The group is researching alternative clean energy solutions from poultry waste through anaerobic digestion to produce biogas. Biogas is composed primarily of methane and can be used as fuel. The digestion process occurs in a digester where bacteria break down organic waste into methane and fertilizer over 20-30 days. A real example farm with 50,000 birds estimates constructing a 27ft diameter digester tank to process over 100,000 gallons of manure and water daily. While the process requires safety precautions and upfront costs, it provides renewable energy and economic benefits while improving waste management and public health.

1. GROUP:
LUIS AMARO
ISTVAN LÓPEZ
VICTOR SERRANO
MANUEL FONTÁN

2. Research Purpose:
 Find alternative solutions or remedies for producing clean energy from poultry waste
 Through data, we will evaluate if there is any possibility to use bio-gas as an economic fuel
 Analyze its composition and properties
 Describe and illustrate the process for producing bio-gas
 Provide an example involving the Carnot Cycle (an ideal cycle with zero irreversibility)
 Provide a study for public health
General analysis of producing energy through bio-gas

3. Benefits of using poultry waste as fuel:
 Properly convert waste into eco-friendly energy which will improve economical issues
 Improve general community well being
 Prevents the propagation of diseases, mosquitoes, flies, and other pests
 Low cost for machinery maintenance because of its simple process
 During anaerobic digestion, organic nitrogen is converted into a more-valuable fertilizer, ammonium
 Independent of rising fuel costs, it is a predictable and, almost, constant energy production and costs
Beneficial process because it improves various aspects of society

4. Bio-gas Composition:
Gas Properties Composition Porcentage Molecular Weight
Methane (CH4) 60% 16.04 lb/lbmol
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 35% 44.01 lb/lbmol
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) 1.67% 34.08 lb/lbmol
Ammonia (NH3) 1.67% 17.03 lb/lbmol
Water Vapor (H20) 1.67& 18.02 lb/lbmol
Bio-gas is composed of various compounds (mostly methane gas)

5. What is methane gas?
 Methane gas (CH4) is a chemical compound that is a principal component of natural gas due to
its simplest alkane
 Most potent greenhouse gas with over 20 times the heat-retaining capacity as CO2.
 Burns easily and produces a hot flame
 Odorless, harmless, and tasteless
 Good source to use as a fuel
A chemical compound highly useful for combustion

6. Precautions and Cons of process:
 Requires expertise and skills for anaerobic digesters
 Manure and digestive system must be compatible
 Requires much waste for it to be feasible
 Methane can be dangerous if mixed with air
 Methane leaks are difficult to detect because it is odorless, colorless, and it’s not visible
Requires additional work and precautions

7. How methane gas is produced naturally?
Production of methane is a natural occurring process

8. What is a digester:
 They are typically constructed from concrete or steel
 Most digesters require 20-30 days for the bacteria to convert the organic wastes into acids
and then methane gas
 The bacteria in a digester are very sensitive, requiring a pH of 7 and a consistent
temperature near 35o C
 Some use a cogeneration in which heat is added to accelerate the process
Digester is the principal and one of the most important component of the process

9. Process for decomposition of the bio-gas

10. Problem Proposed:

11. Engineering Process:
Carnot Cycle

12. Engineering Process Continued:
 Defining the system
 Dividing the Cycle into 4 processes
-Process 1-2
-Process 2-3
-Process 3-4
-Process 4-1
 Applying Energy Balance Equation (First Law of Thermodynamics) to obtain heat transfer and
work in each process
Total work for the cycle will be obtained by the summation of each work in each process

13. Process 1-2:
P = 10 Bar
T = 179°C = 452K Process is Isobaric and Isothermal
m = 25kg of 𝐻2 𝑂 It goes from saturated liquid to saturated vapor
ν 1=1.1273x10−3 𝑚3
𝑘𝑔
𝑢1=761.81
𝐾𝐽
𝑘𝑔
ℎ1=762.81
𝐾𝐽
𝑘𝑔
ν 2=0.1944
𝑚3
𝑘𝑔
𝑢2=2,583
𝐾𝐽
𝑘𝑔
ℎ2=2,778.1
𝐾𝐽
𝑘𝑔
𝑊1−2 = 1
2
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑝 𝑣2 − 𝑣1 = 10𝑥105 𝑁
𝑚2 0.1932727
𝑚
𝑘𝑔
= 193.2727
𝐾𝐽
𝑘𝑔
𝑄1−2 = 𝑚 ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 50,382.25𝐾𝐽

14. Process 2-3:
Steady State→ = 𝑄 𝑐𝑣 − 𝑊𝑐𝑣 + 𝑚𝑖 ℎ𝑖 − 𝑚 𝑒(ℎ 𝑒) 𝑥3 = 90%
Adiabatic
𝑃3 = 1 Bar 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 99.63°∁
𝑄 𝑐𝑣 = 0
𝑊𝑐𝑣 = 𝑚 328.404
𝐾𝐽
𝑘𝑔
𝑚 = 1
𝑘𝑔
𝑠
𝑊𝑐𝑣 = 328.404
𝑘𝐽
𝑠

15. Process 3-4:
𝑄3−4 =
𝑇𝑐
𝑇 𝐻
𝑄2−1 𝑄2−1=2,015.2900
𝐾𝐽
𝑘𝑔
𝑇 𝐻 = 453𝐾 𝑇𝐶 = 373𝐾 P=1Bar
𝑄3−4 =
𝑇 𝐶
𝑇 𝐻
−2,015.29
𝐾𝐽
𝑘𝑔)
= −1,659.3889
𝐾𝐽
𝑘𝑔
ℎ4 = ℎ3 + 𝑄3−4
ℎ4 = 790.3071
𝐾𝐽
𝑘𝑔

16. Process 4-1:
Q = 0
𝑣4 = 0.2369
𝑚3
𝑘𝑔
𝑢4 = 708.3215
𝐾𝐽
𝑘𝑔
𝑣1 = 1.1273𝑥10−3 𝑚3
𝑘𝑔
𝑢1 = 761.68
𝐾𝐽
𝑘𝑔
𝑊4−1 = 𝑢4 − 𝑢1
𝑊4−1 = −53.36
𝐾𝐽
𝑘𝑔

17. Efficiency:
η =
𝑊 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝑄 𝐻
𝑊𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝑊1−2 + 𝑊2−3 + 𝑊3−4 + 𝑊4−1=339.5367
𝐾𝐽
𝑘𝑔
η =
339.5367𝐾𝐽/𝑘𝑔
2,015.29𝐾𝐽/𝑘𝑔
= 0.1684
η = 16.85%
η 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1 −
𝑇 𝐶
𝑇 𝐻
= 0.1766
η 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 17.66%
The process is possible

18. Exergy Analysis:
𝑃0 = 1𝐵𝑎𝑟
𝑇0 = 7℃ = 280𝐾
𝑑𝐴 𝑐𝑣
𝑑𝑡
= 2.5104
𝐾𝐽
𝑘𝑔
Change in availability is positive

19. Public Health Impact:
 Methane is not toxic; however, it is extremely flammable and may form explosive mixtures
with air
 Breathing in methane at high concentrations, resulting in oxygen deficiency, are increased
breathing and pulse rates, lack of muscular coordination, emotional upset, nausea and vomiting,
loss of consciousness, respiratory collapse and death
 Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic and flammable gas that cause eye irritation, a sore throat and
cough, nausea, shortness of breath, and fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema). Also, may result
in fatigue, loss of appetite, headaches, irritability, poor memory, and dizziness, or immediate
collapse, with a high probability of death
 Ammonia is irritating and corrosive that may cause burning of the nose, throat and respiratory
tract, if breathed. Also,
 High concentration of carbon dioxide may result in nausea and vomiting, collapse, convulsions,
coma and death can occur
Effects for improper handling of this process

20. Public Health Impact Continued:
 Provides a renewable source of energy
 Leads to improvement in the environment, and better sanitation and hygiene
 Lower the greenhouse effects on the earth’s atmosphere
 Produces enriched organic manure, which can supplement or even replace chemical fertilizers
 Anaerobic digestion inactivates pathogens and parasites
Pros that makes the process feasible

21. Economical benefits:
 The digester produces a richer fertilizer with 3 times more nitrogen than a conventional
product. Also it is natural and free from harmful synthetic chemicals
 Biogas is fully capable of replacing other rural energy sources like wood, hard coal, kerosene,
plant residues, and propane
 Biogas can be used for cooking, lighting, space heating, water heating, grain drying, gas-fired
refrigeration or air conditioning
 The technology is cheaper and much simpler than those for other bio-fuels, and it is ideal for
small scale application
 Leads to employment generation in the rural areas
This method will sustain basic energy needs. Initial period will yield losses, but has potential to obtain long-term profit

22. Real Example:

23. Real Example Continued:
Annual-total investment of $23,911 and annual savings of $14,300, giving an annual loss of $9,600 in first year

24. Approximated Example:
· Fresh Manure @ 25% Solids = 1,620 gallons per day
· Dilution Water Required for 8% Solids = 3,440 gallons per day
· Total Waste Volume Generated = 5,060 gallons per day
· Digester Detention Time = 22.5 days
· Digester Tank Capacity = 22.5 x 5060 = 113,850 gallons
50,000 - BIRD LAYER OPERATION
Round tank: 27 ft (diameter) x 26.5 ft (tall)

25. References:
http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/02/biogas-climate-benefit-greater-than-previously-
thoughtlund-20100219.html
http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/publicat/wqwm/ebae071_80.html
http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/carnot.html

26. Questions?