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PHAT TRIEN CHUaNG TRINH GIAO Due BAI HOC• • •
THEO HUOOG .rtcnHaP. .
G
l1engtrinh (CT)la Sl!th~ hi~n tQPtrung quan
I~m, tl1tl10ng va nQi dung glao dye; ~uan
I~t phl1O'ngcham, rnuc tleu oao tQO, qua
00 quy~t oinh cheit 111Q11gglao due.
Tuy nhlen, nhi~u nom qua, cong tac nghien
ceu va (rng dyng trong phat trl~n choong trinh
glao dyc (CTGD) choo Ol1Qcquan tam oung rmrc,
con thi~u OQIngO chuyen gla co ngh~. Cau hoi
oQt ra Oai vol cac tmang OQi hQc va cac nha
nghlen CI1Ula «c~n phat trl~n CTGD nhl1tha nao
cho phI) hQP vol xu the odl mol giao dyc hi~n
nay nhOm oap ling nhu cau xa hQI?". Sal vl~t
nay o~ cQPmQtquan oi~m dinh hl1ang hl~n Oqi,
tra thanh mot xu th~ mol Ol1O'Cnhi~u nl10Ctren
tha glol (tron'g do co Vi~t Na~) quan tam nghien
cw, (rngdvng - cl6la ph6t tr/dnCTGDthee hu6ng
tfch hqp (TH).
1.TheeTu-di'n Heng VI,t, TH(lntergated) la
«Sf! gdn ktt cac vQt thi nhd Ie thdnh m9t kh6'1
th5ng nheit;51/k6tn51cae thdnh phdn m9t h~ th6ng
tQOnen h~ th6ng todn b9" (1); con Tu-di'n Anh
- VI.t dinh nghia THla «ktt hqp c61gi i/6 i/i n6
hodn todn tra thdnh m9t h9 phQn ctia cal khac:
hqp nheit, hoo nhQp" (2). TH khong phal la «oQt
cQnh nhau", lien k~t vol nhau rna la SI! «xam
nhQP,dan xen" cae dai hrQ11ghay cac bQ phQn
cua oai hrQngvao nhau tQOthanh mQtehinh th'.
Trong glao dvc thl1ang co hal ki~u tkh hQP: TH
d<;>cva THngang xung quanh mQtchu o~ (3).
Theo chung tol, phat tri~n CTGD OQIhQctheo
hl10ng TH la thlet ke mQt chl1O'ngtrinh c6 diu
truc nQI dung dU'QCxay dl!ng tren cO' sa cua
chuan kian thvc, ki nang, thai aQ phI) hQP Vol
yeu diu cua cong vi~c, dU'QCcy th~ bang nhOng
module/ mon hQcva nhOng dl! an hQctQPc6 SI.,I'
TH va chuy~n tai dU'Q'ch~ thang nang h,c can
hlnh thanh a ngooi hQcmQtcach h~ thang, trQn
v~n. 51!TH nay oam boo vva kh&c phvc oU'Qcsv
rai rQc, oQc IQPcua vi~c trang bi h~ thang kien
thvc v6i ki nang, thai dQ ngh~ nghi~p; vva tQo ra
o ThS. 86TH~ HUNG *
tinh lien thq.n.ggiOa coc ehuyen nganh, coc trlnh
dQ va SI! «m~m deo" cuo qua trinh oao too.
2. DQc tinh quan trQng cue CTGDTH
Di~n hlnh cue quan oi~m tfch hqp trong phat
tri~n chU'eng trlnh glao dl,lc ki thuQt la mo hinh
«COlO" (Conceive: hlnh thanh y hrang; Design:
thi~t k~; Implement. tri~n khal; Operate: vQnhanh)
la m9t trong nhOng ccch ti~p cQnhl~u qua, dang
oU'Qctrl~n khal vQn dl,lng a han 50 trU'ang dQI
hQctren the 9ioi nhOm oap vng nhu cau cua cac
doanh nghi~p va cac ben lien quan khac trong
vi~c nang cao kha nang tlap thu cac kl~n thvc Co'
bon cua 5V, oong thai oeiy mQnhvi~ hQccac ki
-nang co nhan va glao tiap, kinang kian tQo san
pham, quy trlnh va h~ th5ng. Oay la m9t phU'O'ng
phap IUQnglup glai quyat dU'Qchal vein o~ then
ch5t la: dgy SV vein i/~ gi (klan thl1C,ki nang va
thai oQ,,,.) va Idm the'ndo i/i SV linh h9f i/vqc tr;
thvc. Mo hinh «CDIO" dl.,l'atren chuein oau ra
cua mol nganh ngh~, mol tmang d~ thiet ke cac
choong trlnh glao dl,lc co tfnh TH, khuyan khkh
phoong phap TH, chu oQng, hQCtrai nghi~m cua
5V nhom oQt oU'Qcyeu cau cua nganh oao tQO.
o~xU'ong «CDIO" oa glal thkh CI,Ith~ Co'sa If
IUQncho mQt CTGDTH, neu len nhOng i/gc ffnh
quan tr<;>ngcua m9t chvong trinh giao dvc TH
(4),(5). 00 la:
- CTGD oU'Qct6 chl1cxoay quanh cac chuyen
nganh; tai ceiutruc sao cho cac chuyen nganh co
th~ ket n51va ho trQIan nhau han, khong tach rai
va oQc IQpvol nhau.
- Cac ki nang co nhan va glao tlap; ki nang
klen tQOsan pheim; quy trlnh va h~ th5ng clan
xen chQt che vao cac mon hQc mang tfnh ho trQ
Ian nhau nham giai quyet mau thuan «ti~m ein"
giOa chuyen mon ki thUQtva nhOng ki nang nay.
• Mol mon hQc(hoQctral nghi~m hQctQP)oQt
ra cac «chuan oau ra" CI,I th~ v~: kien th(rcchuyen
* TruongB~ihqcSI'p"'m kl th~t Hll'llgYin
~ T_'P_C_h_i_GI_a_O_dU_C_s_6_2_9_4__ (k_._2_.~9/_20~1~2)

2. nganh; cdc ki nang (ca nhan va giao ti~p, ki~n
too sen pham); quy trInh, h~ th6ng, ... nham dam
boo SV co dooc n~n tang phu hop trong vai tro
nguoi ki sv tuong lai.
Trong qua frlnh phat tri~n aGD dQi hoc hi~n
nay, ccc nha nghien ceu viro chu tronq veo nQi
dung va CelUtrue a, vuo quan tam d~n d5i mol
qua trlnh doc tQOva d5i mol PPDH, d6ng thai
a~ c¢p a~n phuong ti~n dQYhQceOng nhu quy
tr1nhd6nh gia, xae nh¢n k~t qua hQc t¢p. Nhu
v9Y, tinh TH cuci a se th~ hi~n a co nQi dung,
eelutrue va phoong thue dOOtQO- ey th~: t
- Nha'n manh d~n viec tao ra cae du an hoc
t9P rna (; do' co Sl,l'TH'ki~~thue, ki n'ong Ii~n
nganh, da nganh va co nhOng kTnang co nhan.
Thong qua vi~e tham gio vao coc dl,l'an hQctQP,
nguai hQc dvqc phat tri~n bOn than, duqc trai
nghi~m va rEmluy~n d~ hlnh thanh chuan ki~n
thuc, kTnang dap ung yeu cau cua nganh daO
tao va cua XQ hoi.
. - Ngu6n tri theresekhong «dong khung" trong
khuon kh5 cuo cae hQcphdn! mon hQcma luon
co xu huang vuqt ra ngoal sach giao khoo, tQO
ra tfnh rno trong hogt d¢ng nh{in thvc - hc;>ct{ip.
• . aGDTH glup cho vi~ nh{in thvc • hc;>ct{ip
cua nglfol hc;>ctro nen Iinh hogt, m~m deo han.
Nguoi hQc ehu dQng tham gia cac nhom glal
quy~t cac dl,l'an hQct9P, cac nhi~m vv hQct9P
va dllQ'Cchu dQng sang tQOthong qua cac nhi~m
Vl) co tfnh «mo", TH cac kTnang chuyen mon,
ngh€ nghi~p lien nganh, dO nganh va nhOng kT
nang co nhan. Nguoi hQcduqc khuy~n khrch y
thuc tl,I' 19Pgiai quy~t velnd~, ung dVng ki~n thuc
thl,l'Ct~ va XQ hQi vao qua trlnh hQc t9P, dvqC
tham gia vao mQtqua trlnh giao dvc toan di~n.
. TQOdi~u ki~n cho nguol hQcdllQ'Ctham gia
VOo cac nhomSVnhll: nhom«cungchuyennganh"
giai quy~t cac nhi~m vI.)chuyen mon h~p, sou;
nhom «lien nganh" giai quy~t cac nhi~m vv dOi
hoi Sl,l'TH ki~n thuc, kTnang cua nhi~u nganh;
nhom «dO nganh" (nhi~u dQ tu5i, trlnh dQ) giai
quy~t cac nhi~m vy dllqC Sl,l'quan tam va cach
ti~p cQncua nhl€u nganh khoo hQckhac nhau.
3. Cac phU'Ol1gphap ti6p cQn trong phat
tri6n CTGDTH
1) PhU'C1ngph6p tie'p cqn cia ngdnh (The
,Multldisciplinary Approach) nham xay dvng mQt
G.:(GDco Sl.!TH cae nganh/ti6u nganh xung
quanh mQt veln d~ ma nhi~u nganh khoa hQc
clYng quan tam; h09C nhOng chu d~ hQc tQP
chung cho nhi~u nganh ma ngllol hoc co th~
gial quy~t chu d~ tren co sa ccc goc dQ khoa
hoc khcc nhau (xem hinh 1) (6).
Theo quan di6m ti~p cQn TH do nganh
(Multidisciplinary Integration), nguoi to cOng co
th~ teo ra nhOng nganh hoc song song trong mQt
a DT (vi du: nganh Van· 5v; Van· Dia; Ioan :
Lf; Ca- Di~n tV; H6a . Lf, Hoa' Sinh, H6a . Ddu, ...
TQiMi, hoc sinh thllong tim hi~u van hQcva lich
sli nvac nha nhu nganh songsongvoi vi~ nghien
cvu tVng glai dGQnCl,Jth~ cua Ijch sli va dQCvan
hQctrong thai ki dO (chdng hQn, cac em se dQC
The Red Badge of Courage bang tl6ng Anh trong
khi nghien cuu cUQcnQi chi~n trong Ilch sli).
Hinh 7. Phvong phap tidp c{in dO ngcmh
Trong THdOnganh, ngooi to xay dl/ng nhOng
chu d~ dl/a tren cac h'nhVl/Cmon hQckhac nhau
(thl1ong 10 tLr 3 mon hQctro len); co th~ thu hut
ngllol hQCa cac dQtu51khae nhau, cae lap hQc
khac nhau hOQcco trllong cung thorn gla thl/C
hi~n trong cac sinh hOQtngoai glo len lop. HOQt
dQng nay dem IQinhi~u lQ'iich cho SV, giup cac
em auQ'c: lam vl~ va cQng tac voi mQI ngllol
trong mQt t9P th~ dO dQng v~ nhQn thvc va dQ
tu5i (eac nhom multi age); troi nghi~m va th~ hi~n
sv hi~u bi6t sou sOcveln d~ trong mQtqua trinh
kham pha lou dOl cua hQthong qua nhOng son
pheim trinh bay dO dQng minh hQa cho chu d~:
Video, mo hinh, tranh luQn...; hQctQPIan nhau
va tQora hang hOi, hung thu trong qua trlnh lam
vi~ cQng d6ng.
2) PhU'C1ngph6p fie'p cqn lien ngdnh (The
Interdisciplinary Approach) nham xay dvng mQt
(T co dai tllQ'ng nhQn thuc • hQetQP 10 nhang
chuein ki6n thvc, kT nang chung cho nhi~u
nganh/ti~u nganh co lien quan ma khi tri~n khal
Ta. p chi Glao-dlc s6 294 (ki 2 • 9/2012) ~
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3. c5n sUodyng cdc chueinki~nthllc, kr nang chung
aa ducc TH trong CT (vI dy: TH sli dyng may
tfnh vee trong CT gidng dQYcuo nhi~u nganh
lien quan chll khongphdi la xay dY'nga ag sUo
dyng may rtnh].
CTTH lien ngd nh (Interdisciplinary
Integration) co nhOngchu a~, dY'an hoc tQP
yeu ceiunguai hoc phdi sli dyng ki~n thllc cue
nhi~u nganh/ti~u nganh a~ gidi quy6t, thi6t
IQPSY'k6tno'itri thllc cilo nhl~u nganh val nhau
va tQOmo'iquan h~, g6n k6t ch<:Jtche glija tri
thllc khoa hoc val th6 glal hl~n thY'C(7) (..:,dy,
nguai to thuang TH kTnang oQc,vif{t, glao tif{p
trong khoa hQcngon ngO hOQcTH ki6n thllc
lich sli, ala If, klnh t6,... hay mQt CT nghien
CIlUxc hQi, hay TH sinh hQc,vQtIf, hoa hQc,...
trong khoahQcv~tral oat). TrongTHlien nganh
cein xac ojnh nhOng kTnang, khai nl~m, chu
o~ rna vl~c rEmluy~n, h'nhhQI chung ooi hoi
ngval hQcphdi sli dyng ki6n thllc, kTnang cua
nhl~u nganh khoahQc.Khieto,CTavQ'ct6 chllc
xung quanh nhOngchu o~, d'l an hQctQPco
tinh lien ng€mh(8) (xem hinh 2)
Anh ngG' Khoa h9C
Chud'
Khai nltm
(Tlch h9Pkinang (bl6t ~QC, vl~t, suy nghi,
tinh toan, nghi6n c(IIJ...)
Ljch sa £>ja II
Hinh 2. PhlJOTlgph6p titp egn lien nganh
• • •
ThY'chl~nehutrvanga61mai canbanva toan
di~n n~nglao dye nvac to rnaDQihQiDdng lein
thll XI etaet~ra, vi~ quan trl~t, vQndyng quan
oigmTHtrongt6chllcdQYhQCva phattrlgnaGD
la xu thf{tat y6u hi~nnay. Glao dyc aQIhQccein
col ao la nhl~mvy hang oeiuete;co thg thl6t k6
oVQ'cnhOngchuangtrlnh phu hQ'pval nhu ceiu
xa hQI,gop pheinkhong ngllng nang coo chat
IVQnggl60 dyctoOndl~ncuacacnha trvang. CJ
(1), (3) Titdi~n tieng Vitt. NXB Vdn hod, H. 1993.
(2)Titdi~n Anh Vi~t.NXBThuan Hod, 2002.
(4) H6 T~n Nht,rt- Dohn Thi Minh Trinh. caeach va
xaydung chuong trinh dao 4'0 kithu~t theophuong
phap tiep c~n "CDIO". NXB Dai hoc quae gia, TP.
H6 Chi Minh, 2010.
(5) Edward F. Crawley - Johan Malmqvist - Sren stlund
- Doris, Brodeur. Rethinking EngineeringEducation
The "CDIO" Approach, 2007.
(6), (8) Susan M. Drake - Rebecca C. Burns. Meeting
Standards Through Integrated Curriculum. http://
www.ascd.oq~, 2004.
(7) Http.z/cost.ua.edu.
SUMMARY
How to develop education curriculum suitably to
the educational Innovation trend and to meet the
demands of the society? That is the question for all
universities and researchers with the foremost and im-
portant answer is to find out more effective approCJches
In developing curriculum.
Thisarticle focuses on clarifying what isintegrated
educational curriculum development, outstanding
characteristics of an Integrated educational curricu-
lum and approaches In developing it.
Philt trlen hanh vi...
(Tlf!p theo trang 17)
aa hla chQnnhOngHVa~phattrl~ncho HS,GV
ceinglai thl~u cho HScac HV nay mQtcach co
h~tho'ng.CJ
Tai Ii~utham khao
1.M. N. Sacdact>p.Tu duy cua hQcsinh. NXB Gido
d{lc,H.1970.
2. Robert - J. Marzano. Ngh~thu~t va khoa hQcd,y
hQc(Nguy~n HIhlChau djch). NXB Gido d{lc Vift
Nam, H. 2011.
3. Edward de Bono. Teaching thinking. Penguin
Books, 1991.
4. Danton J. Adventures in thinking. Australia:
Thomas Nelson, 1985.
5.Fisher R. Teaching children to think. Brazil, 1990.
SUMMARY
Thisarticle mentions some of ways of the teachers
to develop the student's behavior to create a think-
ing classroom. Thearticle while confirming when teach-
ers have had ways to develop their teaching strate-
gies as well as ways to develop the student's behavior
appropriately, and students to practice their acts in
a sustainably manner then the thinking classroom will
be really formated and developed.
.4 1,p chi Glao due s6294 (Id 2.9/2012)
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