The document summarizes the history of printing from its origins in China, Japan, and Korea using woodblock printing techniques. It then discusses how printing spread to Europe via Marco Polo and was advanced through Johannes Gutenberg's development of the mechanical printing press in the 15th century. The summary discusses how the printing press increased book production and literacy, leading to new reading publics and religious and intellectual debates. It outlines how publishers attracted new readers and how print culture influenced movements like the French Revolution. Innovations like powered presses and offset printing are also mentioned.

1. MADATSST
&
MUKUND INGLE
PRESENT

2. Mr. Mukund B. Ingle

3.  Earlier books were printed in China, Japan and Korea.
 They used to print on rubbing paper inked surface of
woodblocks.
 That book used to be called ‘accordion book’ that was
stitched at one side.
 Calligraphers used to duplicate the books with their
superb skilled and craftsman.
 Imperial state in China used to appoint bureaucrats
through civil service exams and for those exams they
needed books. A book printing was sponsored by king.

4.  As the examination candidates went up,
demand of the books also increased.
 By the seventeenth century, book demand
diversified as print was demanded by
merchants, common people started reading as
leisure activities.
 This new reading culture was accompanied by
new western printing techniques and Shanghai
became the hub of new printing culture.

5.  Buddhist Missionaries introduced printing in japan by 768-770.
 A Buddhist ‘Diamond sutra’ is the oldest book printed in 868 had
only six pages.
 Pictures were printed on textiles, play cards and paper money.
 More visual material was printed in Japan and Edo became the
important publishing center.
 Illustrated collections of printed showing various topics such as
elegant urban culture.
 Libraries and bookstores were packed with hand written materials
with various topics.

6.  Europeans knew the paper making techniques
by 11th century, they came to know about the
woodblock printing by 1295 when Marco polo
took this technique from China to Italy.
 Still the books were printed by hand by skillful
scribes and very expensive ‘vellum’ written for
aristocrats.
 As demand of books increased, scribes were
appointed by booksellers to print more books.

7.  Copying was an expensive, laborious and time-consuming
business. Manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle, and could
not be carried around or read easily.Their circulation therefore
remained limited. So woodblock printing became famous within
short time.
 By early fifteen century, woodblock printing was widely used for
printing various things.
 Growing demand of books, increased the need of even faster
printing technique and the person who introduced the first
mechanized printing press was Johann Gutenberg.

8.  He was a son of Merchant and grew up in large agriculture farm
with wine and olive presses.
 He learnt various skills and expertized in creating lead molds and
then developed first mechanized printing press in Europe with the
help of olive press and molds to craft alphabets.
 He perfected the system in 1448, printed first book – Bible, total
180 copies. It tookThree years.
 This new printing technique could not replace hand work
completely as borders and illustration were done by hand.
 This new style of printing boosted the publication that increased
the no. of books from 20 million to 200 million.

9.  A New Reading Public:
 The new reading section increased due to availability of
the books in the market.
 Literacy rate was low and books were not printed in
vernacular languages so not everyone could read the
books.
 That developed the oral reading as they used to sit in
groups and listened the contains of the book.
 Publishers used to print famous collections and reading
used to be louder.

10.  Religious Debates and Fear of Print:
 Print created the possibility of circulation wide range of ideas and
introduced a new world of debate. Printing was done to the both side
of ideology and everyone was trying to persuade the people to do
action.
 Everybody had a fear of print, people would be rebellious and
irreligious, the authority valuable old literature would be destroyed
and people would stop respecting old authorities.
 Church used various methods to prohibit the people from reading.
Methods were as follow –Warning the people, pasted the list of
prohibited books and started punishing people who wrote against
church.

11.  Religious Debates:
 In 1517, Martin Luther wrote the 95 thesis and challenged
the church for open debate.
 He started with Protestant Reformation and led to division
in church.
 His printed books had a great demand and reprinted
immediately.
 He described print as the ultimate gift of God. Scholars
thought that print created the intellectual atmosphere
that led to the Reformation.

12.  Causes:
 Literacy rate increased
 Books became cheaper
 Opening of libraries
 Books were printed in vernacular languages

13.  How Publisher attracted new leaders?
 Appointment of peddlers
 Printing new books such as almanacs, ritual calendars, ballads
and folktales.
 In England, penny chap books
 In France, Biliothepue Bleue
 Started printing Romances from History
 The periodical press and Newspapers and Journals developed in
this period started helping Scientists andThinkers.

14.  Tremble therefore tyrants of theWorld:
 Scientists and Philosophers were now more accessible to
more people and they started printing new research and
new intellectual ideas.
 The Printing press became the most powerful engine for
the change and started motivating the people against old
tyrannical rule of church and autocracy.
 Mercier was convinced of the power of printing in bringing
enlightenment and destroying the basis of despotism.

15.  Print Culture and French Revolution:
▪ Many Historians believed that print created the
condition that favored to French Revolution.
▪ Print popularized the ideas of enlightened thinkers and
spread modern ideas.
▪ Bring the debate between old and new ideas.
▪ Printing was done against royalty and criticized their
morality.

16.  Children:
 As Primary education became compulsory, children
became important readers and school textbooks became
critical.
 A Children’s Press in France andThe Grimm Brothers in
Germany were important publishers during that time
doing lots of research on Fairytales and Folktales.
 What they collected used to be edited as the material
considered not to be suited for children to read.

17.  Women:
 Women became important reader during this time and
Penny Magazines were meant for them teaching them
proper behavior and housekeeping.
 Women started writing as there were many famous
women writer during that time such as Jane Austen, the
Bronte sisters, George Eliot.
 They started defining new type of women who had will,
strength of personality, determination and the power of
think.

18.  Workers:
 Lending libraries allowed workers to read as they
could not afford the book by themselves.
 Shorten working hours and time self-expression
and self-improvement allowed workers to write.
 Workers started writing political tracks and
autobiographies in large numbers.

19.  Innovations:
 Power driven cylindrical press invented by Richard Hoe gave chance to
print 8,000 sheet per hour and permitted newspapers to be printed
daily.
 Offset press was developed that could print six colours at a time.
 Electrically operated press accelerated printing operation.
 Methods of feeding improved, a quality of plates became better,
automatic paper reels and photoelectric controls of the colour register
were introduced.
 Periodical series of novels were introduced, in England, cheap Shilling
Series became common, the dust cover or book jacket was available
and during Depression cheap paperback edition were introduced.

20. THANK YOU