Vibrio cholerae is a bacteria that causes cholera, a severe diarrheal disease. It is a gram-negative, comma-shaped bacteria that has a single flagellum and survives in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Cholera spreads through contaminated food or water and causes watery diarrhea that can lead to severe dehydration and death if untreated. Diagnosis involves culturing a stool sample and treatment focuses on rapid fluid replacement through oral rehydration or intravenous solutions. Prevention emphasizes access to clean water, proper hygiene, and avoiding foods from cholera-affected areas.

1. BAC. FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
FST3201 BASIC FOOD MICROBIOLOGY
FOOD BORNE DISEASE – VIBRIO CHOLERAE
GROUP MEMBERS :
1. AW YING HONG 176485
2. SOFIA NADIAH BINTI HASHIM 178303
3. NUR ‘AIDA BINTI AMIR 178843
4. PUTERI NAZIFAH BINTI MEGAT ABU BAKAR 180705
5. MOHD ZAFREEN BIN SHAHRIL 180344

2. VIBRIO CHOLERAE - MORPHOLOGY
• Gram-negative bacteria
• comma-shaped
• has a flagella at one cell pole
• has very thin fibrous layer on the outside of
the outer membrane

3. There are numerous strains of V. cholerae, some of
which are pathogenic and some of which are not.
v. cholerae survives the high acidic environment of
the stomach, it will stick to the walls of the small
intestine and reproduce.
DO YOU KNOW ???

4. VIBRIO CHOLERAE IS A
FACULTATIVE ANAEROBE
A facultative anaerobe is an organism that makes ATP by aerobic
respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to
fermentation or anaerobic respiration if oxygen is absent.

5. WHERE IT CAN BE FOUND ???
• The cholera bacterium is usually found in or
that have been contaminated by faeces (poop) from a
person infected with cholera.

6. Poor Sanitation
Inadequate Hygiene
Inadequate Water Treatment
EASILY SPREAD DUE TO :

7. REPORTED CASES :
CHOLERA AND THE 2010 HAITIAN EARTHQUAKE
• The devastating 2010 earthquake in Haiti killed over
people. The survivors had to deal with the loss of loved ones,
rebuilding homes and seeking out a livelihood. Unbeknownst
to them, they also had to contend with an invisible microbe
that wreaked havoc in the aftermath of the earthquake. In the
two years following the earthquake almost a half a million
cases of cholera were reported and over 6,600 people died
of the disease in Haiti. This was the biggest outbreak of
cholera in over a century.

8. SYMPTOMS OF DISEASE
o Symptoms of cholera can begin as soon as a few hours or as long as
five days after infection.
o Often, symptoms are mild. But sometimes they are very serious.
o About one in 20 people infected have severe watery diarrhea
accompanied by vomiting, which can quickly lead to dehydration.
o Although many infected people may have minimal or no
symptoms, they can still contribute to spread of the infection

9. SYMPTOMS :
1. Diarrhea. Cholera-related diarrhea comes on suddenly and may
quickly cause dangerous fluid loss as much as a quart (about 1 liter)
an hour. Diarrhea due to cholera often has a pale, milky appearance
that resembles water in which rice has been rinsed (rice-water stool).
2. Nausea and vomiting. Occurring especially in the early stages of
cholera, vomiting may persist for hours at a time.
3. Dehydration. Dehydration can develop within hours after the onset
of cholera symptoms. Depending on how many body fluids have been
lost, dehydration can range from mild to severe. A loss of 10 percent
or more of total body weight indicates severe dehydration.

10. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DEHYDRATION
Heart
● Arrhythmia (Irregular heartbeat)
●Low blood pressure
Skin
● Loss of skin elasticity
● Dry and shriveled skin
Nasal
● Dry mucous membrane ( mouth,
throat, nose & eyelids)
● Extreme thirst
Muscle
● Muscle cramps
● Lethargy (lack of energy &
enthusiasm)
Behaviour
● Irritable (easily
upset)
Urinary System
● Little / no urine output

11. If the dehydration is not treated, it can lead to shock and
death in a matter of hours.

12. TREATMENT
• Main treatment: Fluid and Electrolyte Replacement (Hydration)
• Depending on how severe the diarrhea is, treatment will consist of
• oral or
• intravenous solutions
• Severe infections – dehydration occurs: antibiotics
• kill the bacteria
• reduce the duration of diarrhea by half
• reduce the excretion of the bacteria

13. • Rapid treatment with fluid and electrolytes :
- helps to prevent the spread of the disease.
- result in better outcomes while people with other health problems
beside cholera (those who are not rapidly replenished with fluid
treatments tend to have a poorer prognosis)

14. DIAGNOSE & DETECTION
• It is hard to distinguish a single patient with cholera from a patient
infected by another pathogen that caused acute watery diarrhea without
testing a stool sample.
• Diagnosis can be made by isolation of bacteria from diarrhea fluid on
selective medium(TCBS)
Vibrio cholera growing on TCBS

15. • The selective media :
Thiosulphate Citrate Bile Salt Sucrose (TCBS) Agar Plates is ideal for
isolation and detection.
• Reagents for grouping vibrio cholera are available in all state health
department.
• In area that has no laboratories equipment, the crystal VC dipstick
test can provide early detection and warning to public health that
cholera outbreak is occurring.
• Using culture-based method is more suitable for identification of
vibrio cholera

16. • Use and drink bottled, boiled, or chemically disinfected water for
daily activities
• Avoid raw foods
• Unpeeled fruits and vegetables
• Unpasteurized milk and milk products
• Raw or undercooked meat or shellfish
• Fish caught in tropical reefs, which may be contaminated
• Wash hands regularly with soap
• Avoid areas and people with cholera
PREVENTION

17. REFERENCES
• http://study.com/academy/lesson/vibrio-cholerae-symptoms-
treatment-and-morphology.html
• http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/index.html
• http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Vibrio_cholerae
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae
• http://www.medicinenet.com/cholera/article.htm
• http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/cholera-faq
• http://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+h
ealth+internet/health+topics/health+conditions+prevention+and+treat
ment/infectious+diseases/cholera
THANK YOU & HAVE A GOOD DAY !!! 