microwave

Core Design

• Design Core Network Based Upon Projected Number of
Subscribers and Bandwidth Requirements
• Is VoIP Required or Data Only?
• Ancillary/OEM Solutions Needed
• Billing
• Network Management,
• Subscriber Provisioning
• Regulatory (E911, CALEA)
• Identify Existing Equipment Required to Interface
• Evaluate Building Feasibility Related to Redundant
Backhaul Facilities, Security, and Back-up Power

Technology Considerations

• 700 MHz is Fundamental Design Based Upon Coverage;
However, Bandwidth is Limited
• Reserve 700 MHz for Rural Areas that Require More Reach
but Serves Fewer Subscribers
• Use AWS, BRS, or PCS for Capacity in Populated Areas with
Shorter Reach

LTE vs. WiMax

• Although LTE and WiMAX are Similar in Technology,
Vendors have Moved Development Emphasis to LTE
• WiMAX has Less Vendor Competition Today
• LTE will have Longer Product Life and Future Prices are More
Likely to Decrease

Broadband Subscribers per 100 Inhabitants

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Denmark
Iceland
Netherlands
Finland
Switzerland
Korea
Norway
Hong Kong
Sweden
United Kingdom
France
Luxembourg
Germany
High GDP per Capita Markets

Brazil

Source: ITU
Dom Republic
Mexico
Peru
Venezuela
China
India
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
LTE and WiMAX: BB Penetration

Thailand
Lower GDP per Capita Markets

Vietnam
Algeria
Egypt
Morocco
Rwanda
South Africa
Tunisia
Zimbabwe

LTE and WiMAX: Positioning
LTE WiMAX
• To address capacity pressure in 3G networks To address underserved broadband connectivity
demand
• Full mobility is the value proposition Portability is the value proposition
• Geared toward developed markets Geared toward emerging markets
Relevant to emerging markets today
• Relevance to emerging markets not until 2015

APEJ Subscribers India: WiMAX Subscriber Growth
3,500
300,000

Subscribers in 000s
Subscribers in

250,000 3,000

200,000 2,500
000s

150,000 2,000

100,000 1,500
50,000 1,000
0 500
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
0
3G HSPA 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Source: IDC’s Asia/Pacific Mobile Wireless Tracker, 3Q08 Source: IDC Asia/Pacific, 2009

Technology Comparison

700 MHz WiMAX LTE
Downlink OFDMA OFDMA
Uplink OFDMA SC-FDMA
MIMO Supported Today 2x2 4x2 downlink, 1x4 uplink
Cell edge Soft frequency re-use Inter-cell
interference control Interference control
Mobility Hard handoff Full mobility
Microcells available Yes Yes
VoIP Support w/ optional core node w/ optional IMS core

Technology Comparison

700 MHz WiMAX LTE
Router CPE Yes Yes
USB Dongle CPE Yes Yes
Outdoor CPE Yes Yes
Smart Phones No Future
Built-in Laptop Support Not at 700 MHz Future
Vendors at 700 MHz One Five or More
Industry Group IEEE/ 3GPP
WiMax Forum

Bandwidth Efficiency

700 MHz LTE
Available Licensed Bandwidth (MHz) 6+6
Usable Bandwidth (MHz) 5+5
Spectral efficiency, downlink (bps/Hz) 1.67
Spectral efficiency, uplink (bps/Hz) 0.89
Average Throughput per 3-sector site, downlink (Mbps) 25.05
Average Throughput per 3-sector site, uplink (Mbps) 13.35
Loading Factor, downlink 70%
Loading Factor, uplink 60%

* Performance data is averaged from various vendors’ claims as of 2011.

Traffic Forecasting: Subscriber Traffic Model

700 MHz LTE
Traffic per Subscriber per Month (GB) 30
Downlink Traffic (%) 70%
Uplink Traffic (%) 30%
Hours in the Busy Period per Day 4
Percent of Daily Traffic Carried in Busy Period 25%
Downlink Busy Hour Traffic per Subscriber 97 kbps
Uplink Busy Hour Traffic per Subscriber 42 kbps
Subscribers Supported per Sector 60
Subscribers Supported per Base Station (3 sectors) 180
* Performance data is averaged from various vendors’ claims as of 2011.

Estimate of Investment
700 MHz LTE
Access Network
3-Sector Single-5MHz-Carrier Macro Cell $55,000
Investment per Subscriber $306
Core Network
Broadband Data-Only Core Network $3,000,000
Incremental for VoIP Core Network $1,400,000
CPE Terminals
Desktop/Fixed CPE $395
USB Dongle $200
* Pricing data is averaged from various vendors’ proposals as of 2011.

Pricing - Example Network #1

700 MHz LTE
Base Stations 50
Subscribers Supported 9000
Total Investment $9,827,500
Investment per Subscriber $1,092



700 MHz LTE
Base Stations 100
Subscribers Supported 18,000



700 MHz LTE
Base Stations 200
Subscribers Supported 36,000


Start to Finish Process

• Feasibility Study and Business Case
• Preliminary RF/Backhaul Network Design
• RFP Preparation, Proposal Analysis, and Contract Negotiation
• Site Acquisition and Lease Negotiations
• Permitting / Legal
• Detailed RF/Backhaul Network Design
• Project Management and Asset Management
• Construction Management
• As Built Drawings

LTE Deployment Business Consideration: When & How?

Relative Adoption of Technologies

3.9G

3G

2G

Rysavy Research projection based on historical data.

Different Deployment Scenarios for LTE

The reuse of existing 2G and 3G sites for NGMN will
keep site cost flat

FemtoCell technology is part of the solution.

Evolution of key concepts in SAE:
Closed Subscriber Group, access through Home-eNB

• Support for accessing the network through Home-eNBs
– H-eNBs can have closed cells and hybrid cells
• Basic architecture:

136

Femtocell Motivation

137

Most Mobile Data Use Occurs Indoors

Source: Informa’s Mobile Access at Home Report
138

Femtocell @ LTE

139

Sample Interference Issues

140

Ecosystem: Expected shorter time to market

LSTI - Taking LTE/SAE from Specification to Rollout
A viable Ecosystem is the key to success

Global LTE Commitments
25+ Operators in over 16 countries
Western Europe

Hutchison 3 - Ireland
North America Orange - France
Telecom Italia - Italy
Telia Sonera - Sweden
Aircell - USA Telia Sonera - Norway
AT&T Mobility – USA T-Mobile – Germany
Bell Canada - Canada ...
CenturyTel – USA
Cox - USA
MetroPCS - USA
Rogers Wireless - Canada
Telus - Canada
Verizon - USA
....
Asia-Pacific

China Mobile - China
China Telecom - Chna
KDDI - Japan
KTF - South Korea
New Zealand Telecom - NZ
NTT DoCoMo - Japan
Piltel - Philippines
SK Telecom - South Korea SmarTone-
Vodafone - Hong Kong
Telstra – Australia
Source. GSA March 2009 ....

Global LTE Commitments
Trials

• Verizon Wireless —2009 • TeliaSonera (Sweden, Norway) — 2010
• Telstra - 2009 • Hutchison 3 (Ireland) — 2011
• MetroPCS — 2010 • T-Mobile — 2011
• CenturyTel — 2010 • Orange — 2011
• Aircell — 2011
• China Mobile — 2011
• Cox — 2011
• China Telecom — 2011–2012
• AT&T Mobility — 2011
• Telecom New Zealand — 2011–2012
• NTT DoCoMo — 2010
• SK Telecom (operates both CDMA EV-DO
• KDDI — 2010
and WCDMA/HSPA networks) — TBD
• Rogers Wireless — 2010
• KT Freetel (operates both CDMA
• TELUS — 2010
EV-DO and WCDMA/HSPA networks) —
• Bell Canada — 2010
TBD
• Telecom New Zealand (operates both
CDMA EV-DO and WCDMA/HSPA networks) • Piltel — TBD
— 2010 • SmarTone-Vodafone — TBD

NGMN is built with strong industry consensus
A viable Ecosystem is the key to success

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