Class X history ppt

1. Print Culture and The Modern
World
Class : 10th
Subject : History

2. The First Printed Books :
•Earliest kind of the Print Technology was developed in China ,
Japan and Korea .
•From AD594 onwards , books in China were printed by
rubbing paper – also invented there – against the inked surface
of wood – blocks .
•The traditional Chinese ‘Accordion Book’ was folded and
stitched at the side .

3. Fig. 1.1 The Accordion Book

4. Calligraphy : The art of beautiful and stylish handwriting .
•By the 17th century , as urban bloomed in China , the uses of
print diversified .
•In late 19th century , as western powers established their
outposts in China , Shanghai become the hub of new print
culture , catering to the western – style schools .

5. Print in Japan :
•Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand printing
technology in Japan around AD768 – 770 .
•Diamond Sutra : It is the oldest book in Japan in AD868 ,
containing 6 sheets of text and woodcut illustrations .
•Edo : Old name of Tokyo .

6. Fig. 1.2 A page from Diamond Sutra

7. Print comes to Europe :
•In 11th century , Chinese paper reached Europe by Silk Route .
•In 1295 , Marco Polo returned to Italy from China and brought
the knowledge of woodblock printing in Italy .
•Italians began producing books with woodblocks and soon the
technology spread to the other parts of the Europe .

8. Fig.1.3 Silk Route :
The silk route was a series of
ancient trade networks that
connected Chine and the far
East with countries in Europe
and the Middle East . The route
included a group of trading
posts and markets that were
used to help in the shortage ,
transport and exchange of
goods . It was also known as
the Silk Road .

9. Vellem : A patchment made from the skin
of animals .
• As the demand increased , booksellers all over Europe
began exporting books to many different countries .
Limitations of handwritten manuscripts :
• Copying was expensive .
• Laborious .
• Time consuming .
• Difficult to be carried around or read .
• The breakthrough occurred at Strasbourg , Germany ,
where John Gutenberg developed the first known
printing press in 1430 s .

10. Fig. 1.4 Vellem

11. Gutenberg and Printing Press :
• From his childhood he had seen wine and olive presses .
• The olive press provided the model for the printing press and
moulds were used for casting the metal types for the letters
of the alphabet .
• By 1448 s , he perfected the system .
• The first book he printed was Bible . Around 180 copies were
printed and took 3 years to produce them .
• In 100 years between 1450 -1550 , printing presses were set up
in most countries of Europe .
• The 2nd half of the 15th century saw 20 million copies of
printed books “ Flooding the markets” in Europe .
• In 16th century , the no. went to about 200 million copies .

12. Fig. 1.5 John Gutenberg’s
printing press

13. Platen : In letter press printing , platen is a board , which is pressed into
the back of the paper to get the impression from the type . At once
time it used to be a wooden board , later it was made of steel .
The print revolution and it’ s impact :
 The new reading public :
 A new reading public emerged .
 Decrease in labour and time required to produce books .
 Availability of books increased .
 Decrease in the prices of books .
 Increase in literacy rate .
 Ballad : A historical account or folk tale in verse , usually sung
or recited .
 Taverns : Places where people gathered to drink alcohol , to be
served food and to meet friends and exchange news .

14. Fig. 1.6 An example of Ballad

15. Religious Debates and the Fear of print :
 Print created the possibility of wide circulation of ideas
and introduced a new world of debate and discussion .
 In 1517 , Martin Luther wrote 95 thesis criticizing many of
the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church .

16. Fig. 1.7 First page of the
1517 Basel printing of
the Ninety – Five Theses
wrote by Martin Luther
as a pamphlet .

17.  Protestant Reformations :
 A sixteenth - century to reform the Catholic Church
dominated by Rome .
 Martin Luther was one of the major protestant
reformers .
 Several traditions of Anti – Catholic Christianity
developed out of the movement .

18.  Print and Dissent :
 Stimulated many distinctive individual interpretations of faith even
among little – educated working people .
 In 16th century , Menocchio , a miller in Italy , began to
reinterpreted the message of Bible and formulated a view of God
and Creation that enraged the Roman Catholic Church . When ,
the Roman Church began it’s inquisition to repress heretical idea ,
Menocchio was hauled up twice and then executed .
 In 1558 , publishers began to maintain index of prohibited books
.
 Inquisition : A former Roman Catholic Court for identifying and
punishing heretics .

19. The Reading Mania :
• By the end of the 18th century , in some parts of Europe
literacy rate were as high as 60 to 80 percent . As literacy
and schools spread in European countries , there was “a
Virtual Reading Mania” .
• Ancient and medieval scientific texts were complied &
published , and maps and scientific diagrams were widely
printed .
 Chapbook : Pocket size book that are sold by travelling
pedlars called chapmen .
 Denominations : Sub – groups within a religion .

20. Fig. 1.9 A chapbook

21. ‘ Tremble , therefore , Tyrants of the World’ :
 Many believed that books could change the world , liberate the
society from despotism and tyranny , and herald a times when
reason and intellect world rule .
 Loise Sebartien Mercier , declared :
‘ The printing press is the most powerful engine of progress and
public opinion is the force that will sweep despotism away’.
 Mercier proclaimed :
“ Tremble , therefore , tyrants of the world ! Tremble before the
virtual writer !!”
 Despotism : A system of governance in which absolute power is
exercised by an individual , unregulated by legal and
constitutional checks .

22. Print Culture and the French revolution :
• Print popularized the ideas of enlightenment thinkers .
Collectively , their writings provided a critical commentary or
tradition , superstition and despotism .
• Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate .
• By the 1780 s , there was an outpouring of literature that
mocked the royalty and criticized the molarity . It raised the
questions about the existing of social order .

23. The Nineteenth Century :
 Children , Women and Workers :
 In 19th century , primary education became compulsory , children became an
important category of readers .
 A children press , devoted to literature for children alone , was set up in France
in 1857 .
 Grimm Brothers in Germany spent years compiling traditional folk tales gathered
from peasants and published in 1812 .
 Women became important as readers as well as writers .
 Penny magazines were especially meant for women , as were manuals teaching
proper behavior and housekeeping .
 Some best known novelists are : Tane Austen , Bronte Sisters and George Eliot .
 Defining a new woman : a women with will strength of personality ,
determination and the power to think .
 Workers wrote political tracts and autobiographies in large number .

24.  Further Innovations :
• By the mid 19th century , Richard M. Hoe of New York had
perfected the power driven cylindrical press and was capable
of printing 8,000 sheets per hour .
• In 1920 s in England , popular works were sold in cheap
series called the Shillong series .

25. India and the World of Print :
o Manuscripts before the Age of Print :
• Manuscripts were copied on palm ( caves or on handmade paper
).
• The pages would be either pressed between wooden covers or
sewn together to ensure preservation .
• Manuscripts were highly expensive and fragile .
• Even though pre – colonial Bengal had developed an extensive
network of village primary schools , students were often did not
read texts .
• Gita Govinda : Jayadeva .

26. Fig. 1.8 Cover page of
Sri Gita – Govinda
written by Sri Jayadeva
Goswami

27. Print in India :
The printing press first came to Goa with Portuguese
missionaries in mid sixteenth century .

28. Thank You .

29. Presented by :
Jashandeep Kaur
11th Arts
Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya ,
Fatehpur Rajputan ,
Patiala , Punjab .