phonology interms of co articulation

1. Phonology and morphology
Postgraduate studies in Linguistics and communication
(Linguistics and Multilingualism department)
MA in regular program(2021/22)

2. What does co articulation means?
Before to talk about co articulation we must first talk about
ranking of consonant strictures. Ranking is from most closed
and constricted to most open and least constricted.(stricture is
how much air flow is restricted.)
Stop> trill> fricative> approximant> vowel.

3. Cont…
 co articulation is the idea that each speech sound is
affected by every other speech around it and each sound
slightly changing according to its environment.
 This implies that sounds take on qualities of other sound
that precedes or follow them – our articulatories either
anticipate the next sound or carry over qualities from the
prior sounds. We can not speak a single sounds.
 For example, words that have the vowel ‘a’ and a nasal
consonant /n/ or /m/, can ,man ,ham .[kæn] [mæn]
[hæm],On account of this, the vowel ‘a’ takes a nasal
quality which is completely changing.
[ten]= [tɛnӨ]

4. What does double articulation means in Phonology and
Phonetics?
 In double articulation there are two similtanues
articulation of the same rank, that is to say, of the
same degree of stricture
Hence, stop – stop, fricative – fricative or
approximant- approximant
 Some examples of double articulations are:- ˬkp,
dg,gb,pt,gk,bd
sk,sh,w

5. Cont…
 Double articulation – two primary places of articulation.
 One doubly articulates two consonants simultaneously
with two primary place of articulation. Those consonants
are also articulated with the same manner of articulaton.
Eg. /st/ stop
 Igbo- /gb/
 /akpa/- bridge
 /agba/-jaw
 /aŋmaa/ -painted body mark.
 /anget/ aŋət
who ‘ w’ is the only segment in the double articulation.

6. Why do languages use a
double articulation?
 Language can use double articulation to increase
the range of consonantal contrasts.
 Example , [w] – voiced labial –velar approximant.
Here is two points of articulation within one
consonant.
 The segment ‘w’ is the counter part of ‘u’

7. Secondary articulation
 Secondary articulation is an imposition of one
sound ,of one rank, imposed on another. The
primary stricture usually has more stricture and
secondary has less.
 Secondary articulation is usually an
approximant.
 A secondary articulation is an additional
articulation process that affects vowel or
consonant production.
Eg. sˁarf( Arabic) -meaning Exchange
 If a sound is produced with two places of
articulation, the secondary articulation is the point

8. Cont…
 There are different major types of secondary co
articulation. All are transcribed with diacritics.
These are:-
 labialization
 palatalization,
 velarization,
 pharangealization ,
 and nasalization.

9. Labialization
 Labialization (ᵂ) is the production of a sound with the lips
rounded. Vowels, semivowels, and some consonants
may be rounded.
 In Amharic –[ kᵂas]- ball –[ hᵂala]- after –[ tᵂ'af]-wax
taper [dᵂur] bush [tᵂom] ‘fasting’ and [k’ᵂulf] ‘key’
 In igbo- [akᵂa] –bed –[agᵂa]- behavior-[ŋᵂʊ]- die
 In swidish- [atᵂə]- man –[pᵂapə]- whirlwind
 In western Gurage-[ tidiirgᵂn] =---- hit it.
[tikatfᵂn] =---- chop it.
Ezha- [qᵂannasa]- break off piece
 in Arabic - /skᵂat/ - silence -[k’ ᵂns’i] flea in Tigregna
language

10. Palatalization
 Palatalization – hold tongue at [j] while producing primary
articulation.
 Is a phonological process in which consonants receive
a second palatal expression. or change their primary
position toward or approaching the palatal region( soft
palat)
Eg. In Russian –[pʲotr] –peter
In English- Leaf-[lʲí:f]
In Amharic- [dʲegg]-fine=[zʲema]- melody
-[dʲæfa]-problem
In Irish –[fʲi]- weaving , [nʲih]- wash= [tʲi]- about to

11. Velarization
 It holds tongue at velar approximant[ɜ] while
producing
The velar sounds
Eg. In English – feel-[fijlᵞ] hell-[ hԐɫ]
In Arabic- [dᵞaʔɪm]- hurting =[sᵞajf]- summer
In Irish – [bᵞi] yellow

12. Pharangealization
 Pushing back of tongues as down ward and
backwards as possible , as if swallowing while
producing primary articulation.
 Eg . Fresh-[tæˁzi]= in Armenia
 [hisˁair]- enclosure =Arabic
 oops /ˁ/ - /mud/-[tˁi:n]= Arabic
 Lo’o [loˁo] = in wolaytigna
 [bələˁə] -eat

13. Nasalization
 Generally co articulation with vowel made by
sending air through nasal cavity while producing
primary articulation.(˜)
 eg. Mum can
 [maňana] = in spanish