2. Objectives
1. Identify the principles, processes, and ethics of
communication.
2. Describe the elements of verbal and non-verbal
communication in various and multicultural contexts.
3. Practice effective communication skills
4. Evaluate communication skills and
5. Reflect on a learning experience
3. COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES
Fundamentals of Communication
• Communication is a process of exchanging verbal and/or
non-verbal information between two or more people who can
be either the speaker or the receiver of messages.
• Communication is used to meet the purpose of a person.
The purpose could be to inform, to persuade, or to entertain.
• Communication can be in the form of written, verbal, non-
verbal, and visuals.
4. » Written communication involves texts or words encoded and
transmitted through memos, letters, reports, on-line chat, short
message service or SMS, electronic mail or e-mail, journals and
other written documents.
» Verbal communication involves an exchange of information
through face-to-face, audio and/or video call or conferencing,
lectures, meetings, radio, and television.
» Non-verbal communication involves the use of the following to
convey or emphasize a message of information.
5. • Voice this includes tone, speech rate, pitch, pauses and volume.
• Body language - this includes facial expressions, gestures,
postures, and eye contact.
• Personal space or distance - this refers to an area of space and
distance that a person from a different culture, personality, age,
sex, and status adopts and puts for another person.
• Personal appearance - this refers how a person presents
himself/herself to a particular situation, whether formal or
informal.
• Visuals involve the use of images, graphs, charts, logos, and
maps.
6. Communication can be intended or unintended.
» Intended communication refers to planning what and how
you communicate your ideas to other people who are older
than you are or who occupy a higher social or professional
position such as your parents, teachers, and supervisors,
among others.
» Unintended communication, on the other hand, happens
when you unintentionally send non-verbal messages to
people you are communicating with, or when you suddenly
make negative remarks out of frustration or anger.
7. COMMUNICATION PROCESSES
The communication process involves elements such as source,
message, encoding, channel, decoding, receiver, feedback,
context, and barrier.
1. Source - the speaker or sender of a message
2. Message - the message, information, or ideas from the
source or speaker
3. Encoding - the process of transferring the message
8. 4. Channel - the means to deliver a message such as face-to-face
conversations, telephone calls, e-mails, and memos, among
others.
5. Decoding message the process of interpreting an encoded.
6. Receiver - the recipient of the message
9. 7. Feedback - the reactions or responses of the receiver to the message
from the sender
8. Context -the situation or environment in which communication takes
place Examples of barriers to communication: Culture » Individual
differences Language use » Noise Past Experiences Status
9.Barriers - the factors which may affect the communication process.
Examples of barriers to communication:
» Culture
» Individual differences
» Language use
» Noise Past Experiences
» Status
10. Communication can be a one-way or two-way process. Communication as a one-way
process is best illustrated in the model of Shannon-Weaver (1949) as shown in Figure
1. In this model, the sender is active while the receiver is passive during the
communication process.
Figure 1. Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication
11. On the other hand, communication as a is exemplified by a
transaction model as shown in Figure 2. In this model, the
messages, information, or ideas are sent and received at the
same time. Hence, the sender and the receiver become active
during the process, and both serve as communicators.
Figure 2. Transactional Model of Communication
12. COMMUNICATION ETHICS
Effective communicators observe ethics. This means that they deal with
values, righteousness, and behavior appropriate for human communication
particularly in a multicultural situation. Below are some of the ethical
considerations.
1. Uphold integrity. Be truthful with your opinion and be accurate with your
your judgment.
2. Respect diversity of perspective and privacy. Show compassion and
consideration with the beliefs, status, affiliations, and privacy of others.
3. Observe freedom of expression effectively. Be careful of what and how
how you say your words depending on the type of people you are
communicating with.
13. 4. Promote access to communication. Give others an opportunity to express
what they feel and think about the message being communicated.
5. Be open-minded. Accept that others have different views or opinions,
which may conflict with yours. So, listen and process the views of other
people, and learn how to reconcile their opinions with your own.
6. Develop your sense of accountability. Acknowledge responsibility for all
your actions, good or bad.
14. GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
Effective communication plays a crucial role in your personal and
professional success. Below are some guidelines for effective
communication:
1. Be clear with your purpose. As a sender, you must have a specific
purpose in mind. This can help you convey your message effectively to
your target audience or receivers in written, verbal, non-verbal, or visual
form.
2. Support your message with facts. When you provide an incomplete or
vague information, you can cause confusion or misunderstanding in your
audience. Hence, you should be well-prepared with your supporting ideas
through examples, experiences, or observations when you deliver a
message.
15. 3. Be concise. There is always a sense to this cliché, "keep it short and
simple." Avoid irrelevant or unnecessary details in your message and keep it
concise.
4. Provide specific information in your feedback. Give feedback that is
timely, constructive, and specific to the topic being discussed.
5. Adjust to the needs, interests, values, and beliefs of your audience.
Every person has different needs and comes from different cultural
background. Your role as an effective communicator is to adjust to those
needs, interests, values, and beliefs of your audience. Essentially, use language
or vocabulary which is appropriate to your audience. Avoid technical terms
and jargons because they can be barriers to communication.
16. 6. Observe communication ethics. Some ethical in communication have
been mentioned. Observing ethics in a communication process will help you
your credibility and make you more professional.
7. Be your natural self and appear very confident. Have the right attitude
and happy disposition in life; control your emotions, and think well before
you speak.
17. Descriptions Comments
Number of Slides 16
Use of Font Size
We use different font size to emphasize some part of our
presentation.
Use of Font Style Century Gothic
Use of Texts
Choosing the use of text in our presentation is precise for
understanding the information relayed by our topic.
Use oi Art None
Use of Labels for Charts and Graphs None
Use of Slide Backgrounds or Designs We use Ion for the design.
Use of Background Color and Text Color
The use of background color is just right for the text color
to be visible and readable for the audience.
Text Spelling and Grammar
Text spellings are correct and it is all grammatically right.
