The document outlines eight patterns of development used in writing: narration, description, definition, classification and exemplification, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, problem-solution, and persuasion. It provides examples and characteristics of each pattern, including signal words commonly used to indicate each pattern. For narration, description, and definition, it discusses different varieties within each pattern such as objective vs. subjective description.

1. Patterns
of
Development

2. event narrate
N A R R A T I O N
vivid
skill

3. I. Narration
- the most basic pattern of
development
- describes how, when, and where an
event or occurrence actually happened
-used to tell a story or focus on a set of
related events

4. Components of Narrative Text
1. LogicalActions
- are considered the very movements
within the plot or the narrative that
drive the characters forward, be it
during the dialogue, or within a scene

5. Example
It was late spring the last time we saw
Ross. He was standing at the edge of the hill,
and he never so much as looked up even
though we were sure he knew we were there.
There was a bunch of flowers clutched to his
fist, but there really was no reason for him to
be standing there. We knew that Carrie wasn't
coming to see him. But he stood there anyway,
waiting, even as the afternoon sunlight
deepened towards the evening. He must have
been standing there for hours.

6. 2. Way of Narration
-refers to how the writer presents the
story
-includes the pace by which scenes
are given out
* Having natural progression of time
to the events of the story makes a
good writing.

7. Clipped Narration
“He came and talked to us. Then he left the
house and then he drove the car back home.
Paced Narration
“He came and talked to us for a few moments.
He seemed upset, but he managed to get
through all the bad news. Shaking our hands
before he left the house come twilight, he
seemed to feel better now that he had delivered
the news. He waved from the car as he pulled
out of the driveway, narrowly missing the
mailbox again, and drove off to return home.”

8. 3. Terminology
- places emphasis on the fact that
concepts are critical to the narration
* Writers must choose how to address
terms and which ones they want to
use in order to create an appropriate
setting.

9. Concrete Terms
- words that identify things, places,
and events that can be measured and
observed
- terms that have physical
manifestation in our world
Examples:
spoon, dog, house

10. Abstract Terms
- refer to ideas or concepts that are
intangible
Examples:
love, freedom, feminism

11. General Terms
- commonly used to denote groups
Example: furniture
Specific Terms
- refer to an individual component of
the group
Examples:
cabinets, desks, chairs

12. Concrete: “He was shivering violently
from the cold.”
Abstract: “The joy in the air was
palpable.”
General: “He gave her a piece of
jewelry.”
Specific: “Each green stone had fire in
its facets.”

13. D E S C R I P T I O N
sensory look
realistic
quality

14. II. Description
- the pattern of development which
goes into details about a specific object,
person, or location, in order to firmly
set its appearance
What does it look like?
What are its characteristics?

15. Characteristics of Description
● has a clear focus and sense of
purpose
●uses sensory details and precise
words
● presents details in a logical order

16. Varieties of Description
1. Objective Description
- looks into factual and scientific
characteristics of what is being
described as objectively as possible
* The writer stays away from
emotional impressions or responses
and instead, describes the scene as it is.

17. Example
The Acer barbatum is a small to medium-sized,
deciduous tree usually ranging from 15 to 25 m.
(50 to 80 ft.) tall when mature. Its bark is light
gray and smooth on younger trees, and it becomes
ridged and furrowed with age. Leaves are opposite
and shallowly to deeply palmately lobed, with a
few blunt teeth but no serrations. The leaf sinuses
are rounded, unlike those of red maple (Acer
rubrum) which are sharply V-shaped. Also, the
sides of terminal leaf lobes are more or less
parallel, while those of red maple are widest at the
base, tapering to the tip.

18. 2. Subjective Description
-a sort of description that the author
would normally use to “paint a picture”
of how he sees a character, or how he
wants the reader to see a character
-also used in a literary discourse when
there is stereotyped image that can be
attributed to a person, place, or an
event.

19. Example
My mother had hair so dark
that it looked like a waterfall of ink.
She always kept it in a braid that fell
to her slim waist, and always tied
with a plain black band. The braid of
black slung over her shoulder, the
plaits shining like scales.

20. D E F I N I T I O N
inform
controversy

21. III. Definition
- explains not just what something
means or is, but also what something
does, what something is used for, what
something looks like, etc

22. Varieties of Definition
1. Scientific Definition
- defines concepts in the most factual
way, which is often used in scientific,
proper, or real world facts

23. 2. Subjective Definition
-defines the objects in a more personal
way
-usually derived from the author's own
experiences and opinion
-often used by a writer to state
something from the point of view of
the characters or in relation to the
setting

24. The term could be emphasized by the
following:
1. Characteristics or features
2. Function
3. Effect
4. Origin

25. CLASSIFICATION AND
EXEMPLIFICATION
criteria

26. IV.Classification and Exemplification
Classification
-divides things into groups, classes, or
categories
-organizes ideas into divisions based
on criteria or standards

27. Exemplification
-provides examples and illustrations in
order to further clarify or explain the
concept or subject matter
-presents the general statement and
then provides specific and concrete
examples to expound on the main idea

28. Example
Dogs are domesticated animals that have
been living with humans for generations. Dogs
can be classified in a number of different ways.
For example, they can be classified by breed.
Examples of different breeds include beagles,
basset hounds, poodles and countless others as
defined by the American Kennel Club (AKC).
They can also be classified by their role in the
lives of their masters and the work they do. For
example, a dog might be a family pet, a working
dog, a show dog, or a hunting dog. In many cases,
dogs are defined both by their breed and their role.
For example, a dog could be a beagle that is a
family pet.

29. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST

30. V. Comparison and Contrast
- organizes ideas based on how events,
places, people, things, and concepts are
similar to or different from one another
a.separately -involves describing one
item first followed by the second item
b.side-by-side -involves discussing
both items based on each point of
comparison

31. Signal Words for Comparing
also equally in the same
way
similarly
as in a similar
fashion
like to compare
both in
comparison
likewise

32. Signal Words for Contrasting
although despite instead otherwise
and yet even so however still
as opposed
to
even
though
nevertheless the fact
remains
but in contrast nonetheless unlike
conversely in spite of on the
contrary
whereas
counter to in the
meantime
on the other
hand
yet

33. Although I raised Marcee and
Obbie from puppies, they have
completely diverse personalities.
Obbie is a six year old, male, toy
Pomeranian whereas Marcee is a one
year old, female, Boston terrier. Obbie
is small and soft, unlike Marcee who
has bristly hair and is much bigger.
Marcee insists on sleeping on the bed,
under the covers every night.

34. On the other hand, Obbie will only
sleep on the floor, under the bed. Obbie is
tremendously loyal and uptight;
however, Marcee is hyper and friendly to
anyone she meets or sees. Around other
dogs, Marcee cowers to the larger dog, yet
Obbie will always stand his ground,
never giving up until he is scolded. Given
that they were both treated the same way
all their life, it is hard to believe that they
are so different in everything they do.

35. CAUSE AND EFFECT
reason

36. VI. Cause and Effect
- explains why something happens
or what results a particular event
produces
a. Paragraph empasizing cause
b. Paragraph emphasizing effect

37. Signal Words for Cause
as for in view of
(the fact)
owing to
(the fact)
because
(of the fact)
for the
reason that
inasmuch
as
seeing that
being that in that one reason since
due to
(the fact that)

38. Signal Words for Effect
accordingly consequently in
consequence
so that
as a
consequence
for this
reason
so therefore
as a result
(of this)
hence so much (so)
that
thus
because
(of this)

39. Example
- There are many theories about why the
dinosaurs vanished from the planet. One
theory that many people believe is that a
gigantic meteorite smashed into the Earth.
Scientists believe that the meteorite was
very big and that the impact may have
produced a large dust cloud that covered the
Earth for many years. The dust cloud may
have caused plants to not receive sunlight
and the large plant eaters, or herbivores,
may have died off, followed by the large
meat eaters, or carnivores. This theory may
or may not be true, but it is one explanation
as to why these giant reptiles no longer
inhabit the Earth.

40. PROBLEM-SOLUTION

41. VII. Problem-Solution
- focuses on either a problem
or solution in a particular area
or situation

42. Signal Words for Problem-Solution
but the
problem
one solution
is
first, second the
solution
one way is
nonetheless one reason
for the

43. Example
- Drug addiction has, of late, become
one of the major problems of our
society, particularly in urban areas. Many
youngsters are falling victim to this
deadly curse. The rackets of
unscrupulous traders operate through
the underworld and narcotics and drugs
are smuggled into the country. These
rackets thrive at the cost of the precious
lives of our young generation. Many are
enticed to take these drugs and they are
led astray.

44. The alarming nature of the problem
must be highlighted and the people
must be made aware of this evil with
the help of the mass media.
Seminars and discussion sessions
should be organized in schools and
colleges, In West Bengal, an anti-
narcotic cell has been established in
Lalbazar, Kolkata. But no
Government action can be fruitful
unless it is backed by strong public

45. P E R S U A S I O N
fact

46. VIII. Persuasion
- convinces readers to agree to
an argument or claim about a
particular topic.

47. Signal Words for Emphasizing a
Point
again in that
case
to
emphasize
truly
for this
reason
indeed to repeat with this
in mind
in fact

48. Signal Words for Concluding and
Summarizing
accordingly consequently in brief inevitably in a
nutshell
all in all due to in
conclusion
on the
whole
therefore
as a result finally in short since thus
as I have
said
in any
event
in
summary
in
essence
to sum
up

49. Signal Words for Conceding a Point
admittedly it is true
that
obviously true
assuredly needless
to say
of course undoubtedly
certainly no doubt to be sure unquestionably
granted

50. Example
-
Laughter is one of the greatest healing devices
known to man. Laughter is powerful and can help people
in many different ways. It has the power to cure something
as little as a bad day or to heal the wounds of a terminally
ill person. Laughing has helped create the smile which is
the universal sign of well being. Generally, individuals who
do not laugh live miserably and have unhappy lives. Dr.
Robert Holden found out that smiling and laughing
releases endorphins in the brain which gives people a
overall happy well being. Using comedy, many doctors
have stimulated the healing process in manic depressants
and fatally ill patients giving them hope and ambition. In
many clinics laughter is being used in replacing anti
depressants and reduces the need for pain killers.(Dr. Gael
Crystal).

51. Reading is breathing in.
Writing is breathing out.