3. So obviouslyannual productionisQ=R/T=5R0.75
2)ModifiedTaylor’srule:
T=0.165R0.25
IMPORTANCEOF PLANNINGTECHNICAL FACTORS IN
TECHNICAL FACTORS IN MINE PLANNING
Geological andmineralogyinformation
Size of the area to be mined(length,width,thickness)
Dip/plunge ,depth
Discontinuities
Variationof thicknessandwidthwithinthe mineralisedzone.
Boundariesbetweencutoff andwaste.
Structural information(physical &chemical)
Depth
Structure features-bothOBandmineral
Type of rock
Approximate strength
Porosityandpermeability,swellingnature.
RQD
SILICEOUSCONTENT OF THE ORE
4. Economic information
Tons of mineral reserve of variousgradesinall of the miningzones,
seams.(proven,probable,inferred)
Detailsof ownership,Royaltiestobe paid
Availabilityof wateranditsownershiponornearthe property.
The detailsof the surface ownershipandsurface structure thatbe effectedbysubsidence.
The locationof miningareain relationto;anyexistingroadsrailroads,rivers;power,
infrastructure andavailable commercial supplies.
The local ,regional andnational political situations.
LIFE OF THE MINE
Life of the mine:
1) Taylor’sformula..
T (years) =0.20 R 0.25
where,
R= Mineable Reservesintonnes.
So obviouslyannual productionisQ=R/T=5R0.75
2)ModifiedTaylor’srule:
T=0.165R0.25
METHODOLOGY OF MINE PLANNING
PRELIMINARYSENSITIVITYASSESSMENTOF MINE AREA
PRELIMINARYMINE PLANNINGASSESSMENT
DETAILED SENSITIVITYASSESSMENT
7. LONG RANGE PLAN:
Looksat providingmineral forafinite numberof yearsanda specificsize of power(coal) or
mineral beneficiationplant.
4 objectivesof longrange plans:
1) the plan mustbe feasible.
2) potential miningproblemsmustbe resolved
3)the planmustidentifythe majorcapital expenditures,equipmentacquisition,
leadtimesrequiredforimplementation.
4)all reclamationandotherminingrelatedenvironmentalquestionsmustbe
identifiedandanswered.
In general thisplanispreparedforone or twothe followingreasons
1) considerationisbeinggiventoincrease the numberof units(size of power
plant/smelters).
2)the previousplanisoutdateddue totechnological oreconomicalchanges.
INFLUENCESOF DIFFERENTGROUPS ON THE PLANNINGPROCESS
8. MINE MODELLING-SIMULATION AND SYSTEMAPPROACH.
ELEMENTS OF MINE MODEL
Mine Modeling involves spatial location and interconnection of the basic elements.
Graphical modeling is designing by drawing like sketches, technical diagrams etc.
Physical modeling is illustration of shape and structure either 2D or 3D on a suitable scale.
Physical models are used for conducting tests and measurements, Visual illustration like seam
depth, location and disturbances etc,
Mathematical modeling involves simulation and optimization using mathematical techniques.
Analytical modeling is basically subset of mathematicalmodeling.
Systems approach in mine planning conception, planning, design and engineering of any
interrelated elements so that objective is automatically optimized.
13. UNIT-2
FEASIBILITY REPORT
“Feasibility Report is studyinga situation and a plan to do something about it,and then determines
whether the plan is "feasible"and whether it is practical.”
Feasibility Reportanswers the question of whether a plan should beimplemented by stating"yes",
"no", and sometimes "maybe". Not only recommendation, Feasibility Report should also providethe
data and the reasoningbehind that recommendation.
FEASIBILITY REPORT CONSISTS OF ….
Information on deposit
Information on general projecteconomics
Miningmethod selection
Processingmethod
Capital and operatingcostestimates
Information on deposit:
Geology
14. Geometry
Geography
Exploration
Information on general projectEconomics:
Markets
Transportation
Utilities
Land and mineral rights
Water
Labor
Governmental consideration
Financing
Mining method selection:
Physical control
Selectivity
Preproduction requirement
Production requirement
Processing method:
Mineralogy
Alternative process
Recoveries
Plantlayout
Capital and operatingcosts:
Capital cost:
Exploration
Mining
Mill
Operatingcost:
Mining
15. Labor
Development
Maintenance
Mill
Administration
Overhead charges
Irrecoverablesocial cost
The FR prepared for getting finance for the project has to be submitted to the bankers/financers ,that
is called BANK FR.
DETAILED PROJECT REPORT
Detailed project report gives all thebreak ups of the feasibility reportparameters…likecostof mining
will begiven in FR ,but in DPR in the cost of miningcategory all the break ups likecostfor
equipment,maintenance,wages…etc everything will bethere.
At the end of the DPR , no reader should havedoubts about the project, everything should be
explained.
SOURCES OF FUNDS
Major sourceof fundingis Government- state and central.
Planningcommission of Government of India allocates thefunds for miningprojects.
About 2/3 or 60% of mine funding is by government.
Sources:
1)by government(CIL,NLC,NMDC,TAMIN,TANMAG..)
2)by private(ADANI,RELIENCE,GRANITE COMPANIES..
3)by government and private( VEDANTA..)
4)FDI (Foreign Direct Investment)-up to 51%.
5) International funding( world bank..)
6)Soft loans
- interest is very low(<1%)
- period of repayment of the money is higher.
7)Venture capital
fundingby a soleentrepreneur.
8)Contract funding
16. mine the mineral and give the mineral to that country and return the money.
example:NMDC- kudremukh is funded by IRAN.
9)SAP(Special assistanceprogram)
IMPORT OF TECHNOLOGY
developing countries: resourcerich but capital and technology poor
globalization of industry.
Methods of import technology:
Non commercial
1. Technical literature
2. Exchange of information
3. Education and training
Commercial
1)Employment of experts & consultancy arrangement
2)Import of machinery & equipment
3) foreign Direct investment (FDI) in the royalty,dividend
ASPECTS OF IMPORT OF TECHNOLOGY:
Process technology
Manufacturingtechnology ( path areeasy to transplantand operate)
Sophisticated technology complete importof scientificbaseessential for absorption
Practicetechnology (mining) – difficult– technology developed and then adopted to scientificstudies
/ requirement. Practiceoriented – callsfor a very dedicated and trained workforce. Existingbaseis
not wide enough for transportation –difficultto replaceexistingpractice(time and conditioningof
the mind) .
CRUPP CONSULTANCY,GERMANY-----
SIEMENS,GERMANY--- ING,OCP-2,SCCL.
BRITISH MINING COUNCIL(BMC)-
CVN:COAL VIDHASH NIGAM
MECON: METAL & ENERGY CONSULTANTS.
SELECTION OF CONTRACTS AND CONTRACT MANAGEMENT :
17. Contract :
“a contract is an agreement between two parties with certain objectives.”
Contract may be between,
1) Management and Employees – ( Example: NCWA-National Coal Wage
Agreement)
2) Management and Government
3) Management and Financers- Asian Development Bank
4) Management and Equipment Suppliers- in terms of guaranteeand warranty.
5) Management and service provider - railways and telecommunication
providers.
OBJECTIVES OF GOOD CONTRACT:
Clear in ToR (Terms of Reference).
Clear objectives and responsibilities
Promote harmonious relationship.
Clearly spell out the obligations of each party.
Build good working relationship.
Mutual benefits
Should tell the validity of agreement.
Factors in Selecting Contract Types
- Capability of seller’s accounting system
- Uncertainty in the cost estimate
- Type and complexity of requirements
- Urgency
- Marketplace and competition
- Seller’s technical capability
18. Administrative costs to both parties
Selection and Managing:
Selection is through.....
NAMINATION
TENDOR – global / local.
consider both technical and economic elements to select.
Managing contracts......
The other party should provide facilities like communication ,housing, roads , water...to
contract people.
Penalty : if the agreed operations arenot satisfied by other party then penalty should be there.
TIME MANAGEMENT AND COST CONTROL
EFFECTIVE TIME MANAGEMENT
Time is valuable resource, democratically shared – all have 24 hrs, you cannot buy time; you
cannot board time – it flows. All you can do is make the best use of the time available. PLAN TO
USE TIME Think and organizethings in their order of importance. Earmark a unit of time for day
dreaming – plans that are up in the air. This may be at any time of the day that suits you and you
are undisturbed.
19. Set apartblocks of time for work; not littlebits and pieces of time interspersed with other activities.
Never handlea paper more than once – do not put itaway for later reading.Effective decisions are
taken rightaway. The percentage of errors / mistakes is no greater than if delay is made in decision
making. Act at once unless more information is called for and the availableis inadequate
For saving time in paperwork / communication restrict it to the minimum. Prefer verbal
communication which is direct & immediate. Written orders / notes should be clear,
unambiguous, short, straight forward. Purpose & objective should be clear in your mind before
you write. Tone and tenor should be positive and persuasive – avoid a torrid tirade or temper.
Meetings are phenomenal waste of most time if not conducted properly. They should be well
planned, purpose oriented, agenda driven and to the point. They should be useful and essential;
start on time and not drag on. The meeting should be kept in control by the executive who
convenes it and he should avoid becoming a protagonist in the debate.
An essential task an executive has to perform is decision making. Quick decisions yield two
benefits:
You gain time
You will have spare time available to correct an occasional incorrect decision.
If you do not control time , it will begin to control you.
20. The best decision is of no use unless it works. Involve all concerned right from the beginning;
acquaint all with the rationale & benefits flowing. Insist on subordinates giving recommendations
/ solutions to problems – not passing all the buck to all the time. They receive paining in the art
of decision making.
Goals give a dimension to time and provide a framework for the choices we must make and also
help time management / accountability. Focus on task and priorities. It does not mean working
longer or harder – it means working more systematically. In the ultimate analysis it is what we
get and gain as results that is the bottom line in the balance sheet.
Costs – their identification,measurement and control – most worked business area .
An enormous amount of work goes into costcontrol,an enormous amount of time goes to cost
analysis –there is no lack of tools & technique. Focus on results is the best and most effective cost
control.Cost does not existby itself,itis always incurred.
Several prerequisitein effective costcontrol:
Concentration must centre on controllingcosts wherethey areincurred.
Different costs must be treated differently
One truly effective way to cut costs is to cut out an activity altogether.
“costs” is a term of economics. The costsystem that need to be analyzed is therefore the entire
economic activity which produces economic value.
To be ableto control costs a business therefore needs cost analysiswhich:
Identifies costcenters – areas where significantcosts incurred needs effective cost reduction
Finds what the important costpoints are in each major cost centre.
Looks at the entire business as onecost – stream.
21. Define “cost” as what the customer pays rather than a what the legal or two unit of accountingincurs.
Classifies costs accordingto their basic characteristicsand thus produces a costdiagnosis
Cost centers in the business and its economic process arewhere it is really worth whileto work on the
control of costs.
Cost points aresimply the few activities within a costcentre that are responsiblefor the bulk of its
costs.Assumption is that a few activities will accountfor the bulk of the costs.
Cost categories:
Major costpoints fall into four main categories:
Productivecosts
Support costs
policing costs
waste
What to tackle, where to go to work, what to aimat – should become partof all overall understanding
of the business and the comprehension program for making itfully effective.
MATERIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
“Materialmanagement system involves identification , procurement , storage(inventory control)
and distribution of materials.”
Key points:
- timely availability of materials/equipments
- spares control/inventory control
- capital locked in spares
22. STAGES OF MMS
Design stage
Determination of requirements
Procurement
Receiving, storage and distribution
Inventory control
Disposal
Design stage:
Variety reduction, interchangeability, value engineering, splitting standardization.
Identify the ‘A’ item spares for reducing the numbers of same type of item required. A,B,C
analysis A:B:C 10/15 : 20/25 : 70/30 can be done by members, value, cost of consumption,
etc…
Determination of requirements:
Engineering assessments, data bank, insurance spares, all time buy.
Procurement:
Catalogues & illustrated spare parts list, quality, warranty, price increase,
indigenization, manufacturing plans, make or buy, contract protection for future supply
Receiving , storage and distribution:
Inspection, testing, identification, handling preservation
Inventory control:
Safety stocks, spare bunk, forecasts, all time buy, distribution, dynamics,
consumption, control of items.
Disposal:
Modification, substitution, reclamation.
23. QUALITY ASSURANCE:
activities includea planned systemof review procedures conducted by personnel not directly
involved in the inventory compilation/development process.
Reviews, preferably by independent third parties,should be performed upon a finalised inventory
followingthe implementation of QC(quality control) procedures.
24. “a program for the systematic monitoringand evaluation of the various aspects of a project, service,
or facility to ensure that standards of quality arebeingmet.”
emphasizes the prevention of defects and the addition of quality.
quality is determined by the intended users,clients or customers, not by society in general.
ASSURANCE OF QUALITY IN MINING
Avoidingthe dilution orein the site.
Blending: Mixingof different grades of ore to achieve required grade.
Whiletransportingthrough conveyor employ people to identify the waste visually and to remove
usingpickers.
At the transfer points : Belt to belt , belt to hopper ,hopper to dumper.
At the dispatch point-atbunkers
Do samplingto ensure the grade- Auto samplers/Laboratory
With electromagnets system the iron rods or pieces coming with ore is removed while conveying. (in
belt conveyors.)
Adopt Selective Mining.
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
26. Environment may be defined differently depending upon the perspective of the definer.
In the caseof EIA, environment is usually considered to constitute
three main subsystems:
1. Physical Environment (geology, topology, climate,water, air).
2. Biological Environment(terrestrial and aquatic communities,rareand endangered species,
sensitivehabitats,significantnatural sites).
3. Socio-cultural Environment (population,land use,development activities,goods and services,
public health,recreation,cultural properties,customs,aspirations).
Impact may be defined as the consequences of changes in the environment but it should not be
confused with effect.
For example, increasein river pollution dueto the initiation of a new project is an effect while
consequences of river pollution on human health, flora,fauna,etc. is the impact.
Assessment normally does not mean doingnew science,but rather assembling,summarizing,
organizingand interpretingpieces of existingknowledge, and communicatingthem so that an
intelligentbut inexpert policymaker will find themrelevant and helpful in their deliberations
"the systematic process of identifyingfuture consequences of a current or proposed action (IAIA).”
EIA is both an artand a science.Management aspect in EIA is an art, whereas the technical analysis is
based on the scientific principles.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF EIA
CAN BE DIVIDED INTO TWO CATEGORIES.
The immediate aimof EIA is to inform the process of decision-makingby identifyingthe potentially
significantenvironmental effects and risks of development proposals.
• The ultimate (longterm) aimof EIA is to promote sustainabledevelopment by ensuringthat
development proposals do notundermine critical resourceand ecological functionsor the well being,
lifestyleand livelihood of the communities and peoples who depend on them.
27. THE EIGHT STEPS OF THE EIA PROCESS
1) Screening: Firststage of EIA, which determines whether the proposed project, requires an EIA and
if it requires EIA, then the level of assessmentrequired.
2) Scoping: This stageidentifies the key issues and impactthatshould be further investigated. This
stage also defines the boundary and time limitof the study.
3) Impactanalysis:This stageof EIA identifies and predicts likely
environmental and social impactof the proposed projectand evaluates the significance.
4) Mitigation:This step in EIA recommends the actions to reduce and avoid the potential adverse
environmental consequences of development activities.
5) Reporting: This stage presents the resultof EIA in a form of a report to
the decision-makingbody and other interested parties.
6) Review of EIA: It examines the adequacy and effectiveness of the EIA
report and provides information necessary for the decision-making.
7) Decision-making:Itdecides whether the project is rejected, approved or needs further change.
8) Postmonitoring: This stage comes into play once the project is commissioned.Itchecks whether
the impacts of the projectdo not exceed
28. the legal standards and implementation of the mitigation measures are in
the manner as described in the EIA report.
UNIT-3
SELECTION OF OC MINE CUTS & SURFACE STRUCTURES
FACTORS IN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING:
Topography
Existinginfrastructure
Future operations
Ownership of the land
Geology
Surface ground water
Communication available- roads,rail,telecommunication
Power
Location fir fightingstation
Dumping yard location
TYPES OF INFRASTRUCTURES
DISPERSE TYPE:
-Scatteredinfra-structure
29. - Mostlynot preferred due itsdisadvantageslike
# land
# transportationdifficulties
# communication
BLOCK TYPE:
structure are keptas close as possible.
( see figure 5.1 of the principlesof mine planning,JayantBhattacharya)
LOCATION OF SURFACESTRUCTURES
The startingpointfor designof the mainmine surface areaisthe sitingof the miningplant,
preliminaryselectionof the regionorlocalitybeingfollowedbythe final decisiononthe
exactlocation.
In general,the sitingof the miningplantisdictatedbythe positionof the depositinthe mine
concessionarea.
The ultimate locationof boththe mainand auxiliarysurface areasdependson:
Depositminingandgeological condition
Ownershipof the land
Ground andsurface condition
Existinginfrastructure
Before the detaileddevelopmentplanforthe mainmine surface isprepared,itisnecessary
to:
Fix the sitinganddutiesof the mainshaftsinrelationtothe model of undergroundsection
Electricpower,configurationof the land
Fix the size of the particularfacilitiesandinstallationandsite the individual facilities and
installationinrelationtothe assumedmainproductionstreams
30. For thisdevelopmentplanthe followingprinciplesmustbe observed:
Mutual sitingof building,facilitiesandinstallations
Streamsof coal, rock,materials,personnel,etc.shouldfollow the routesestablished
Distancesbetweenbuildingsshouldbe bigenoughtocomplywithfire fightingregulations
Formationof barrenrock dumpsand spoil tipsshouldbe avoided
Protectionzonesandgreenbeltsshouldbe established.
Regulationsconcerningprotectionof natural environmentshouldbe rigorouslyobserved.
EXAMINATION OF GEOLOGICAL AND DETERMINATION OF ORE BODY,SELECTION
OF SITE FOR BLOCKING,MINE DELINEATIONThe following points should be
considered:
Geology of the mineralized zone;
Physical size and shape of the deposit;
Quantitative data on grade and tons of material within pertinent cut-off limits;
Mineralogical and metallurgical characteristics of the ore;
Physical characteristics of the ore and waste; and
Data on ground conditions, groundwater and other factors that affect mine design
and operation.
BLOCKING OF OREBODY/DELINEATION
BLOCKING: “Delineating the ore body.”
For the convenience of mining operation ,sometimes the
ore body is divided into blocks.
OTHER REASONS FOR BLOCKING:
31. 1) Lease restrictions
2)Geological formations/faults
3) Grade variation
4) Operational Reasons – Very large block may not be mined as a single block. So
in a single mine the block may be divided into South block , North block .
Example : NLC has Mine 1,1A,2.
5) Depth
6) Safety Aspects
7)Natural/Environmental Restrictions
MINE DESIGN AND PLANNING OF LAYOUT
PRINCIPLESOFMINE DESIGN
Mine designtechniquesfocusonthree groupsof problems
Indicatingmostappropriate investmentschemesandprogramof exploitation.
Optimizationof basicparametersfornew mine formapprofitongiveninvestmentoutlay.
Executionof technical designforimplementationmine designinvolves:
Analyse feasibilityof newdesignmethodsandjustifychoice of suitable onesandtheir
applications.
Practical use of modelingtechniques
PRACTICAL USE OF MODELING TECHNIQUES..
Graphical modeling–designbydrawing –sketches,technical drawings,diagrams(flow sheet)
automatedcomputerdataprocessingsystem.
Physical designmodels-provideacleanobjective of proposeddesign –illustrate shape /
structure:twodimentional orthree dimentional (blockshapes –scaleddown).
Mathematical modeling–currentlymore frequentlyapplied.Simulationandoptimization
modelsare particularlyimportant.Thesemodelstendtoeliminationof the abstractand
hence can stimulate the true situationwithconsiderable accuracyandalsothe numberof
parameterstobe optimizedcanbe increasesmore accuratelyfornatural depositconditions
and provide formore objectivedesigndecisions
DESIGNING OFOPEN PIT MINE
32. Determination of pit outline in planning involves finding of pit slope angles, pit bottom width,
etc.
Designingof opencastmine involves:
1. Heightof bencheswithreference toitsstability,strengthandits
capabilitytowithstandthe forces,cleavages
2. Specificgravity,cohesive strength,internal frictional angle
3. Width of the benches
4. Slope of the benches,berm, face angle andbankwidth,final pitslope
5. Designof the haul roads
6. Planningforproduction,lengthof face,etc.
LAYOUT SHOULD GIVE PROVISIONS FOR.
Vehicle movementandvehicleparks.
Contractor’scompounds - temporarycanteens,offices,site huts.
Storesand workshops
Site services –boilerhouse,electrical substation,sewagedisposal
Pitside facilities –lamproom,reportcentre , pitoffices,rescue room..etc
Cleanside facilities –pitheadbaths,medical centre ,canteen,mine offices,time andwages
offices.
CLASSIFICATION OFSURFACELAYOUTS:
1) DispersedType
33. The dispersedtype containsalarge numberof facilitieslocatedoverarelatively
large area.
This isoldenapproach,inthose daysspace was not a constraintand
environmental,publicreactionswere minimum.
2) BlockType –TYPES: BELT FORM,ZONEFORM.
Requiressmallersite
Betterspace utilization
Easy transport
REFER : BHATTACHRYA PAGE:133.
LAYOUTS
Spiral layouts:
-forhillydeposits.
-Ironore minesinhillyareasandsteeplydippingdeposits.
- gradient> 60*
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE LAYOUT OF MINE
Strippingratio
34. Type of the machinery
Local geology of the area – Gradient ,thickness ,depth
Terrain – Hilly terrain / Flatterrain.
Capital available- Example: NLC in Gujarat they have shovel dumper system due to the shortage of
capital available.
35. BENCH AND HAUL ROAD DESIGN
BENCH DESIGN
Benchheightisdependupon
i. Rock type
ii.Reach of the machine.
Benchwidthshouldnotbe lessthan
the benchheight&
alsothrice the widthof the dumperor
twice the widthof largestmachine plyoverthe bench
and2m clearance.
Benchslope shouldnotbe more than the angle of the repose of the material.
HAUL ROAD DESIGN
Shouldtransfertravellingloadtobase
Shouldseal off the waterpenetration
Shouldhave leastfriction
Shouldproduce leastdust
Layersof Haul Road:
36. WearingSurface:To resistabrasion(made upof asphaltor concrete or crushedrock).
Base:To resistshrinkage andswellingandshouldhave highstabilityanddensityto
spreadthe loadacting and distribute the stresses.
Subbase (optional):Itisrequiredforweaksoils.Granularmaterial canbe usedforboth
base and subbase layers.
Subgrade: Foundationlayerwhichsupportall the loadacting.If the rockis strong, then
the grounditself canbe usedassub grade layer.
Load actingon the Dumpertyres:
33 % on fronttyres& 67 %on rear tyres
Gradient:
1 in14 for haul roads & 1 in10 for ramps
SuperElevationRate:
E = (V2/(10 * R)) - F
Where,E – Superelevation rate (ft/ft)or(m/m)
V – Vehicle speedin(mph) or(kmph)
R – Curve radiusinm
F – Frictionfactor(0.3 to 0.001)
Haul RoadSigns
Lighting
RunawayPrecautions
Curve Design
Drainsand Culverts
Road Edge Barriers
Sumps& Pumping
37. SLOPE STABILITY
SafetyFactor:
F = S/Sm
where S= shearstrengthand Sm= mobilizedshearresistance.
F < 1: failure cantake place,F> 1: saferslope,F=1:underequilibrium.
Typesof Failures:
PlanarFailure
Wedge Failure
CircularFailure
TopplingFailure
41. CALENDAR PLANNING
Calendar Plan is thePlan of various activities related to calendar schedule.
a. Instantaneous excavation which indicates the followingatany instant:
Production of Mineral per year
Removal of Waste per year
Strippingratio per year
b. Cumulativeexcavation which indicates the following:
Cumulativeproduction of mineral upto that year
Cumulativehandlingof waste upto that year
Overall strippingratio upto that year
Stages upto which will betaken, upto that year
OBJECTIVES & NEED OF CALENDAR PLANS
Objectivesof aCalendarPlan:
To frame/setadefinite ProductionGoalsinspace,withquantityof materialtobe moved,
To allowbettereconomicevaluationthanthe phase average period.
42. Needof a CalendarPlan:
In a calendar plan, a pictorial representation of stripping ratio with respect to time is made
witha viewtooptimizingthe extractionof mineral.
In calculationof strippingwork,the wholelife spanof the mine istakenintoconsideration.
c. Instantaneous and Cumulative Machinery Utilization – indicate Instantaneous and cumulative
utilization of machinery atvarious stages of mining.
d. Quality – indicates thequality of mineral acquired atvarious stages of miningwork.
e. Development and dismantlingof haul roads and ramps
43. f. Manpower Requirements.
The total lifeof the mine can broadly be divided into followingfour stages:
1. Construction Stage
2. Development Stage
3. Remunerative Stage
4. Slack Period.
Overall planning of a mine is correlated to all phases of mining operations, which will facilitate and
ensure maximum utilization of heavy earth moving machinery(HEMM) and other complementary
equipment which will be a function of the total work load of waste rock handling and mineral output
within a particular timeframe.
The yearly productivity of the deployed equipment will indicate the complementary and
supplementary manpower required.
PRODUCTION SCHEDULING AND PLANNING
Production planning:
Optimum levels of production is to keep costof production as lowas possible
Operational Viability
Sufficientexposure of minerals
Keep the gap as littleas possiblebetween the ore and waste
Minimizethe pit slope
Alternative production rate
Proper equipment selection
MINE SCHEDULING:
‘Mine Schedulingisaprocessof simulatingthe
extractionof depositovertime’
44. Thisprocesscomprisesof,
Definingthe depositasa groupof miningblocksandestablishingattributesforthese blocks.
Establishing rates of removal for the minerals in the mining blocks and the sequence in
whichthe blocksare to be removed.
Simulatingthisextractionsequence.
Reporting the results of the schedule.
Because of the spatial relationships between
miningblocks usually play an importantrolein
the feasibility of an extraction sequence, the
miningengineer can benefit from a graphical
representation of the schedule.
ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY INDICES
TECHNO – ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Performance monitoring/analysis
Technical analysisincludes:
Production – achievingtarget–precessionplantefficiency
Productivity –OMS
Machinery – machine utilization –machine availability –machine efficiency
Manpower– skilled,semi-skilled,unskilled
45. Safey – accidentspermillionhoursorforthousandtonnesof productionorman lakhhours
Energy –conservation,utilization
Environment – green house gas emission – any bank loans – 10% of amount should be
availedforenvironment
ECONOMICANALYSIS
Economicanalysisincludesall of the above + capital and operatingcosts
Ex: Energy – cost/tonne produced
Safety – compensationanddamage
Production – cost / tonne ; NPV – technoeconomicindices
Productivity –cost perlaborof manpower
National ProductivityCouncil:For measuringthe performanceof differentorganizations
Capital cost
Ex: fora shovel –dumper: 50 crores formilliontonnesperyear
For a BWE: 90 – 100 crores permilliontonne productionperyear
(Neyveli inGujaratisnotusingBWE because of lack of capital funds)
Operatingcost
46.
47. UNIT-4
LOCATION OF UG ENTRIES
Type of/ mode of entry - Shaft, Decline, Adit
Comparison of calculated construction costs, unit and total costs
Unit cost – cost / ton
Total cost - construction, maintenance, cost of haulage
Objective: to meet the production requirement
SITE CONSTRAINTS
Shaft Location – presence of water bodies, forest area etc.
Geological Disturbances, Hydrological Disturbances, Topography etc.,
HFL
Loss of Mineral in Shaft Pillar
Infrastructure ( in remote areas) – power and materials
Purpose of Shaft – production / ventilation / waste pumping
Haulage/ Transport – dispatch
Energy availability
Sand stowing – location of same
Algorithmstoselectshaft/decline:Zian’smethod,Vez’smethod –Analytical method
Optimization of mine parameters (Size of panel, length of face, location of levels, level
intervals)
Optimization is a mathematical operation involving the parameters that influence the
objective whichcanbe minimizationormaximization.
Production - In termsof Economics,SafetyandEnvironment –graph
Panel Size –
For coal mines –Production* IncubationPeriod
For metal mines –No IncubationPeriodbutproductionisaproblem
Level Interval –Graph
Dimensionsof galleries–
Larger galleriescangive lotsof advantagesbutsafetyproblemsare alsohigh.
48. Regulations/rules.
Face- Lengthof Longwall Face
Let the production/day / shiftfor6 hourshiftbe 330 tonnes
Lengthof Longwall Face = 330/(γ*Areaof panel)
Where
γ =
Areaof Panel = Panel length* thickness
Panel lengthisdictatedbythe IncubationPeriod
LONGWALL FACE LENGTH
The chosenlengthdetermines:
Rate at whichadvances/repeats
Tonnage recoverable frompanel
AFClength
Numberof supportsrequired.
Capital costof face equipment
ADVANTAGESOFLONG FACE
Output/shearergreater.
Greatercuttingtime as lesstime lossatface endmeasurement.
Reduceddevi seqtsfewerfacesperpanel
Reducedmix of gate side packs.
Fewerface moves,reducedinterruptionstoproduction
Reducedconstructionworkare crossingsin,doors,conveyorinstallation.
Importantventeffects,lesserleakage points.
ADVANTAGESOFSHORTER FACES
Lowercapital requirements/face
Higherspeedof face,betterstratacontrol,consistentproduction
LightloadingonAFC promote reliability,avoidsunplannedstoppages
Lessequipmentsinvolvedinface transfers.
49. More developmentwork.
COAL INDIA hasstandardizedon150m lengthfaces.
DESIGN OF PROTECTIVE AND SHAFT PILLAR
SHAFT PILLAR
Consider, D=depth of the shaft in m,
T=Thickness of seam in m,
R=Radius of shaft pillar in m.
(1) DRON’S rule:
Area of shaft pillar = area to be supported + D/6 on all sides
(2) FOSTER’S rule:
R=3√Dt
(3) WADIN’S rule:
For shaft upto 100m depth, size should not be less than 36.5m×36.5m.
There after for every 36.5m depth, increase size by9m.
(4) MINING ENGINEERS rule:
For shallow shafts the minimum radius for shaft pillar is 18m.
For deeper shaft, √Dt
R=18.3+ 32.8
50. (5) DONAHUE’s formula for inclined seams:
If D= Depth of shaft, X= angle of dip of coal seam,
Then y = D Sinx Cosx
S= Margin of safety, usually equal to 5% to10% of the depth,
Then width of the pillar on rise side = S+ D/7+ 2y/3
Then width of the pillar on Dip side = S+ D/7 – v/3
Then width of the pillar along strike = S+ D/7
SHAFT PILLAR PROTECTION
Rapid Mining
Stowing
Harmonic Extraction
Partial Extraction
SELECTION OF METHOD OF EXTRACTION
FACTORSIN SELECTION
Spatial characteristicsof deposit
Size(dimensions,especiallyheightorthickness)
Shape (tabular,lenticular,massive,irregular)
Altitude(inclination ordip)
Depth(meanandextreme values,strippingration)
51. Geologicandhydrologicconditions
Mineralogyandpetrography(sulfidesvs.oxides)
Chemical composition(primary,by-productminerals)
Depositstructure (folds,faults,discontinuities,intrusions)
Planesof weakness(joints,fractures,cleavage inmineral,cleatsincoal)
Uniformity,alterationweathering(zones,boundaries)
Groundwaterandhydrology(occurrence,flowrate,watertable)
Geotechnical(soil androckmechanics) properties
Elasticproperties(strength,modulusof elasticity,Poisson’sratio.Etc.)
Plasticor viscoelasticbehavior(flow,creep
State of stress(original,modifiedbymining)
Consolidation,companion,andcompetence (abilityof openingtostandunsupported)
Otherphysical properties(specificgravity,voids,porosity,permeability,moisture content)
Economicconsiderations
Reserves(tonnagesandgrades_
Productionrate( outputperunittime)
Mine life ( operatingperiodfordevelopmentandexploitation)
Productivity(outputperunitof laborand time)
Comparative miningcostsof suitablemethods.
Technological factors
Mine recovery
Dilution( amountof wasterproducedwithore
Flexibilityof methodwithchangingconditions
Selectivityof methodtodistinguishore and waster.
Concentrationordispersionof workings
Capital,laborandmechanizationintensities
Environmental concerns
Ground control to maintainintegrityof openings
Subsidence,orcavingeffectsonthe surface.
Atmosphericcontrol (ventilation,qualitycontrol,heatandhumiditycontrol)
Work force(recruitment,training,healthandsafety,living,communityconditions)
52. Man Power Management
Listof lifeTime certificates
Listof statutory certificates
Listof statutory and lifetime certificates
Details of employees – Due date prior 3 months
License and PME information details
53. Listof employees for selected period whose license,statutory certificates arefor renewal
Listof employees for selected period who did not attend PME
Listof employees who did not attend PME in their service.
Strikes
All strikedetails
For selected month
For selected period
Causewise analysisof strike
Legal/Illegal wiseStrikeDetails
Partial/Total wiseStrikeDetails
Designation
Total number of lockouts
Month wise/Year wise
Charge Sheet
StandingOrder number wise Charge Sheet
StandingOrder number wise Status Report
All chargeSheet details
Enquiry
54. Submitted /not submitted wiseenquiry report
Enquiry details based on Duration
All enquiries Details
WarningLetters/Charge Sheet Information Details
Planningon Water Management
1. Expectedinflowassessment
Open cast relates to exposed area to rain (catchment area vis-a vis mine area),
Underground excess inflow due to rain on S/F, underground water generation, water from
waterbearingstrata/aquifer.
2.Planto preventingresstomine
Open cast S/F drains, channels, guide run off –underground mine subsidence areas to
be protected, S/F drains, consolidation where feasible – such as cracks/ fissures – prevent
run off accessto mine workingsoutletsabove HFLawayfromwaterbodies.
3. Planfor sumpcapacity
Open cast –heaviest showers in the past- required pumping capacity and sump volume
without affecting operations. Underground maximum inflow in the monsoon seasons- all
sources.
Number / location of sumps- special sumps- in particular if water is to be stored for future
use by mine indryseason – like spraying/quenching/colonyrequirements.
Pump capacity – dead / live – type of pumping operation – concentrated spread out all sifts/
nightshift.
4.PumpingPlans
Pit bottom main sump – open cast sump – single /supplicate drainages in stone may be
required –storage capacity 24 hours/2 days/as required.
Cardinal Principle – collect water where it is generated, do not allow or take to lower levels-
use maximumof gravityflowstoreduce pumpingcost.
Ample size of delivery lines reduce open cost all points at crucial points to be duplicated with
separate (duplicate) deliverytomeetanyemergency.
55. Layout of pump room andfoundations, pumpfitting and switch gear- pump and pipe joints –
ventilation/lighting/communicationtopumproom.
Choice of face / intermediate pumps – centrifugal (various types) turbine / MONO /
submersible types/pistontype,etc
TECHNO ECONOMIC INDICES
BASIC TECHNO ECONOMIC INDICES
VENTILATION PLANNING
AIR QUANTITY & VELOCITY:
56. Deals with effects of
Methane and other gases
Heat
Dust
VENTILATION PLANNING:
Prepare mine working plans
Project at each life stages of mine the proposed extent of mine workings – U/G roadways, working
districts, drifts, dev.headings, raise/winze, substations, pump houses, loco garage, first aid rooms,
haulagerooms, miners stations etc…
Link all theseto period of major change – drifts,horizons,stopes,depillaring,etc…
Random interval can also beselected – 5 yrs interval upto 25 years.
VOLUME FLOW:
Quantity of air required at different places estimates based on methane emission, volume of
production,no of persons working U/G / man shift,wet bulb temp, dust SPM
Calculate the resultant velocities on each roadway to ensure this flow & reqd velocity at working
places – not too high / nor too low,adequate to control dustalso.
Allow for all leakages, S/P at airlock, pit bottom dons, intake to return – which increase with extended
working and WG. Estimate VEQ % overall air to air atface.50% VEQ is good ventilation standard
MINE RESISTANCE:
Calculate roadway resistance as per formulae and then series / parallel for all circuits – nodal point
resistances.
Evaluate total resistance.Chartvariation in mineresistancethrough mine life.
VENTILATION PRESSURE:
Small pressureonly observed at face – balancedue to rest. all alongroadways/ shafts etc…
VENTILATION NETWORK:
Identify nodes, branches,tabulatefor all the stage of lifeplans.Allowfor leakages
57. system resistanceand equivalentorificecan be calculated.
STATUTORY REQUIREMENT:
Heat and Humidity
Wet bulb temp – 30.5º C
Velocity not less than 1 m/s
No deployment of mess when wet bulb temp is over 33.5º C
Dust is controlled best with velocity 1.5 to 2 m/s. Gas dilution – keep methane below 0.5% at face.
Virgin rock temp to be considered.
IndianCoal Fields:
Geothermic gradient 1º C per 36m depth commencing at 18m depth 27.2º C constant VRT at 100m =
27.2 + (100 – 18) / 36 = 29.42º C
CONTROL OF DUST AND GASES:
58. Explosion and Firehazard
Health risk
Nuisance value – irritation of skin, eyes, ears, nose – machine relays, bearings circuitry, Visibility –
dust cloud.
Primarycause:
Mechanical breakage and disintegration during mining operations, also release & dispersion of dust
present – slip planes
Degradation and agitation of material during transport – respirable dust, is that aims airborne ( less
than 10 micron in diameter ).
MINE SUPPORT PLANNING
Supports in UG in mines are designed to support the load coming from the “IMMEDIATE ROOF”
only.(not the total load aboveit).
So supports have to be designed to carry the load from pressure arc, not the total load a bove
excavation.
CAVABILITY: its the most importantfactor in designingthe supports.
CMRI: CAVABILITY INDEX=I=t0.6(∂*m)n
Where , t=thickness of the strong bed
∂=compressive strength
m=parameter of massiveness=(RQD+10)/100
n=factor depend on RQD=1.1-1.3.
ESTIMATION OF SUPPORTREQUIRMENT FOR LONGWALL FACE
NCB METHOD
FORMULAS:
59. 1) SUPPORT LOAD /UNIT AREA = P= (VLM)/(K-1)
Where,
V= average density in t/m3
L= Longwall face length in m
M= average face length in m
K= bulkingfactor
2)HEIGHT OF IMMEDIATE ROOF=IR=T/(K-1)
where,
T= thickness of extraction.
K= Bulkingfactor.
3) TOTAL LOAD ACTING
Load = Density *Height of immediate roof*(Length of the face + Gate roadway width on both
sides)*span
FOR GIVEN DATA OF :
Density of coal = 1.2 t/m3,Bulking factor = 1.2,Length of the face = 120 m ,
Width of gate roadways=4+4=8 m, Span = 8 m. Extraction height/thickness=3m.
Calculation:
Assumingthe width of the supportis = 1.5 m
immediate roof height = t/(k-1)=3/(1.2-1)=15
Load = Density *Height of immediate roof*(Length of the face + Gate roadway width on both
sides)*span
=1.2*15*(120+8)*8 = 18432 t
NUMBER OF SUPPORTS REQUIRED =Total facelength/width of support
=128/1.5=
85
LOAD ON EACH SUPPORT = Load acting/No.of supports
=18432/85
= 217 t
To have a factor of safety above one ,
the load bearingcapacity of each support is taken as 250 t.
THUMB RULE:
60. Loadingactingat a particular depth(d) = 0.025*d.
If strata is inclined =0.025*d*cos(angle)
MINE RECLAMATION PLANNING
“Land reclamation is the treatment of the land ,creating conditions for putting the land to its
pre-mininguse or other useful working.”
A reclamation area both aesthetically attractiveas well as useful is moredesirable.
The reclamation process serves a binding agreement between the management and the government
agencies.
However there may be some changes in the over all life of the project –usually techniques and
methodology.
Reclamationplanpurpose
Providedetailed guidelinefor reclamation process and fulfill all thestatutory requirements.
Plans for the use during entire operational period and subsequent to the cessation of exploration,
miningand possessiveactivities.
Reclamation planning should provide direction and standards to assist on monitoring and compliance
evaluations.
Reclamation plan content
A logical sequenceof steps for the completing the reclamation purpose
The specifics of howthe reclamation standardswill beachieved.
As the estimation of the specific costs of reclamation
Sufficientinformation for development of the basis of the inspection.
Reclamation standards-
Waste management
All undesirable materials(all toxic sub soil contaminated soil , fluids process residue, refuse)shall be
isolated recoveredburied or appropriatedisposal
61. A)Area protected from future contamination from miningactivities.
B)No contamination materials remainingnear SF
C)Remove isolate]bury inappropriatemanner all the toxic substance
D)Adopt acceptablewaste disposal practices
Subsurface
To be properly sterilized, holes in UG working property plugged and sub surface integrity
ensured
Site stability
Reclaimed area should be stable and should not exhibit—large rills or gullies, soil movement,
slopeinstability.
Reclamationplanningsteps…..
Make an inventoryof the pre-miningconditions.
Evaluate and decide the post-mining requirements of the region with due considerations of
needsanddesiresof the affectedgroup.
Analyze alternative miningandreclamationschemesbestof the objective.
Develop an acceptable mining, reclamation and land use scheme that is most suitable under
technical,social andeconomicconditions.
Information requirements
Natural land usefactor
Topography
Climate
Altitude
Exposure
Hydrology
Surfacehydrology
Ground water hydrology
62. Geology
Soils
Agricultural character
Engineering character
Terrestrial ecology
Aquatis ecology
Cultural factors
Location
Accessibility
Size and shapeof the site
Surroundingland use
Land ownership
Type, intensity and valueof use
Population characteristics
Processof Reclamation
TECHNICAL RECLAMATION
This includes back filling of the excavations, spreading of the subsoil and top soil,
gradingof the backfillingand wastedump .
BIOLOGICAL RECLAMATION
Restore the fertility and biological productivity of the disturbed lands
This phasetakes 3 to 5 years
During this favorable spices are grown which depend on the climate depth and nature of the topsoil
and subsoil,local typeof farmingetc.
63. UNIT-5
EQUIPMENT FOR DRILLING ANDBLASTING
Factors in drill performance
Operating variables (drill, rod, bit and fluid)
(a) Drill power, blow energy and frequency, rotary, speed, thrust and rod design;
(b) Fluid properties and flow rate.
Drillhole factors (hole size, length, and inclination)
Hole diameters,
in surface 6 – 18 in. (150-450mm)
in underground 1.5-7 in. (40-175 mm)
Rock factors
Properties of the rock,
Geological conditions
State of stress acting on the drill hole.
Service factors
Labour and supervision,
Power supply
Jobsite,
Weather
Drill performance parameters
There are four parameters are measured or estimated most frequently:
Process energy and power consumption
Penetration rate
Bit wear(life)
Cost(ownership + operating = overall)
DRILL SELECTION
Type of drill
Type of bit
64. Size of bit
Power source
Drillability (rate of penetration)
Blasting factor
Drilling factor
Determine and specify the conditions under the conditions under which the machine will be
used,
such as the job - related factors (lobor, site, weather, etc...), with safety the ultimate
consideration.
State the objectives for the rock breakage
tonnage, fragmentation, throw, vibrations
Based on blasting requirements, design the drill hole pattern for surface mining or drill round if
underground (hole size and depth, inclination, burden, spacing, etc...)
Determine the drillability factors, and, for the kind of rock anticipated identify the drilling
method candidates that appear feasible
Specify the operating variables for each system under consideration including drill, rod, bit, and
circulation fluid factors.
Estimate the performance parameters, including machine availability and costs, and compare.
Cost /meter.
Consider the power source and select specifications.
Selection also includes….
Machines capability (pulldown, rotary torque, etc.) must exceed formation penetration
requirements.
Maximum hole size capability increases with machine size.
Larger machines are more rugged and can generally drill in harder formations.
A machine that can handle drill pipe long enough to permit single pass drilling can significantly
improve productivity.
The production rate is dependent both on the actual penentration rate and on the time
required for pipe changes and machine repositioning.
Electric drives have the lowest operating cost, the longest service life and the best track record
for reliability.
Electric drives require an in-pit power distribution system.
Three levels of pit and area mobility are available; low speed crawlers (electric machines),
medium speed crawlers (diesel machines) and roadable high speed carriers (wheel mounted
units)
65. Dust control requirements are dictated by regulations.
Optional equipment such as powered cable reels, automatic lubrication, automated controls. Etc.,
can increase the efficiency of the drilling operations.
Long term productivity is dependent on the ruggedness, reliability and maintainability of the
design.
