2. INTRODUCTION
Willam F.Sharpe and john linter developed the CAPM. The model is
based on the portfolio theory developed by Harry Markowitz.
The model emphasises the risk factor in portfolio theory is a
combination of two risks, systematic & unsystematic risk.
The model used is for analyzing the risk-return implications of holding
securities. A risk – averse investor prefer to invest in risk-free securities.
The CAPM is a model, which derives the theoretical required return
(i.e, discount rate) for an asset in a market, given the risk-free rate available to
investors and risk of the market as a wohole.
3. CAPM assets that the selection of a portfolio will depend upon the risk
free rate and the market return.
The capital asset model consists of a Capital Market Line and a Security
Market Line.
The Capital Market Line relates expected return and risk for a portfolio
securities.
The Security Market Line relates the expected return and risk of
individual securities.
4. ASSUMPTIONS:
Individual risks are avoided
Individual seeks maximum expected return expectation
Borrow (or) lend freely at risk less rate of interest
Market is perfect
Quantity of risky security is given
No transaction cost and no taxes
All investors have the same time period as the investment horizon.
investors have homogeneous expectations
There is a riskless security in the world
All assets in the world are traded
All assets are infinitely divisible
Preferences are well described by simple utility functions
Investors are utility maximisers rather than return maximisers.
5. CAPITAL MARKET LINE
The CML sates that there is a risk rate that is provided by a
security. The risk free security return has in other words, zero risk.
This is also the rate available to all investors in the market, at
which they can borrow or lend any amount in the market. Given
this return at zero risk, and the opportunity to lend or borrow,
investors will desire a mix of security with a specific risk and the
risk free return at zero risk.
The possibility of this risk free return modifies the efficient
frontier into a straight line that begins with a risk free rate and
touches the efficient front as a tangential line. This is the CML and
gives all combinations of the risk assets and risky security
portfolio to the investors.
7. Any investor can achieve the point along the straight line (CML)
by combining the proportion of risky security portfolio(M) and risk free
rate of return. Any point in the efficient frontier that is bellow the CML is
not optimal since the investor has the option to borrow or lend at the free
rate of return. The investor, instead of investing inn portfolio bellow the
point M, can always opt for a higher point of return for the same risk
level on the CML.
8. SECURITY MARKET LINE
Ri = Rf+(Rm-Rf) Bi
Ri = required rate of return on security I
Rf = risk free rate of return (ex. Return on 90-day treasury bill)
Rm = return on the market portfolio (ex. Return on S&P 500)
Bi = beta of security i
9. Ri = Rf+(Rm-Rf) Bi
(Rm-Rf) = market risk premium
This is the amount of return over and above the risk
free rate that investors require before they will invest in the
market (where there is risk).
(Rm-Rf)Bi = risk premium on security i
This is the amount of return over and above the risk
free that investors require before they will invest in security i..
Taking into account the systematic, non- diversifiable risk of
security i.
10. Ri = Rf+(Rm-Rf) Bi
So…
required risk free risk premium to
rate of return = rate of return + invest in the risky
on security I security i
12. The formula for the capital asset pricing model is actually the
equation of a line. When CAPM is graphed, the line is called the
Security Market Line (SML).
The SML shows the relationship between on asset’s
systematic risk and the required rate of return. Assets with greater
risk are expected to provide higher rate of return.
13. BENEFITS & LIMITATIONS OF CAPM
Benefits:
CAPM model of portfolio management can be effectively used to:
Investments in risky projects having real asset can be evaluated of its
worth in view of expected return.
CAPM analysis the riskness of increasing the levels of gearing and its
impact on equity shareholders return.
CAPM suggests the diversification of portfolio in minimization of
risk.
14. LIMITATIONS:
CAPM is criticized for the following reasons:
In real world, assumptions of CAPM will not hold good
In practice, it is difficult to estimate the risk-free return, market rate
of return, and risk premium.
Investors can estimate the required rate of return on a particular
investment in company’s securities.
CAPM is a single period model while most projects often available
only as: large indivisible project. It is therefore, more difficult to
adjust.
15. It is based on unrealistic assumptions
It it difficult to test the validity of Capital asset pricing
model
Betas do not remain stable over time
