ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 5TH SEMESTER TAHIR BAIG

2. Inde
x
• Introduction
• Component
s• Working Principle
• Block Diagram
• Application
• Advantages and
Disadvantages
• Programming on Arduino
Let’s
Discuss

3. Introductio
n
What is a
Robot
A Robot is
a machine
capable ofcarrying out a
complex series of
actions
automatically,
especially one
programmable by a
computer.

4. Line Following
Robot
What is a
Line
Following
Robot
Line following
Robot is a
machine that can
follow a path.
The path can be
visible like a
black line on a
white surface or
it can be

5. What is
theneed to
build line
following
Robot?
Sensing a line and
maneuvering the
robot to stay on
course, while
constantly
correcting wrong
moves using
feedback
mechanism forms
a simple yet
effective closed
loop system.

6. Component
s
What are
we
using?
•Arduino
•IR Sensor
•IC L293D
•Motors
•LFR
Chassis

7. Arduin
o Arduino is an open-
source computer hardware
and software company,
project and user
community that designs
and manufactures
microcontroller
-based kits for building
digital devices and
interactive objects that can
sense and control objects
in the physical world.

8. IR
Sensor
A passive infrared
sensor (PIR
sensor) is an
electronic sensor
that measures
infrared (IR) light
radiating from
objects in its field of
view. They are most
often used in PIR-
based motion

9. L293D(H-
Bridge)
• Motors are arranged in a
fashion
called H-Bridge.
• H-Bridge-It is an electronic circuit
which enables a voltage to be
applied across a load in either
direction.
• It allows a circuit full control over
a standard electric DC motor. That
is, with an H-bridge, a
microcontroller, logic chip, or
remote control can electronically
command the motor to go forward,
reverse, brake, and coast.

10. Motor
s The motors rotate
clockwise and
anti
- clockwise
based on the
program. In the
motor electrical
energy is
converted into
mechanical
energy.

11. Working
PrincipleThe IR sensor detects the light emitted by the
transmitter, if the receiver receives light, the wheel
of that side will keep on moving, as soon as the
receiver stops receiving the light (black colour
absorbs the light and thus no light is reflected so
receiver cannot receive any light) the wheel of that
side will stop.
For turning ,the robot stops 1 motor and runs the
second to make the turn possible.
For eg:
If the robot has to turn right then the motor on
right side will stop and left motor will keep on
running and thus allowing the robot to turn.

12. Left IR Sensor Right IR Sensor Motion
1 1 Forward
1 0 Right
0 1 Left
0 0 Reverse
Motor
Logic

13. Block
Diagram

14. Programming on
Arduinoint
a=6,b=7;
void
setup()
{
pinMode(a,INPUT);
pinMode(2,OUTPU
T);
pinMode(3,OUTPU
T);
pinMode(b,INPUT);
pinMode(4,OUTPU
T);
pinMode(5,OUTPU
T);
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{
if((digitalRead(a)==HIGH)&&(digitalRead(b)==HIGH))
{
digitalWrite(2,HIGH
);
digitalWrite(3,LOW)
;
digitalWrite(4,LOW)
;
digitalWrite(5,HIGH
);
Serial.println("FORWARD");delay(1);
}
else
digitalWrite(4,LOW);
digitalWrite(5,HIGH);
Serial.println("LEFT");delay(
1);}
else
if((digitalRead(a)==HIGH)&&(digitalRead(b)==LOW)
)
{
digitalWrite(2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(3,LOW);
digitalWrite(4,HIGH);
digitalWrite(5,LOW);
Serial.println("RIGHT");delay(
1);
}
else
if((digitalRead(a)==LOW)&&(digitalRead(b)==LOW)){
digitalWrite(2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(3,LOW);
digitalWrite(4,LOW);
digitalWrite(5,HIGH);
Serial.println("BACK");delay(
1);}
}

15. Application
s
• Deliver medications in a
hospital.
• Industrial automated equipment carriers.
• Automated cars.
• Tour guides in museums and other
similar applications.
• Deliver the mail within the office building
Where is
this
used?

16. Advantag
es
• The robot must be capable of following
a line.
• Insensitive to environment factors like
noise and lightning.
• It should be capable of taking various
degrees of turns.
• The color of the line must not be a
factor as long as it is darker than the
What are
the
advantage
s

17. Disadvantages
• LFR can move on a fixed track or
path.
• It requires power supply.
• Lack of speed control makes the
robot unstable at times.
• Choice of line is made in the
hardware abstraction and cannot
be changed by software.
What are the
disadvantag
es
?

18. QUESTIO
NS
?????

19. ThankYou
By
I.Viswanadh
Kasyap