This document summarizes a presentation on genetically modified crops and genomic research. It begins by defining genetically modified crops as plants modified using genetic engineering to introduce new traits. It then provides a brief history and discusses techniques used such as gene guns. Advantages of GM crops include insect and herbicide resistance while risks include impacts on the environment and health. The document also discusses specific GM crops like golden rice, Flavr Savr tomato, and Bt cotton. It concludes by describing genomic research, including structural and functional genomics as well as applications to rice improvement through techniques like QTL mapping and genome sequencing.

1. PRESENTED BY:
ABHA
SACHDEVA
MSC
BIOTECHNOLOGY
SECOND
SEMESTER
Genetically Modified
Crops and Genomic
SEMINAR PRESENTATION

2. Genetically
Modified Crops
and Genomic
Research
Presented by: ABHA SACHDEVA MSC BIOTECHNOLOGY SECOND SEMESTER
SEMINAR PRESENTATION

3. WHAT ARE GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS?
Genetically modified crops (GMCs , GM crops , or biotech crops ) are plants used in agriculture,
the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering methods. In most cases, the aim
is to introduce a new trait to the plant which does not occur naturally in the species.
Examples in food crops include resistance to certain pests, diseases, or environmental
conditions, reduction of spoilage, or resistance to chemical treatments (e.g. resistance to
aherbicide ), or improving the nutrient profile of the crop. Examples in non-food crops include
production of pharmaceutical agents , biofuels , and other industrially useful goods, as well as
for bioremediation .

4. BRIEF HISTORY ON GM CROPS

5. BRIEF HISTORY ON GM CROPS

6. Top 10 genetically
modified foods GM Crops in INDIA

7. Advantages of GM Crops
GENETICALLY
MODIFIED CROPS
Insect
Resistance
Herbicide
Tolerance
Drought
Resistance
Yield
Increase
Nutrient
Enhancement
Virus
Tolerance

8. METHODS/STEPS
EXTRACT DNA
CLONE A SINGLE GENE
DESIGN THE GENE
TRANSFORMATION
BACKCROSS BREEDING

9. TECHNIQUES USED
Genetically engineered crops have genes added or removed using
genetic engineering techniques, ooriginally including gene guns
,electroporation , microinjection and agrobacterium. More recently,
CRISPR and TALEN offered much more precise and convenient editing
techniques. Gene guns (also known as biolistics).
Gene guns (also known as biolistics) "shoot" (direct high energy
particles or radiations against target genes into plant cells. It is the
most common method. DNA is bound to tiny particles of gold or
tungsten which are subsequently shot into plant tissue or single plant
cells under high pressure.

10. TYPES OF MODIFICATION
TRANSGENIC-
Transgenic plants have genes inserted into them that are derived from another species. The
inserted genes can come from species within the same kingdom (plant to plant) or between
kingdoms (for example, bacteria to plant). In many cases the inserted DNA has to be modified
slightly in order to correctly and efficiently express in the host organism. Transgenic plants are
used to express proteins like the cry toxins from B. thuringiensis ,herbicide resistant genes,
antibodies andantigens for vaccinations .
CISGENIC-
Cisgenic plants are made using genes found within the same species or a closely related one,
where conventional plant breeding can occur.
SUBGENIC-
Genetically modified plants can also be developed using gene knockdown or gene knockout to
alter the genetic makeup of a plant without incorporating genes from other plants.

11. 3. Electroporation is used when the plant tissue does not contain
cell walls. In this technique, "DNA enters the plant cells through
miniature pores which are temporarily caused by electric pulses.
4. "Microinjection is used to directly inject foreign DNA into cells.

12. IMPACTS OF GM CROPS
Environmental Impacts:-
1.Gm pesticide producing crops
2.Toxic to beneficial insects.
3. A threat to soil ecosystems.
4. Riak for aquatic life
Health Impacts:-
• 1. Allergens.
• 2. Antibiotic resistance
• 3. Decreased nutrients
• 4. Introduced toxins
• 5. Naturally occurring
toxins

13. GOLDEN RICE
• Variety of oryza sativa rice produced from genetic engineering to
biosynthesize beta carotene,a precursor of vitamin A,in the edible
parts of rice.
• It is yellow because Beta carotene,a
yellow precursor to vitamin A is abundant
in the seed.
• Effects of malnutrition: cancer, blindness,
anemia, cardiovascular disease.

17. GENETICALLY MODIFIED TOMATO:-
• A genetically modified tomato or tranagenic tomato is a
tomato that has had ita genes modified using genetic
engineering.
• The first commercially available genetically modified food was
tomato engineered to have a longer shelf life ( FLAVR SAVR)

18. FLAVR SAVR TOMATO
• First genetically engineered crop granted licence dor human
consumption.
• Produced by Californian company calgene in 1992.
• Calgene introduced a gene in plant which synthesize a
complementary m Rna to PG gene and inhibiting the synthesis
of PG enzyme.
• On May 21,1994 the genetically engineered flave savr tomato
was produced.

19. DEVELOPMENT OF FLAVR SAVR TOMATO
• Softening of fruits is largely due to degradation of cell wall (pectin)
by enzyme polygalacturonase. The gene encoding PG has been
isolated and cloned
Procedure:-
• Isolation of DNA from tomato plant that encodes the enzyme PG.
• Transfer of PG gene to a vector Bacteria and production of cDNA
molecules.
• Introduction of cDNA into a fresh tomato plant to produce
transgenic plant.

21. ADVANTAGES
• Slower ripen rate.
• Ripen longer on vine.
• Fully developed flavours.
• Increased shelf life

22. BT COTTON
• Genetically modified variety of cotton.
• It produces an insecticide.
• Marketed by Monsanto USA.
• Bacillus thuringienais discovered by Ishiwatari in1901.
• Bacterium produces insecticidal crystal protein known as cry protein.
• Mechanism of action:-
1. Ingestion
2. Solubilization
3. Binding to target site.
4. Formation of toxic lesions.

23. ADVANTAGES
• Yield superiority
• More profit
• Better quality
• Less need of pesticides
DISADVANTAGES
• Higher cost of seeds.
• Higher harvest cost

25. GENOMIC RESEARCH
• Genomics is an interdisciplinary field of science focusing on the structure,
function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes. A genome is an
organism's complete set of DNA , including all of its genes.
• Genomics also involves the sequencing and analysis of genomes through
uses of high throughput DNA sequencing andbioinformatics to assemble
and analyze the function and structure of entire genomes.
• The field also includes studies of intragenomic (within the genome)
phenomena such asepistasis (effect of one gene on another),pleiotropy
(one gene affecting more than one trait), heterosis (hybrid vigour), and
other interactions between loci and alleles within the genome.

26. GENOMICS
STRUCTURAL GENOMICS FUNCITONAL GENOMICS
(Genomics word was coined by Thomas Roderick in 1986)
(Study of structure and function of entire genome of a living organism)
(Study of the structure of
entire genome of an
organism)
(Study of the function of
entire genome of an
organism)

27. INTRODUCTION:-
(NEED OF GENOMIC RESEARCH IN RICE)
Rice is the world’s most important food crop a staple food crop for more than
half of the world’s population. More than 90% of the world’s rice is produced
and consumed in Asia, where 60% of the people live.
Rice is a model crop for genetics and breeding research-
(a)Small genomic size-45*10 power 6 base pairs.
(b)Gene bank qith 1,00,000 accessories.
(c)Highly dense molecular map.
(d)Several wild species.
(e)Efficient genetic transformation.

28. 3. Rice demand:-
In each of the next 10 years produce at least 8 million tons rice more.
4. Rice supply:-
(a) Change in harvested area.
(b) Yield growth of 1.2-1.5% until 2020(+50-60kg/yr).
5. Changes how we grow rice:-
(a)New seeds to adapt to changing climate.
(b)Less water,less pesticides,less labour,more efficient fertilizer use.

29. Is genomics play a Role here?
Rice is the first genome crop plants sequenced with high precision
The rapid advances in genomic research areas summarised as-
• Identification and isolation of functional genes.
• Rice genome is well mapped and well characterized, estimated
400-430mb.
• Functional genomic analysis of agronomic trait and biological
processes.

30. CONVENTIONAL BREEDING TO MOLECULAR
BREEDING THROUGH GENOMIC RESEARCH
Through conventional breeding selection for crop improvement is carried
out on phenotypic character,which is the result of genotypic and
environmental effect.
The difficulties of phenotypic based selection can be overcome by direct
selection for genotypic using DNA markers that co segregate with the
genes of interest.
Many potential genes that confer resistance have been mapped in
economical crops like rice.

31. Identification of Gene

32. Tools for Genomic Research

33. QTL MAPPING

34. GENOME SEQUENCING

35. LABORATORIES FOR GENOMIC RESEARCH IN INDIA
National research centre for plant biotechnology IARI, New Delhi
International centre for genetic engineering and biotechnology, New
Delhi
Jawaharlal Nehru University,New Delhi
National botanical Research Institute,New Delhi
ICRISAT and DRR Hyderabad

36. APPLICATIONS OF GENOMIC RESEARCH
Possibility of conversion of rice from a C3 to C4 plant.
Understanding the molecular basis of heterosis and cytoplasmic
and male sterility.
Unravelling the pathways network associated with stress tolerance.
Enhanced availability of agronomically important genes for
transgenic breeding.

37. REFERENCES
• Purohit,S.S,2015, Biotechnology fundamental and application,
fourth edition, Revised 2012 Published by Updesh Purohit,Page
no: 247,256.
• Singh BD,2004, Biotechnology expanding horizons,first edition,
Represented 2007, Published by Mrs Usha Raj Kumar,page no:
594
• URL’s: http://en.m.wikipedia.org