Models and Types of Communication

1. Communicative Competence

2. Explore…
Communication: Its Meaning,
Importance and Models

3. What is Communication?
• the actionable transfer of information from one person,
group, or place to another by writing, speaking, or using a
medium that provides a means of understanding.
• Every communication consists of a minimum of one sender,
a receiver, and a message.

4. Verbal Communication
• a type of oral communication wherein the message is
transmitted through the spoken words. Here the
sender gives words to his feelings, thoughts, ideas and
opinions and expresses them in the form of speeches,
discussions, presentations, and conversations.

5. Non-Verbal Communication
the transfer of information through body
language, facial expressions, gestures,
created space and more. For example, smiling
when you meet someone conveys friendliness,
acceptance and openness.

6. Concept of Communication
Communication involves transmitting non-verbal and verbal
information in a channel that includes:
Sender Medium Receiver

7. Sender and Receiver
The person sending the information and the one
receiving the information must be present for
communication to be effective.

8. The Message
The information conveyed should be available for the
sender to transmit to the receiver. Communication works
when people hear, see, feel, and understand what a sender
is trying to convey; this ensures that concentration and
attention are given to important details, allowing for the
smooth transfer of information.

9. The Medium/Channel
the means through which the communication
passes to reach the recipient. Examples of
mediums include mobile phones and television
shows, among others.

10. Feedback
Communication is a give-and-take scenario, and therefore
all parties involved must actively ensure that the message
is well understand.
“Alright, I get your point.”
“I understand.”

12. Aristotle Model of Communication
known as the first model of communication focusing mainly on the speaker
and messages.

13. Example:
A political leader (speaker/sender) delivers a speech to persuade voters to vote
for him. The political leader is the most crucial person who provides the
message or information. The speech is the leader’s message to influence the
voters to vote for him. The election is the occasion, and the speech or message
of the speaker is set based on the occasion. Political leaders might not deliver
the same kind of speech before and after the election. Finally, the effect refers
to the level of motivation of the voters, whether they are motivated to vote for
him or not.

14. Shannon-Weaver’s Model
represents six essential communication elements: information source, transmitter,
channel, receiver, destination, and noise source.

15. The Importance of Audience and Purpose
in Communication
People write and communicate differently, depending on the intended recipient.
For example, in a personal letter to a friend, you probably use slang, jump from thought to
thought, and use creative punctuation. This approach would likely be inappropriate in an
essay for a professor.
In academic writing, knowing your audience will influence the way that you present
material: o Simple audience: If your audience has an academic background similar to yours,
you can expect that they are familiar with terms and concepts that you employ. o Multiple
audience: If you are writing for a more diverse audience, you need to think about presenting
the material to people with differing levels of knowledge about your topic

16. Knowing your purpose:
Once you have established for whom you write or speak, you must also determine
why you write. You have to decide what you want to accomplish: this is your
purpose.
To reflect on experience
To inform others about a subject
To change people’s attitudes
To persuade your readers to pursue a course of action

17. 10 Barriers to Effective
Communication

18. • “Everything has been said before, but since nobody
listens we have to keep going back and beginning all
over again.”
– André Gide (French author and winner of the Nobel Prize
in literature in 1947).

19. PHYSICAL BARRIERS
this has to do with poor or outdated
equipment used during communications,
background noise, poor lighting,
temperatures that are too hot or too cold.

20. ATTITUDES
•emotions like anger or sadness can taint
objectivity. Also being extremely nervous, having
a personal agenda or “needing to be right no
matter what” can make communications less than
effective. This is also known as “Emotional
Noise”.

21. LANGUAGE
Even people speaking the same language can have
difficulty understanding each other if they are from
different generations or from different regions of the
same country. Slang, professional jargon and regional
colloquialisms can even hurt communicators with the
best intentions.

22. PHYSIOLOGICAL BARRIERS
ill health, poor eyesight or hearing
difficulties, pain.

23. PROBLEMS WITH STRUCTURE
DESIGN
bad information systems, and lack of
supervision or training of the people
involved.

24. CULTURAL NOISE
people sometimes make stereotypical
assumptions about others based on their
cultural background.
- What is polite in one culture may be rude in
another culture.

25. LACK OF COMMON EXPERIENCE
it’s a great idea to use examples or stories to explain a
point that is being discussed. However, if the speaker
and the audience cannot relate to these examples
because they do not have the same knowledge or have
not shared the same experiences then this tool will be
ineffective.

26. AMBIGUITY AND ABSTRACTIONS
OVERUSE
using too many generalizations, proverbs
or sayings, can all lead to communications
that are not clear and that can lend
themselves to misinterpretations.

27. INFORMATION OVERLOAD
it takes time to process a lot of
information and too many details can
overwhelm and distract the audience from
the important topics. Keep it Simple.

28. ASSUMPTIONS AND JUMPING TO
CONCLUSIONS
This can make someone reach a
decision about something before
listening to all the facts.