4. Sentence is something that express complete thought.
Examples:
● We walk in the park.
● our walk in the park
● for us to walk in the park
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5. ● our walk in the park
We enjoyed our walk in the park.
● for us to walk in the park
It’s not too late for us to walk in the park.
The semantic content shared by the three expression is a
proposition.
We walk in the park.
We don’t walk in the park.
Do we walk in the park?
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6. A proposition can be expressed in different sentences.
Examples:
● Helen put on a sweater.
(same proposition)
● Helen put a sweater on.
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7. ● Richard wrote the report.
● Richard is the one who wrote the report.
● The report was written by Richard.
● The report is what Richard wrote.
They express a single proposition but they differ in focus.
A proposition can be realized as several different sentences.
● Richard wrote a report and Helen did, too.
The sentence contains two propositions.
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8. Proposition is something abstract but meaningful.
walk
walked
are walking
● We have walked in the park.
may walk
would have walked
could be walked
An English sentence has certain kinds of modification called inflection.
Inflection includes tense ( walk, walked), aspect (are walking, have
walked), and modality (may walk, could walk).
Inflection + Proposition (+Focus)
Tense
Aspect
Modality
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9. The description of a sentence is syntactic analysis.
The description of a proposition is a semantic analysis.
Subject Predicate Object Adverbial
A window broke.
Albert sent e-mail to his friend.
Subject Predicate Complement
I am thirsty.
Hector is afraid of the dark.
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10. In semantic analysis every proposition contain one predicate and
varying number of referring expression called arguments.
● { break, a window}.
● {thirsty, I}.
● {break, Tom, a window}.
● {afraid-of, Hector, the dark}.
Predicate
argument argument argument
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12. The meaning of a predicate is determined by how many arguments it
may have and what their roles.
● A window broke.
● A plate broke.
Syntactically called the subject.
Semantically called the affected.
● Tom broke a window.
● Harry broke a plate.
Syntactically called the object.
Semantically called the affected.
It called the agent.
a window
a plate
a window
a plate
Tom
Harry
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13. An account of the number of the arguments that a predicate has is
called the valency of the predicate.
The valency theory is a description of the semantic potential of
predicates in terms of the number and types of arguments.
● A window broke.
● Tom broke a window.
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15. Examples :
● It is snowing.
● It has been thundering (in the west).
The subject (it) doesn’t name anything.
The sentence has a subject because English requires a
subject, but this subject doesn’t correspond to anything in
the underling proposition.
Examples:
● It’s windy (today).
● It was rainy (all last month).
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