The document discusses the formation of fossil fuels over geological timescales. It explains that fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas were formed from the decomposition of dead plants and animals over hundreds of millions of years. Coal formed from land sediments, while oil and natural gas primarily formed from marine sediments. The document also provides details on India's non-renewable energy reserves like coal, natural gas, and petroleum. It notes that non-renewable resources are being used faster than they can be replenished. Finally, it gives data on the world's largest energy reserves and the countries with the highest energy consumption like China, US, and India.

1. FORMATION OF FOSSIL FUELS IN
THE GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE ,
INDIA’S NON-RENEWABLE
ENERGY RESERVES AND USAGE
PATTERN ,
WORLD’S ENERGY RESERVES
AND CONSUMPTION
 ASSIGNMENT ON
SUBMITTED BY,
TESSA RAJU AKKARAPPATTY
M.Sc ENVIRON MENTAL SCIENCE
(S 1) 7 January 20211SAVE ENERGY

2. FORMATION OF FOSSIL FUELS IN
THE GEOCHEMICAL TIME SCALE
 fossil fuels are made from decomposing plants and
animals.
 These fuels are found in Earth's crust and contain carbon
and hydrogen, which can be burned for energy.
 Coal, oil, and natural gas are examples of fossil fuels.
 Coal is a material usually found in sedimentary rock
deposits. Where rock , dead plant and animal matter are
piled up in layers. More than 50 percent of a piece of coal's
weight must be from fossilized plants.
 Oil is originally found as a solid material between layers of
sedimentary rock. This material is healed to produce the
thick oil that can be used to make gasoline.
 Natural gas is usually found in pockets above oil deposits.
 Most natural gas and oil formation dates back between 10
(Cenozoic) and 180 (Mesozoic) million years ago.7 January 2021 SAVE ENERGY 2

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4.  As time passes , oil is trapped in spaces
or spores of rocks such as lime stone and
sandstone where the oil remains until is
extracted .
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Fuels formed by natural resources such
as anaerobic decomposition of buried
dead organisms. These were formed
hundreds of million years ago, mainly in
carboniferous period. (345-286 million
years ago) .Some deposits were found
during late cretaceous period. (70
million years ago)

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6.  Fossil fuels are hydrocarbon compounds.
 Generally, coal forms from land sediments,
and natural gas and oil form from marine
sediment.
 Natural gas is found sometimes with
petroleum, with coal, or by itself.
 Being less dense, natural gas is most often
found on top of oil pools.
 Fossil fuels are classified as non-renewable
resources because they take millions of years
to form, and reserves are being depleted
much faster than new ones are being formed.
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7. COAL
 Coal is generally formed by the accumulation and
anaerobic decomposition of plant material.
 Much coal was produced during the
Carboniferous Period of the Paleozoic Era over
300 million years ago when giant swamp forest
dominated many parts of Earth.
 The accumulation of the bodies of these plants
through the years resulted in vast coal deposits.
 The process of coal formation is called
coalification.
 The stages of coal formation proceed from plant
debris through peat, lignite, sub-bituminous coal,
bituminous coal, anthracite coal to graphite.
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9. OIL
 An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial
process where oil is processed and refined into more
useful petroleum products, like gasoline, diesel
fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, and liquefied
petroleum gas.
 Oil spills in Exxon Valdez in 1989
 Oil spills at Golf of Mexico in 2010
 Oil is a liquid hydrocarbon
Oil is formed as diatoms died they fell to the sea
floor.
They were buried under sediment and other rock.
The rock squeezed diatoms and the energy in their
bodies could not escape.
Carbon eventually turned into oil under pressure and
heat.
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11. NATURAL GAS
 Natural gas is lighter than air. Natural gas is
mostly made up of methane.
Somewhere between 6,000 to 2,000 years BCE, the
first discoveries of natural gas seeps was made in Iran.
.
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Gas is formed when layers of decomposing plant
and animal matter typically from ancient marine
microorganisms, deposited over the past 550
million years are exposed to intense heat and
pressure under the surface of the Earth over
millions of years.
The energy that the plants originally obtained
from the sun is stored in the form of chemical
bonds in the gas.

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13. INDIA’S NON-RENEWABLE
ENERGY RESERVES AND
USAGE PATTERN
 Non-renewable energy resources include coal, natural gas,oil and nuclear
energy.
 Once these resources are used up they cannot be replaced, which is a
major problem for humanity.
 Non-renewable energy comes from sources that will run out not be
replenished for thousands or even millions of years .
 Non-renewable energy resources cannot be reproduced, grown,
generated, and once depleted there is no more available for future needs.
 Also, it's resources that are consumed faster than nature can create them.
 Non-renewable energy has some advantages that make them viable in a
country like INDIA.
 They are cheap and easy to use. A small amount of nuclear power can be
used to produce a large amount of power. Fossil fuels such as coal,
petroleum, and natural gases nuclear power like Uranium and metal ores
are some non-renewable resources found in INDIA.7 January 2021 SAVE ENERGY 13

14. Non renewable resources found in
India
Coal: Coal is the mainly used energy in India and occupies
the leading position. Coal mining in India started in 1814.In
India coal is obtained mostly from Damodar River, Son River,
Godavari River, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Madhya
Pradesh, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Meghalaya, Jammu and
Kashmir.
Natural Gas: Natural gas in India has gained importance
particularly in last decade. Natural gas in India can be obtains
from Tripura State, Krishna Godavari field and gas associates in
petroleum products.
Petroleum: Petroleum product has become an imperative
source if energy in India. In India Petroleum products can be
obtained from Digboi, Assam, around the Gulf of Khambhat in
Gujarat, off shore in Arabian Sea, spread out from Mumbai up
to 100miles. 7 January 2021 14SAVE ENERGY

15. NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY
USAGE PATTERN
 Increased efficiencies in the use of better and higher
concentration of energy in petroleum consumption at a
greater rate than it is being replaced . Natural gas usage is
burned quickly than it is formed. There are limited natural
gas reserves. The gas equivalent of almost 60 billion
tonnes of oil is used up .
 Human society is for the time being dependent on non-
renewable resources as its primary source of energy.
Approximately 80 percent of the total amount of energy
used globally each year comes from fossil fuels.
 . But a major problem with fossil fuels, aside from their
being in limited supply, is that burning them releases
carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Rising levels of heat-
trapping carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is the main
cause of global warming.
 Other sources :Nuclear energy , Biomass energy
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16. WORLD’S ENERGY RESERVES
 Energy reserves that have been discovered but cannot
produced or easily measured because it is trapped
several feet below the surface, they cannot be measured
with precision.
 Reserves : represent the portion of demonstrated
resources that can be recovered economically with the
application of extraction technology available currently
or in the foreseeable future. Reserves include
recoverable energy .
 Five countries have nearly 73% of the world's coal
reserves:UnitedStates—28%,Russia—18%,China—
13%, Australia—9%,India—7%.
 Highest oil reserves including :Venezuela-20%,Saudi
Arabia -18%,Canada-13%,Iran-9%,Iraq-8%.
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17. ENERGY CONSUMPTION
 Reserves do last depend on energy consumption is the total
energy produced and used by humans.
 It typically measured per year, it involves all energy harnessed
from energy source applied towards activity across all the
industrial and technological sectors, in every country .
 Demand for energy is growing across many country in the world ,
as people get richer and population increase .If these increased
demand is not offset by improvements in energy efficiency our
global energy consumption will continue to grow year to year
 Growing energy consumption makes the challenge of
transitioning our energy systems away from fossil fuels towards
low-carbon sources of energy more difficult: new low-carbon
energy has to meet this additional demand and try to displace
existing fossil fuels in the energy mix.
 Leading countries in primary energy consumption :
China-141.7%,US-94.65%,India-34.06%7 January 2021 SAVE ENERGY 17

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