Human Communication

1. Lecturer :
Dr. Fatma Elzahraa
Elsayed

2. Part one
Foundations of Human Communication
1- An introduction to human communication
2- Culture and communication
3- Understanding yourself and your perceptions
4- Effective listening
5- Verbal Communication
6- Nonverbal Communication

3. 1- An introduction to human communication
Forms, Benefits,
and Myths of
Human
Communication
Elements of
Human
Communication
Principles of
Human
Communication
The Competent
Communicator

4. • 8 - Forms of Human Communication:
 Intrapersonal Communication
 Interpersonal Communication
 Interviewing
 Small Group Communication
 Organizational Communication
Public Speaking
Computer-Mediated Communication
Mass Communication
Forms, Benefits, and Myths of Human Communication

5. • 6 - Benefits of Human Communication:
 Critical and creative thinking skills.
 Interaction skills.
 relationship skills.
 Leadership skills.
 Presentation skills.
 Media Literacy skills.
Forms, Benefits, and Myths of Human Communication

6. • 7 – Myths of Human Communication:
(to be illustrated by two students)
Forms, Benefits, and Myths of Human Communication

7. Elements of Human Communication

8. Elements of Human Communication
Communication
Context
Source/ receiver
Messages Channels
Noise
Effects

9. Principles of Human Communication
Purposeful
Transactional
Package of Signals
Content &Relationship
Process of Adjustments
Ambiguous
Punctuated
Inevitable, irreversible,
Unrepeated

11. Competent Communicator
Makes reasoned choices.
Thinks critically and mindfully.
Culturally Sensitive.
Ethical
Effective listener
Media Literate

12. Next Time we will Study:
Culture and Communication
P. 45

13. • What is Culture?
• Cultural Differences.
• Intercultural Communication.
2- Culture and Communication

14. 2.1- What is Culture?

15. What is Culture?
• Culture consists of *relatively
specialized elements of the lifestyle
of a group of people that are *passed
on from one generation to the next
through communication, not through
genes.

16. Seven Metaphors of Culture
Salad/ jelly
beans
Iceberg
Melting
Pot Tree
Organism
Software
Mosaic
7
Metaphors

17. Sex and Gender
• Sex
• refers to the biological and
physiological qualities that
characterize men and women, and
it determined by biology.
• Gender
• refers to the socially constructed
roles and behaviors that society
deems appropriate for males and
females, and it is learned from
society.

18. The Transmission of Culture
Enculturation
The process by
which you learn
the culture into
which you are
born.
Acculturation
The process by
which you learn
the rules and
norms of a culture
different from
your native
culture.
(Assimilation)

19. The Importance of Culture
In Communication
• It is impossible to
communicate effectively
without being aware of
how culture influences
human communication.

20. The Importance of Culture
In Communication
Demographic
Changes
Cultural
Sensitivity
Communication
Technology
Politeness
Communication
Competence

21. The Aim of a Cultural Perspective
• Success in Communication depends on your
ability to communicate effectively with persons
who are culturally different from yourself.

22. 2.2- Cultural Differences
• Good intentions are helpful but not
enough to be effective, you need to
know how cultures differ and how these
differences influence communication.

23. Seven major cultural Distinctions
have an impact on Communication
Individual and collective orientation
High- and Low- Context Cultures
Power Distances
Masculine and feminine Cultures
High –and Low- Ambiguity- Tolerant Cultures
Long- and Short- Term Orientation
Indulgence and Restraint

24. 2.3- Intercultural Communication
• Refers to communication between
persons who have different cultural
beliefs, values or ways of behaving.
• These differences may be Slight or Great.

25. Types of Intercultural Communication
Communication
between
people of
different
National
Cultures
Races
Ethnic
Groups
Religions
Nations
Genders
Smaller
Culture
in Larger

26. Improving Intercultural Communication
• Intercultural communication depends on the
cultural sensitivity of both individuals.
• Cultural sensitivity is an attitude and way of
behaving in which you are aware of (mindful)
and acknowledge cultural differences.

27. Guidelines help you improve your
Intercultural Communication
IC
Improvement
Prepare yourself
Reduce
Ethno-
centrism
Confront
Stereotypes
Increase
Mindfulness Avoid
Over- attribution
Recognize
Differences
Adjust
Communication

28. End Of Chapter 2

29. Part Two
Interpersonal, Small Group, and
organizational Communication
7- The art of successful conversation
8- The realm of the relationships
9- Friendly, Romantic, and Familial relationships
10- Working in small groups
11- Group interaction and leadership
12- Organizational Communication
13- Dealing with interpersonal conflict

30. Part Three
Public Speaking
14- Public Speaking: topics, research, and audience analysis
15- Speech: Content Preparation
16- Delivering effective speeches
17- The informative speech: Principles and types
18- The persuasive speech: Goals, Principles, and strategies

31. 14- Public Speaking: topics, research, and
audience analysis
14.1- Introduction to
Public Speaking
14.2- Managing your
apprehension
14.3- Step 1:
select your topic,
purposes, and thesis
14.4- Step 2:
Analyse your
audience
14.5- Step 3:
Research your topic

32. 14.1- Introduction to Public Speaking
- In public speaking a speaker
presents a relatively
continuous message to a
relatively large audience.
- Public speaking is
transactional.
- The listeners also send
messages in the form of
feedback (applause, nods,
looks, etc. )

33. A Brief History
- Ancient Greece (Aristotle's Rhetoric)
explained the three kinds of persuasion
appeals:
- Logos (logical appeals)
- Pathos (emotional appeals)
- Ethos (appeals based on speaker
character)
- Roman Rhetorician, Marcus Fabius
Quintilianus, He developed the effective
and responsible orator (speaker)
- Now, public speaking depending on
incorporation insights from humanities,
social sciences, computer science, and
information technology.

34. The benefits of public speaking
Improve your Public
Speaking abilities
Improve your
personal and social
abilities
Improve your
academic and career
skills

35. 14.2- Manage your apprehension
- Some people have a general
communication apprehension which
is a general fear of communication.
- State apprehension is only fear
connected to certain communication
situations.
- Some people are so apprehensive,
others are mildly apprehensive, most
of us are between these extremes.
- In fact, apprehension can work for
you, fear can energize and motivate
you to work harder.

37. 1- Select your
topic, purposes,
and thesis
2- Analyse your
audience
3- Research
your topic
4- Collecting
supporting
materials
5- Develop your
main points
Essential steps for preparation an effective public speech

38. 6- Organize your
speech materials
7- Construct your
introduction,
conclusions, and
transitions
8- Word your
speech
9- Rehearse your
speech
Present your
speach

39. 14.3- Step1- Select your Topic, purposes, and thesis
Substantive Appropriate
Culturally
Sensitive
Yourself Brainstorming Surveys News Items Topic lists
Topoi
Tree
Diagrams
Search
directories

40. General
Purpose
Specific
Purpose
- Informative or
Persuasive Speeches
- Use an infinitive phrase.
- Focus on the Audience.
- Limit your specific purpose to
one idea.
- Limit your specific purpose to
what is reasonable.

41. - What is a Thesis?
A thesis is your point of view, Its what
you want the audience to get out of
your speech.
Wording and using your thesis:
- Limit your thesis to one central
idea.
- State your thesis as a complete
declarative sentence.
- Use your thesis to focus audience
attention.

42. 14.4- Step2- Analyze your audience
Cultural
Factors
Gender
Age
Affectional
Orientation
Religion and
Religiousness

43. Analysing the psychology of the Audience
How Willing is your Audience?
How Favourable is your Audience?
How Knowledgeable is your Audience?

44. Analysing and Adapting during the Speech
Focus on listeners as message senders
Address audience responses directly
Use answers to your “What if” questions

45. 14.5- Step 3- Research Your Topic
Throughout research you will find examples,
illustrations, and definitions to help you inform
your listeners; testimony, statistics, arguments to
support your major ideas.
Research for specifics
Research to support a
position
Research to discover
what is Known

46. Research Notes
Create folders
Key your notes
Take complete Notes

47. Libraries and Bookstores

48. Interviewing for Information
Select the person you wish to interview
Secure an appointment
Create a cheat sheet
Ask Open ended questions
Ask for permission to record or print the interview
Close and follow up with an expression of
appreciation

49. Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Sources Material
Scholarly and Popular Journals
General Reference Works
Encyclopaedias
Almanacs
Biographical Materials
Statistical information

50. Evaluating internet resources
Fairness Accuracy Currency Sufficiency Qualification
The Web
The
Government
News Sources

51. End Of Chapter 14

52. 15.1- Step 4- Collect Supporting Materials
Examples, Illustrations, and Narratives
Analogies
Definitions
Testimony
Numerical Data
Presentation Aids
Computer-Assisted Presentations

53. Examples
Illustrations
Narratives
Examples are to make your ideas vivid and easily understood.
Distinguish between real and hypothetical examples.

54. Analogies
Figurative
analogies
Literal analogies
1- What are analogies? - Comparisons
2- Guides in using analogies.
(analogies are not proofs for right or wrong)

55. Definitions
Definition by etymology
Definition by authority
Definition by negation
Definition by specific Examples
1- Guides in using definitions. (only when it needs)
2- Websites offer a wide variety of definitions.

56. Testimony
Expert witness
testimony
Eyewitness
testimony
1- Guides in using testimony.
(Competence, unbiased, newness)

57. Numerical Data
Raw Numbers
Statistics
1- Guides in using numbers.
(be sure it is clear, current, reliable)

58. Presentation Aids
Help you gain attention and maintain interest
Aids add clarity
Reinforce your message
Contribute to credibility and confidence
Reduce apprehension
Types of presentation aids:
 The object itself.
 Models.
 Graphs.
 Word charts.
 Maps.
 People.
 Photographs and illustrations.

59. 15.2- Step 5- Develop your main points
Brainstorming to generate
suggestions
Eliminate points that seem less importance
Combine those points that have a common focus
Select points that are most relevant
Use limited number of points
Word each point in the same style
Develop your main points separately

60. Computer-Assisted Presentations
Use the templates provided by software
Use consistent typeface, size and colour
Be brief
Use colours wisely
Include needed visuals only
Appropriate tables and charts
Anticipate questions
Anticipate technical problems

61. 15.3- Step 6- Organize your speech
Help guide the speech preparation
Help your audience understand your speech
Help the audience to remember the speech
Establish your credibility

62. Pattern Options to organize your speech
Spatial
Temporal
Topical
Problem-
Solving
The
motivated
Sequence
Cause/effect-
Effect/cause

63. 15.4- Step 7- Construct your introduction,
conclusion, and transitions
Three
Functions:
Gain attention
Orient the
audience
Establish a S-A-T
relationship
Introduction

64. Some ways to secure audience attention:
1- Ask a question.
2- Refer to audience members.
3- Refer to recent happenings.
4- use humor.
5- Stress the importance of the topic.
6- Use a presentation aid.
7- Tell the audience to pay attention.
8- use a quotation.
9- Cite little-known fact or statistics.
10- Use an illustration or dramatic story.

65. Different ways to make S-A-T connection:
 Refer to others presence.
 Refer to the occasion.
 Express your pleasure or interest on speaking.
 Establish your competence in the subject.
 Express similarities with the audience.
 Compliment the audience.

66. Orient the audience:
 Give a general idea about your subject.
 Identify the main points you'll cover.
(give a detailed preview)
 Identify your goal.

67. Three
Functions:
Summarize
Provide
closure
motivate
Conclusion

68. You may summarize in several ways:
 Restate your thesis or purpose.
 Restate the importance of the topic.
 Restate your main points.

69. You can motivate the audience by:
 Asking for a specific response.
 Provide directions for future actions.

70. Closure may be achieved through a variety of methods:
o Use a quotation.
o Refer to subsequent events.
o Pose a challenge or question.
o Thank the audience.
o Refer back to the introduction.

71. Transitions
Four
Functions
To
Connect
To
Preview
To
Review
To
Signal

72. 15.5- Outlining Your Speech
The outline is the blueprint of your speech.

73. Constructing the outline
Preface the outline with identifying data
Outline the introduction, body, and conclusion as separate units
Insert transitions
Include a list of references
Use a consistent set of symbols
Visualize the aspects to reflect the organizational pattern
Use one discrete idea per symbol
Use complete declarative sentences

74. Principles of informative speaking
Focus on your audience.
Stress relevance and usefulness.
Limit the information.
Adjust the level of complexity.
Relate new information to old.
Vary the levels of abstraction.

75. Principles of persuasive speaking
o Motivate your listeners with limited choices.
o Focus on your audience.
o Identify with your audience.
o Secure a YES response.
o Anticipate selective exposure.
o Use positive labelling.
o Ask for reasonable amount of change.
o Provide social proof.