2. Major Aspects
Different forms of Printing.
Print in China & Japan & Europe.
Gutenberg & his Press.
Print Revolution- Impacts & Problems.
Reading mania
Print & its impacts- France/ Russia/ India.
Printing- Women/ Children/ Workers.
India and the Age of Print.
New Forms of Publication.
Print & Censorship.
3. Instances or Examples of
print Forms.
News papers.
Magazines & Journals.
Official Circulars & Orders.
Digital Printing.
News Letters & Pamphlets.
Text Books.
Notice & Advertisements.
Photos/ Pictures/ Cartoons etc….
4. Earliest Form of Printing
Technology Developed
East Asian Nations like
> China.
> Japan.
> Korea.
6. Discuss- Earliest Printing
Technology in China
This was a system of hand printing.
AD.594 onwards books were printed in China on the base of this
system.
Wood blocks were curved by a learned carpenter.
Then wood blocks were inked and then paper was rubbed against
the inked wood block.
15. Purpose of the Earliest Text
books in China.
For to recruit the candidates in the bureaucratic system
of China through the Civil Service Examination.
17. IMPORTNACE OF SHANGHAI
It is Place in China.
Western printing techniques & mechanical presses
imported in China in later 19th centaury.
They established their outposts in China.
Shanghai became hub of modern print culture,
catering the western school.
It was a shift from hand printing to mechanical
printing.
18. Examin- In 17th centuary a
diversification happened in the field of
print in China
Up to 16th century, print used only by the Scholars for official
purpose.
From 17th century onwards merchants used print for to collect their
trade information.
Reading habit increased very much and it became a leisure activity.
A new readership formed in China.
Different forms of literature began to publish- Narratives, Poetry,
Anthopologies, Autobiographies & Literary masterpiece.
Women began to publish their poems & plays.
19. BUDDHIST DIAMOND SUTRA
Oldest Japanese Book.
Printed in AD.868.
It containing six sheets of paper.
It was a woodcut illustration.
21. When & Whom was
introduced Print in Japan.
The Buddhist missionaries introduced hand printing
technology in Japan from China.
They introduced around AD.768- 770.
22. Discuss- The Print in Japan.
Buddhist missionaries were introduced printing technology in Japan
from China around AD.768-770.
The oldest book in Japan was Buddhist Diamond Sutra.(Six sheet,
woodcut illustr).
Pictures were printed in- Texts, Play cards, money.
Medieval period- poets & prose writers regularly published their
works.
Books were cheap in price.
Later 18th century urban circles depicted lot of urban pictures about
their urban culture.
Libraries & Bookstores filled with various type books- woman,
musical instrument, calculation, tea ceremony, cooking, flower
arrangement, proper etiquette, places.
23. Type & Example of Printing
Wood Blocks Example of printing
24. Kitagawa Utamaro & Ukiyo
Kitagawa Utamaro born in Edo(Tokyo) in 1753
One of his major contribution was Ukiyo.
It is an art form its meaning was Pictures of the
floating World or depiction of ordinary human
experience especially urban one.
These prints travelled contemporary US and Europe.
It influenced the writers like Manet, Monet & Van
Gogh.
29. HOW PRINT TECHNOLOGYREACHED IN
EUROPE
From 11th centaury onwards paper from China reached in Europe
through trade routs.
It made the manuscripts carefully written by scribes(copy writers).
In 1295 Marcopolo, the great explorer reached in Italy after many
years of exploration in China.
From China he learned the technology of Wood Block Printing.
He introduced this in Italy.
From Italy the Wood Block Technology reached in all parts of
Europe.
30. Two Defects of Copying manuscripts
It is Expensive, Laborious and Time Consuming Business.
Manuscripts themselves fragile, awkward to handle and could not be
easy to carry and read easily.
31. Earliest Form of Print Technology in
the World level
Earliest kind dvpd……China, Japan and Korea.
Since 594 AD onwards China used W.B.P for print the text books.
Up to 16 century – used only by the Scholars.
In 17 century- merchants & common people began to use in their
every day life.
Around 768-770 Buddhist missionaries introduced W.B.P in Japan.
In 1295 Marcopolo, great explorer introduced W.B.P in Italy, he
gained this knowledge from China.
32. From Italy W.B.P reached in all parts of Europe.
The first printing press invented by Gutenberg in AD 1448.
It helped the printing of books in large number.
His novel printing machine occupied the position print World
around next 300 years.
The invention of printing press paved the way for to spread the
knowledge .
33. Gutenberg & his Press.
Before the invention of P.P, it was very difficult to spread knowledge.
The books were written by hand also they were very costly.
Knowledge was the privilege of the wealthy people only.
But this things changed after the invention of printing press.
The first P.P was set up Germany by Gutenberg in 1448.
34. He dvlpd metal types each of the 26 characters of the Roman
alphabet and devised a way of moving them around so as to
compose different words of the text.
His novel press came to be known as the moveable type printing
machine and it remained the basic print technology for the next 300
years.
His press could print 250 sheets on one side per hour.
The first book he printed was Bible.
37. Merits of Printing Presses
It enabled the people to produce the book greater speed.
The production of book in large number created a new culture of
reading and enlarged the number of readers.
38. Vellum Platen
A Parchment made
from the skin of
animals.
In letterpress printing,
platen is a board
which is pressed on
the back of the paper
to get the impression
from the type. At one
time it used to be a
wooden board; later it
was made of steel.
39. Ballad Taverns
A historical
account or folk tale
in verse, usually
sung or recited.
Place where people
gathered to drink
alcohol, to be
served food, and to
meet the friends
and exchange news
40. Questions…..
To find out different instances or examples of print forms.
In where was the earliest print technology developed in the World?
What is meant by Calligraphy?
For what purpose, the earliest text books were printed in China?
Write a short note on Buddhist Diamond Sutra?
Who was Gutenberg?
In which period printing presses were set up in most countries of
Europe?
41. How book in China printed from 594 AD onwards?
(or)
Briefly explain the method of Wood Block printing in China?
What led to the diversification in the use of print in China?
When and whom was hand printing technology introduced in
Japan?
Prepare a brief notes on Kitagwa Utmaro and Ukiyo.
Briefly explain the earliest print technology in Japan.
42. How the Wood Block printing reached in Europe?
(or)
To find out the role of Marcopolo in the print technology in Europe?
What were the two defects of copying manuscripts.?
How the printing presses helped the printing technology?
Briefly explain the earliest form and development of print
technology in the world?
To write a short notes on Gutenberg press.
To write a short notes on- Vellum & Platen.
44. Print Culture- Brought Enlightenment
and End Despotism in 17 th Century
in Europe
(or)
Print Tech: Contribution to Spread
Knowledge
(or)
“Printing is the Ultimate gift of God
and the greatest one”- Justify
45. Introduction
There is no denying the fact that the invention of print greatly
contributed the spread of knowledge.
Without this invention , all the progress that we see today was not
possible.
Printing is the ultimate gift of God and greatest one it is the word of
German reformer Martin Luther- what better words can be said in
favour of print.
46. Print Revolution & its Impacts
The P.R was not just a dvpt, a new way of producing book; it transformed
the lives of the people, changing their relationship to information and
knowledge and with institution and authorities.
It influenced the popular perceptions and opened a new way.
A new reading public emerged.
It reduced the cost of the Books.
The time and labour required to produce each book came down.
The multiple copies could be produced very easily.
Earlier reading was restricted to the common people, they lived in the
World of oral culture.
It created a new culture of reading.
47. But printing helped the books to reach in the wider section of the
society.
From a hearing public a new reading public emerged.
It improved the literacy rate of the Europe.
Especially in the religious field it created the wide circulation of ideas
and introduced a new world of debate and discussion.
Print materials persuaded the people to think differently and move them
to action.
The ideas of Scientists, Philosophers became more accessible to the
common people.
The writings of thinkers like Thomas Paine, Rousseau, Voltaire and
Montesqien influenced the people very much and these factors brought
Enlightenment and led to the end of despotism.
48. Conclusion
Most of the revolutions of the world, which ended despotism
and brought about Democratic govts in the World were much
because of the advancement of the print culture.
Without the spread of Education and knowledge, how could
such a transformation be possible.
49. Print- French Revolution
Print culture created the condition which brought about the French
Revolution 1789.
Print Culture laid the emphasis on the rule of reason rather than
custom.
First- Popularised the ideas of Enlightenment thinkers.
Thinkers like Rousseau, Voltaire and Montesque criticised the authority
of church and despotic power of the state through their writings..
They put forward the idea of Equality, Liberty and Fraternity.
This influenced the people very much
Second-Print culture created the atmosphere of dialogue and debate.
50. The norms, values & institutions were re- evaluated and discussed by
the public.
Such thing created the ground for social revolution.
The literature helped the people to criticise the monarchy and their
morality.
The cartoons and caicatures typically criticised the monarchy.
This process led to the growth of hostile of sentiments against the
ruler.
The print did not directly shapes the mood of the people, it open up
the possibility of thinking which could not possible without the spread
of print culture.
51. Compositor Galley
The person who compose
the text for printing.
Metal frame in which types are
laid and text composed.
53. Martin Luther
Give reason- he was in favour of print and spoke out in
praise of it.
(or)
Martin Luther said that ‘Printing is the ultimate gift and
the greatest one’- try to justify his statement
(or)
Write a note on Martin Luther and his contribution to
the protestant reformation.
54. Martin Luther
He was a great reformer of Germany, and started the reformation in
Germany.
In 1512 he went to Rome for pilgrimage.
In there he saw the Pope (Catholic head), and Italian prince were leading
very luxurious life.
The corrupt practices of the church and immoral life of the clergy men
brought a great change in his idea and he became an opponent of the
Pope.
He was a professor of Wittenburg university, and he refused the sale of
Indulgences bond.
Instead of this his objection against the Indulgences bond he wrote in
latin in the form of 95 statement, known as ninty five thesis and nailed
them in the door of the Church at Wittenburg.
55. Through this Luther laid great stress on faith and strongly opposed the
sale and purchase of the bond, a means of salvation.
He believed in the Bible and not in the Pope.
Luther’s thesis printed and widely distributed in Germany.
It created a great excitement everywhere.
A national church was formed in Germany, and prayers began to held in
German language.
It helped the formation of Reformation Movt in Germany
Luther’s translation of new Testament were sold 5000 copies within a few
week and second edition appeared within three month.
Deeply grateful to print and he remarked ‘Printing is the Ultimate gift of
God and greatest one’.
56.
57. Erasmus
Write a note on ‘Erasmus and idea of printed books’.
(or)
Who was Erasmus? Why is he remembered in history?
58. Erasmus
Erasmus (1466-1533), a great reformer of Holland, and pioneer of
reformation in Holland.
He was the foremost advocate of the new learning and was deadly
opposed to corrupt & immoral life of Pope and clergymen.
He severely condemned the evil practices and abuses of the church.
He was in favour of bringing reforms in church by peaceful means.
Pocket Dagger, Praise of Folly and New Testament are his famous works.
In the praise of folly, he denounced the abuses of the church very satiric
manner.
It has been rightly remarked ‘ the jokes of Erasmus did the pope more
harm than the anger of the Luther.
59. His word about the printing “ To what corner of the world do they not fly,
these swarms of new book? It may be that one here and there contributes
something worth knowing, but vey multitude of them is hurtful to
scholarship, bcz it creates a glut, and even in good things satiety is more
harmful…(printers) fill the world with books, not just trifling things (such as
I write, perhaps) but stupid, ignorant, slanderous, scandalous, raving,
irreligious and seditious book, and number of them is such that even the
valuable publications lose their vale.
60.
61. Protestant Reformation
A sixth century movt to reform the catholic church
dominated by Rome. Martin Luther was one of the
main Protestant reformers. Several traditions of anti-
catholic Christianity developed out of the movement.
62. Inquisition
Heretical
A former catholic court for
identifying and punishing
heretics.
Belief which do not follow
the accepted teaching of
the church. In medieval
times, heresy was seen as
a threat to the right of the
church to decide on what
should be believed and
what should not. Heretical
beliefs were severely
punished.
63. Satiety Seditious
The state of being fulfilled
much beyond the point of
the satisfaction.
Action, speech or writing
that is seen as opposing
the government.
64. Literacy rate & Print- Reading Mania
17th & 18th century literacy rate increased in almost all part of Europe.
Churches of different denominations set up schools in village, carrying
literacy to peasants & workers.
End of 18th century in some parts of Europe literacy rates were as high
60 to 80%.
As a result of high literacy and schools in Europe paved the way for a
virtual reading mania.
People wanted books to read & printers produced books in ever
increasing number.
65. New Forms of printed books
Europe-Almanacs or ritual calendars, along with ballads and folktales. (Book
sellers employed pedlars who roamed around village, carrying little book for
sale)
England- penny Chap Book (pocket size book)- carried by petty pedlars
known as chapmen, and sold for a penny.
France- Biliotheque bleue- low priced small book, printed on poor quality
paper, bound in cheap blue cover.
Romances- four to six pages
Histories- stories about past.
Combining information- current affairs & entertainment.
News paper & Journals- Wars, trade & dvpt of other places.
Ancient & medieval scientific texts were compiled & published
Maps & scientific digrams.
Scientists like Issac Newton- began to publish their discoveries.
Thinkers- Thomas Paine, Voltaire & Rousseau- widely printed & published.
67. Fear of Books
Why did some people fear the effect of easily available
printed books?
The Roman catholic church began keeping an Index of
Prohibited books from the mid 16th century
Briefly describe the fear of print in the 16th & 17th
century.
68. Fear of books
There were many people welcomed the printed books bcz they felt-
enlighten, educate, enhance their knowledge, end the despotism.
But some others not welcomed the printed books. They had many fears
about it.
There was no control over the printed materials, then rebellion and
irrational thought might spread.
Many monarchs feared that the printed books could lead to rebellions
against state authorities.
Many religious authorities felt that free print material can make the people
rebel against their cherished religions.
Roman catholic church troubled by such effects of popular reading &
questioning of the faith, imposed over control over publishers and book
sellers began to maintain an Index Prohibited books from 1558 onwards.
Many writers and artists began to fear that if no control is extended on the
printed material, the authority of the valuable liberation would be
destroyed.
69. Maxim Gorky
Revolutionary Russian author.
‘My Childhood and my University’- is one of his
famous work- describing his tiring circumstances
which faced as a poor boy in his childhood.
70. Louise Sebastien Mercier
Novelist- France- 18th century.
‘The printing press is the most powerful engine of
progress and public opinion is the force that will
sweep despotism away”.
He proclaimed- Tremble, therefore, tyrants of the
world ! Tremble before the virtual leader.
72. Print & Children
As a result of the mass literacy in Europe 19th century witnessed a new
readership- Children, Woman, Workers
In late 19th century primary Edn became compulsory, Children became
important category of readers.
Production of books became critical for the publishers.
A children press set up in France in 1857, devoted only for children.
Published new books as well as old fairy tales and folk tales.
The Grimm brothers in Germany spent lot of years for compiling traditional
folk tales from peasants and published in 1812.
Unsuitable things and vulgar to the elites were not included in the
publishing version.
Through this folk tales acquired a new form, print recorded old tales but also
changed them.
73. Print & women
Women became important readers as well as writers.
Penny magazines (1832-1835 from England) especially for
women, manuals teaching proper behavior, house keeping.
Novels began to written in 19th century women became
important readers.
Some best women novelists- Jane Austen, Bronte sisters &
George Eliot.
Their writings became important in defining a new type of
women- With will, Strength of personality, determination and
power to think.
74. Print & Workers
Lending libraries appeared from 17th century
19th – Lending libraries in England became instruments for
educating white collar, artisans and lower middle class
people.
Self educated people wrote themselves.
After working days the workers had spent some times for
self improvement and self expression.
They wrote political tracts and autobiographies in large
numbers.
75. Two new innovation- print
technology (Machines)
From 18th century- press made of metal.
Richard M. Hoe- New york – perfected power driven
cylindrical press- capable of printing 8000 copies per
hour.
In the late 19th century- off-set press was developed
which could print six colours at a time.
In 20th – electrically operated press
Methods of feeding paper increased, quality of plates
became better, automatic paper reels and
photoelectric controls of the colour register were
introduced.
76. New innovation- print forms
Printers and publishers continuously dvpd new strategies
to sell their product.
In 19th century periodicals serialised important novels-
which gave birth to particular way of writing novels.
1920- England- popular works were sold in cheap series
called shilling series.
The dust cover or book jacket was invented in 19th century.
During the time of great depression-1930 publishers feared
a decline in book purchase, to overcome this situation they
brought out cheap paper back editions.
78. Briefly describe- Print in India before the
period of print technology (or)
The period of Manuscripts
India had very rich and old tradition of hand written manuscripts- Sanskrit,
Persian and vernacular languages.
Manuscripts copied- palm leaves or handmade paper.
Pages were illustrated beautifully.
They would be either pressed wooden covers or sewn to ensure the
preservation.
It produced till to the introduction of print (Late 19)
Manu scripts had lot of limitation.
Pre colonial Bengal, dvpd an extensive network of village primary school,
students very often did not read texts, they know only write.
Teachers dictated the portion from memory and students wrote them
down.
79.
80.
81. Hafiz & Diwan
He was a 14th century poet.
His collected work are known as Diwan.
Its peculiar feature of his work was beautiful
calligraphy , elaborate illustration and design.
82.
83.
84. How the Print tech reached in India
The Portuguese missionaries introduced print tech in India in the
mid-16th century.
The first press set up in Goa.
Jesuit missionaries printed tracts in Konkani language.
By 1674, about 50 books had been printed in Konkani and Kanara
languages.
In 1579 Catholic priests - First Tamil books at Cohin.
In 1713 they were printed- First Malayalam book.
In 1710 Dutch protestant missionaries printed 32 Tamil texts- most
of them were translated works.
The English East India Company imported press- 17th
85.
86. August Hickey & Bengal Gazette
(or)
Role of Hicky in Indian print history
In 1780- James Augustus Hicky began to edit the ‘Bengal Gazette’.
It was a weekly magazine that described itself as ‘a commercial
paper open to all, but influenced by none’
It was a private English enterprise, proud of its independence from
colonial India, that began English printing in India.
He published lot of Advts including related to import and sale of
slaves.
But also he published lot of gossips about EIC senior officials in
India.
87. So Governor general Warren Hastings had persecuted Hicky and
banned his press.
EEIC officially ay allowed some news papers only to carry the
information to the people.
18- number of news paper and journals appeared in print.
Indians began to publish Indian News papers.
The to appear was the weekly Bengal Gazette, brought out by
Gangadhar Bhattacharia, who was close to
Ram Mohan Roy.
88.
89.
90. The Role of print in In the
Religious Reforms of India
Early- 19, intense religious debates emerged in India
Variety of interpretations formed about the belief of different religions.
Some reformers criticised exciting practices of religions, some others
countered the arguments of reformers.
These debates carried out in public by print.
Printed tracts and N.P not only spread the ideas, they shaped the nature
of the debates.
A wider public participated in this debates and expressed their views.
New ideas emerged through this clashes.
91. Early News Papers- Religious Reforms
News papers conveyed news from one place to another.
Some intense controversies- between Relig & Soci reformers and Orthodox
Hindu believers- Widow immolation, Monotheism, Brahmanical priesthood
and idolatry.
Bengal- N.P and tracts circulated various arguments.
Ram- Sambad Kaumudi- 1821
Hindu orthodox- Samachar Chandrika- oppose his opinion.
1822- Persiann News paper- Jam-i-Jahan Nama & Shamsul Akbar.
1822- Gujarati N.P- Bombay Samachar.
92. Role of print- Muslim Reformation
In North India- Ulama (Legal Scholars of Islam) anxious about the
collapse of Muslim dynasty
They feared colonial rulers make changes in the Muslim personal laws.
To counter this- used cheap lithographic press, published persian and
urdu translation of holy scripturess and they printed N.P and tracts.
The Deoband seminary- 1867, thousands upon thousands fatwas telling
muslim readers how to conduct themselves in their everyday lives, and
explaining the meaning of Islamic doctrines.
19- Muslim seminary and sects- with different interpretation of faith
Urdu printing helped them conduct these battles in public
93. Religious Books- Hinduism
Religious texts reached very wide circle and encouraged the people-
discussion, debate and controversies within and among different
religion.
Among Hindu Print encouraged the reading of religious texts especially
in Vernacular language.
The first printed edition of Ramacharitmanas of Tulasidas- 16 th century
text from Calcutta-1810
Mid 19- cheap lithographic editions flooded- North Indian market.
From 1880- Venkateswar press in Bombay & navi Kishore press in
Lucknow- published religious texts in vernacular language.
It could be read out to large groups of illiterate men and women.
94. Ulama Fatwa
Legal scholars of Islam and
the Sharia ( A body of
Islamic Law)
A legal pronouncement on
Islamic law usually given by
a Mufti (legal scholar) to
clarify issues on which the
law is uncertain.
95. William Bolts and his notice
(168)
Krishnaji Trimbuck and his Marathi News
Paper (170)
96. New Forms of Publication- India
Printing created- New kind of writing.
More people could now read, they wanted to see their own lives,
experience, emotions and relationship reflected in what they read.
Novel: literary form developed in Europe, ideally catered their needs.
It soon acquired distinctively Indian forms and styles.
It opened up new worlds of experience, and gave a vivid sense of the
diversity of human lives.
Other new literary form- lyrics, short stories, essays about social and
political matters.
Different ways, reinforced the new emphasis on human lives and
intimate feelings, about the political and social rules that shaped such
things.
97. Print and Visual Culture
End 19- New visual culture emerged.
Increasing number of press- visual images could be easily reproduced
in multiple copies.
Raja Ravi Varma- produced images in mass circulation.
Poor wood engravers who made wood blocks set up shop near the
letter presses, and were employed print shops.
Cheap prints, calendars easily available in the bazzar- poor used this to
decorate their house and working place.
These prints shaped the idea of modernity, tradition, religion and
politics, and society and culture.
98.
99.
100. Cartoon and caricatures
1870 onwards- cartoon and caricatures were published in N.P,
Journals- Social & political issue.
Some caricatures ridiculed the educated Indians fascination with
western tastes and clothes and others expressed the fear of social
change.
Imperial caricatures lampooning (ridiculed) nationalists as well as
nationalist cartoons criticising imperial rule.
101. Role of Women in Print Technology
Lives and feelings of women began to written vivid and intense way.
Women’s reading increased- Middle class families.
Liberal husbands and fathers- began to educate their children and
send them to school.
After mid 19- Women’s schools- cities and towns.
Journals- carried the writings of Women, and explained why women
should be educated.
They carried a syllabus and attached suitable reading matter which
could be used for home based schooling.
102. Social reforms and novels created a great interest in what women
would have to say about their own life.
Urdu, Tamil, Bengali, Marathi print- dvpd earlier.
Hindi printing- 1870, promoted women education.
Early 20- journals- written and edited by women, became extremely
popular.
They discussed- women’s Edn, Widowhood, widow remarriage and
national movt.
Some of them offered- household, fashion lessons, entertainment
through short stories and seralised novels.
103. Coservative families-
Muslims &Hindus
All families were not liberal.
Conservative Hindus believed that a literate girl would be widowed.
Muslims feared that educated women would be corrupted by reading
Urdu romantic poems.
However some times rebel women defied such prohibition.
Story of Muslim girl (page 172)
Story of Hindu girl (page 172)
Amar Jiban autobiography in 1876. first full length autobiography in
Bengal
104. Women Writers in India- Early period
Social reforms and novels had already created a great interest in women
lives and emotions
1860 onwards Bengali women like- Kailashbashini Debi- highlighting the
experience of women about how women were imprisoned at home, kept
in ignorance, forced to do hard domestic labour and treated unjustly by
the very people they served.
1880- Maharashtra- Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai- passionate
anger about the miserable lives of
upper caste Hindu women, especially widows.
Tamil Woman- through novel expressed what reading meant to women
who were so greatly confined by social regulations : “for various reason,
my world is small…… more than half my life’s happiness comes from
book”.
105. Punjab- Related with women
Early 20- Folk litterature widely printed.
Ram Chaddha published fast selling- Istri Dharm
Vichar- teach women how to be obedient wives.
The Khalsa Tract Society- cheap booklets with similar
message.
Many of them- dialogues about the qualities of a good
women.
106. Bengal and print
Entire area in central calcutta- the Battala- devoted to
the printing of popular books.
Available- cheap editions of religious tracts and
scriptures as well as literature that was considered
obscene and scandalous.
Late 19- Books were being profusely illustrated with
woodcut and coloured lithographs.
Pedlars took the Battala publications to the home,
enabling women to read in their leisure times.
107. Print and Poor People.
From 19th- very cheap small books were available in the market.
In Madras town and sold at cross road, allowed poor people
travelling to market and buy them.
Early 20th- Public libraries- expanded the access of the book.
These libraries were set up in Cities, Towns and prosperous villages.
For rich local patrons, setting up libraries was a way for acquiring
the knowledge. (Role early libraries in India).
108. From late 19th- issue of caste discrimination began to be wrote in many
printed tracts and essays.
Jyotiba Phule- the Maratha pioneer of low caste protest Movt, the
injustice of caste system – Gulamgiri (1871)
In 20th- Dr.B.R Ambedkar (Maharashtra) and E.V Ramaswamy Naicker
(Madrass)- better known as Periyar wrote powerfully on caste and their
writings were read by people all over India.
Local protest Movts and sects also created a lot of popular journals and
tracts criticising ancient scriptures and envisioning a new and just
future. (Role of print- Caste Sysytem).
109. Factories were too overworked and lacked the Edn to write much about
their experiences.
Kashibaba- Kanpur millworker- wrote and publiished Chhote Aur Bade
Sawal in 1938 showed the caste and class exploitation.
Sudarshan Chakr- Kanpur Millworker- wrote poems (1935-1955)-
collected work- Sacchi Kavitayan.
1930- Banglore cotton millworkers setup libraries to educate
themselves.
The social reformers tried to excessive drinking and bring literacy and
sometimes propagated the idea of nationalism. (millworkers)
110. PRINT AND
CENSORSHIP
CAUSES – CENSORSHIP
MAJOR PRESS LAWS
VERNACULAR ACT- 1878
ROLE OF NEWSPAPER IN INDIAN
FREEDOM STRUGGLE (GROWTH OF
NATIONALISM)
LIJIN GOLDEN
111. CAUSES OF CENSORSHIP (OR)
WHY THE BRITTISHERS TRIED TO CONTROL
THE INDIAN NEWS PAPERS
Before 1798- EEIC was not too much concerned with the censorship.
But the Englishmen in India who were critical of Company misrule and hated
the actions of particular company officers.
The company was worried that such criticism might be used by its critics in
England to attack its trade monopoly in India.
So that company decided to control print materials in India
112. Press Laws and Governor
generals
1820- Calcutta Supreme Court passed certain regulations to control
press freedom and the company began to encouraging publication of
newspapers that would celebrate British rule.
1835- faced urgent petitions by editors of English and vernacular
newspapers, Governor General William Bentinck agreed to revise press
laws.
Thomas Macaulay, liberal colonial officer formulated new rules that
helped the early freedom struggle.
113. Vernacular press Act -1878
After the revolt of 1857, the attitude of freedom of press changed.
English people demanded to reduce the freedom of the Native press.
Colonial Govt began to take stringent control on Indian Newspapers.
In 1878- a Vernacular press act was passed, modelled on the Irish press
Laws.
It provided the Govt with extensive right to censor reports and editorials in
the vernacular press.
114. The Govt kept regular track of the vernacular newspapers published in
different provinces.
A report was judged as seditious, the newspapers was warned and if
the warning is ignored, the press was to be seized and the printing
machinery confiscated.
115. Attitude of Indian Newspapers- Indian
Freedom Struggle (or) How the News
papers strengthened Indian freedom
struggle.
Despite repressive measures, nationalist newspapers grew in
numbers in all parts of India.
They reported colonial misrule and encouraged the nationalist
movt.
Attempts to the nationalist criticism provoked militant protest.
This led to a renewed cycle of persecution and protest
116. When Punjab revolutionaries were deported in 1907, Balgangadhar
Thilak wrote great sympathy about them in Kesari.
This led to his imprisonment in 1908, provoking in turn widespread
protests all over India
118. Instances or Examples of Print forms- Newspaper, journals, magazines,
Digital prints, pamphlets etc……..
Earliest print technology Developed-
China, Japan, Korea
119. CHINA/ JAPAN/ EUROPE
CHINA : - Woodblock/ Hand printing
- Calligraphy
- Purpose of earlier book
- Importance of Shanghai
- 17- Diversification (New readership, Merchants, New forms of
book, Women writers)
120. JAPAN : - Buddhist Diamond Sutra
- Introduction of print technology
- Features
- Kitgawa Utmaro & Ukiyo
Europe : - Introduction
- Marco Polo
- Two defects of Manuscripts
121. Gutenberg & Press : Early life
: His invention
: Features of his press.
Earliest form of print technology in the World
Earliest- China, Japan, Korea
Wood block/ hand printing
China---------------------------
Japan--------------------------
Europe------------------------
Gutenberg-------------------
122. Merits of printing press
- reduced labour/ time/ cost
- Speed of production
- Available of Books
- wider circulation
Impacts of print revolution/ Spread of knowledge/ Enlightenment and ended
despotism/ It is a great gift from God
- Introduction
- Impacts/ merits
- Conclusion
123. Role of Print in the French Revolution
- Ideologies
- Philosophers
- Newspapers and books
New Innovations in the print technology
- Metal press
- Richard M Hoe- Power driven cylindrical-8000
- 19- Offset press
- 20- Electrically operated press
- Feeding paper, Platen, Automatic paper reels.
124. Children : Primary Edn/ Schools started different
denominations/ Children press/ Folk tales/ Grimm brothers.
Woman :Penny Magazines/ Novels/ Novelists/ New types
of woman.
Workers : Lending Libraries
After their working days
Self Edn/ Self improvement
Political and religious tracts.
125. Print & Religion
MARTIN LUTHER - Germany/ Catholic priest/ Indulgence Bond
and corruption/ 95 thesis/
translated Bible/ Greatest gift-----------
ERASMUS - Holland/ against evil practice/ Against over
production of book/ his statement.
Catholic church and Despotic rulers feared the print, fin out the reasons?
126. New Forms of Print : Europe - Almanac
: England- Chap Book
:France – Biliotheque Bleaue
: Romantic/ Historic
: Newspapers/ Journals
: map/ Diagrams
: Issac Newton- Scientific
: Philosophers
Reading mania- Primary edn, Literacy rate, Schools, Libraries,
virtual reading emerged.
127. INDIA AND PRINT
Before the age of print (or) age of manuscripts
Palm leaves
hand made paper
Illustrated beautifully
Wooden cover for preservation
Limitation of Manuscripts
Haffiz and Diwan
128. INTRODUCTION OF PRINT TECHNOLOGY
Portuguese missionaries- Goa
Jesuit and Catholic Missionaries
Dutch period
Dutch protestant missionaries
E E C- imported printing machine.
Augustus Hicky and his Bengal Gazatte
129. PRINT TECHNOLOGY AND RELIGIOUS REFORMATION
EARLIEST NEWS PAPERS IN INDIA
PRINT- MUSLIM REFORMATION
PRINT HINDU REFORMATION
CONSERVATIVE APPROACH- MUSLIM AND HINDU
130. NEW FORMS OF PRINT
Novels
Short stories/ essays
visual culture
cartoon and caricatures
PRINT AND WOMAN
WOMAN WRITERS IN INDIA
PRINT- BENGAL
PRINT- PUNJAB
131. PRINT AND POOR PEOPLE
Libraries
Lower class leaders
Mill workers
Short Questions
Maxim Gorky/ Vellum/ Platen/ Ballad/ Taverns/ Compositor/ Galley/
Denomination/ chapbook/ chap man/ Despotism/ Inquisition/
heretical/ Satiety/ Seditious/ Ulama/ Fatwa
132. Print and Censorship in India
Causes behind the introduction of the censorship
Press Laws/ Governor Generals
Vernacular press Act 1878
Role of Newspaper and print in the Indian freedom struggle and
Nationalism
134. Total Question- 10 Time : 7 mts
1. A former Roman Catholic court for punishing the heretics is
known as-----------
2. Who wrote 95 thesis against Catholic church?
3. One of the important feature of offset press is-------
4. What was the ancient name of Tokyo?
5. What is the importance of Buddhist Diamond Sutra?
6. Write the name of two best known women novelist in the
world in the 19th century
7. To write the name of one persian news paper in 19th century
8. Name of the paper started by Bal Gangadhar Thilak
9. When did the French revolution take place?
10. Name and year of an Act passed by British government to
control the vernacular newspapers
135. Question : 10 Time : 8 mts
11. To write the two names of women writers in India
12. Who was E.V Ramaswamy Naicker?
13. Who wrote my childhood and my university?
14. To write one defects of Manuscripts?
15. Who were scribes?
16. Who developed first known printing press?
17. Who started Sambad Kaumudi in 1821?
18. Why was Tilak arrested in 1908?
19. To write a note about Dr.B.R.Ambedkar.
20. Who was the great reformer in Holland?
136. Question : 10 Time : 7 mts
21. Who said the fight for swaraj is a fight for liberty, liberty of
press and freedom of association?
22. To write one reasons in behind of the introduction of
censorship by British in India.
23. What was the feature of chap book?
24. What is Biliotheque Bleu?
25. Who introduced print technology in Europe?
26. Give some instances of print forms?
27. Who wrote Amar Jiban?
28. Who was Kailashbashini?
29. Who wrote Gulamgiri?
30. Who wrote Chhote Aur Bade ka Saval?
137. Question : 10 Time : 13 mts
31. To find out the names of Governor Generals in India favour for the
press freedom?
32. Who was Augustus Hicky?
33. Importance of Raja Ravi Varma in Indian Print history?
34. What was the approach of conservative Hindu family regarding
with the Girls education?
35. Who feared that the women become corrupt through the reading
of Urdu?
36. Which were the new forms of print appeared in India in 20th
century?
37. Meaning of calligraphy?
38. What was the major evil practice prevailed in the Catholic church?
39. Purpose of earliest text book in China?
40. To write six sentence about the impact of print revolution.