Health implications of gm food
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Health implications of gm food
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Health implications of gm food
- 1. M.Venkatasami, Ph.D. (Processing and Food Engineering) Department of Food Process Engineering AEC&RI, TNAU. 7/28/2021 ADVANCES IN FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 1 HEALTH IMPLICATION OF GM FOODS FSN 605 Advances in Food Science and Technology (2+1)
- 2. 7/28/2021 ADVANCES IN FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2 INTRODUCTION Transfer of DNA between organisms DNA transfer-Major mechanism for antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria. First genetically modified (GM) plant An antibiotic-resistant tobacco plant. China commercialize a transgenic crop Virus resistant tobacco. FDA Approval -USA Flavour Saver tomato 1946 1983 1990 1994
- 3. 7/28/2021 ADVANCES IN FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 3 CONT… Canola with modified oil composition (Calgene) Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn/maize (Ciba-Geigy) Cotton resistant to the herbicide bromoxynil (Calgene) Bt cotton (Monsanto) Bt potatoes (Monsanto) Soybeans resistant to the herbicide glyphosate (Monsanto) Virus-resistant squash (Asgrow) Additional delayed ripening tomatoes (DNAP, Zeneca/Peto, and Monsanto) 1995 A total of 35 approvals had been granted to commercially grow, 8 transgenic crops One flower crop of carnations with 8 different traits in 6 countries plus the EU 1996
- 4. 7/28/2021 ADVANCES IN FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 4 GM FOODS-MERITS Diseases control Faster growth Resistance to frequent drought Resistance to pests and insects Reduces pesticides and insecticides Environment friendly CROP Higher food production Elimination of allergens Free from chemicals High in minerals and vitamins Tastes better Increased shelf life PRODUCT
- 5. 7/28/2021 ADVANCES IN FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 5 GM FOODS-DEMERITS Development of diseases which are immune to antibiotics Long term effects on human beings are unknown Improper labelling Religious and cultural communities - unnatural Total protein Vitamins Mineral Toxic glycoalkaloids GM Tomatoes Inserting kanʳ genes ‘Antisense’ GM method No significant alterations Gm Parent Substantially equivalent
- 6. 7/28/2021 ADVANCES IN FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6 CONT… Acute toxicity studies Male/female rats Tube-fed with homogenized GM tomatoes Toxic effects were absent GM maize Two lines of Chardon LL herbicide-resistant ‘phosphinothricin acetyltransferase’ Significant alterations Fat Carbohydrate Gm Parent Different Toxicity tests Flawed
- 7. 7/28/2021 ADVANCES IN FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 7 GM soybeans Agrobacterium 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3- phosphate synthase CONT… Gm Parent Substantially equivalent Significant alterations Genistein (isoflavone) Trypsin inhibitor GM potatoes Soybean glycinin gene Male/female rats Force-fed with 2 g of GM No difference b/w control and GM fed rats
- 8. 7/28/2021 ADVANCES IN FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 8 CONT… GM cotton Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki Lepidopteran pests No significant alterations Gm Parent Substantially equivalent Macronutrients Gossypol Cyclopropenoid fatty acids and aflatoxin levels < Conventional seeds GM rice soybean glycinin gene 40– 50 mg glycinin/g protein Claims 20 % more protein Decrease in moisture rather than true increase in protein
- 9. 7/28/2021 ADVANCES IN FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 9 GM peas Alpha-amylase inhibitor 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3- phosphate synthase CONT… GM peas fed to rats for 10 days Two different doses viz. 30 % and 65 % Similar to parent-line peas Acute toxicity studies Gm Parent Substantially equivalent Nutritional/toxicological testing on laboratory animals should follow the clinical, double-blind, placebo-type tests with human volunteers MicroRNA molecules Present in a diet (in rice) May penetrate into human cells Regulate the expression of human genes
- 10. 7/28/2021 ADVANCES IN FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 10 ALLERGENICITY STUDIES Alpha-amylase Trypsin inhibitors Allergens in rice Crop with allergen Non-allergenic Target crop Creation of a neo-allergen Allergenicity Antisense RNA strategy Bt toxin Cry1Ac Potent oral/nasal antigen and adjuvant
- 11. 7/28/2021 ADVANCES IN FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 11 RISKS Tampering with mother nature Increased weeds of relative species Decrease pest competition Beneficial insects affected by harmful quantities of Bt. Viruses can recombine with viral fragments forming new viruses . Evolution Pest-resistant and herbicide- resistant plants Superbugs and super weeds
- 12. 7/28/2021 ADVANCES IN FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 12 HEALTH RISKS The mechanisms of food hazards fall into three main categories Inserted genes and their expression products Secondary and pleiotropic effects of gene expression The insertional mutagenesis resulting from gene integration Transferred gene The expression of the gene The affects of the gene product Health risk Unpredictable allergenic effects New proteins can be synthesized Bean plants Cysteine and methionine Transgene - expressed protein Highly allergenic
- 13. 7/28/2021 ADVANCES IN FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 13 CONT… Secondary and pleiotropic effects of gene expression Transgenes encode an enzyme Alters biochemical pathways Increase or decrease in certain biochemical New enzyme could cause depletion in the enzymatic substrate Subsequent build up of the enzymatic product Metabolites to diverge from one secondary metabolic pathway to another Changes in metabolism can lead to an increase in toxin concentrations Assessing toxins is a more difficult task due to limitations of animal models NEW ENZYME
- 14. 7/28/2021 ADVANCES IN FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 14 CONT… The insertional mutagenesis resulting from gene integration Disrupt or change the expression Of existing genes Host plant Random insertion of gene Inactivation of endogenous genes Production mutant plants Fusion proteins can be made from plant DNA and inserted DNA Concerns - the activation or up regulation of silent or low expressed genes It is possible to activate “genes that encode enzymes in biochemical pathways toward the production of toxic secondary compounds”
- 15. 7/28/2021 ADVANCES IN FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 15 GM FOODS: INDIA Stopped all field trials Bar on GM food crops such as Bt. brinjal Raised the “ethical dimensions” Long-term environmental and chronic toxicology impact, No significant socio-economic benefits to farmers Parliamentary Committee on Agriculture, 2012 GM mustard Barnase- barstar-bar gene complex Male sterile lines Hybrid mustard varieties Bt cotton is the only genetically modified (GM) crop that has been approved for commercial cultivation in 2002 by the Government of India.
- 16. 7/28/2021 ADVANCES IN FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 16 REFERENCES Bawa, A. S., and K. R. Anilakumar. "Genetically modified foods: safety, risks and public concerns—a review." Journal of food science and technology 50, no. 6 (2013): 1035- 1046. Lisowska, K. "Genetically modified crops and food: pros and cons." Chemik 11 (2011): 1193-1203.
- 17. 7/28/2021 ADVANCES IN FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 17 THANK YOU