Think Grain Think Feed May issue

Volume 3 | Issue 7
May-2017
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Monthly Magazine for Feed Technology
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE
Designing & Marketing
Ashwani Verma
Circulation & Subscription Head
Rahul Bhardwaj
Dr. Dinesh T. Bhosale
Former Chairman, CLFMA of India
Mr. Amit Sachdev
Indian Representative, US Grain Council
Dr. P.E. Vijay Anand
US Soybean Export Council
Dr. Suhas Amrutkar
Subject Matter Specialist, Animal Nutrition,
MAFSU, Parbhani
Dr. SN Mohanty
Former Principal Scientist, CIFA
Dr. Meeta Punjabi Mehta
Agricultural Economist
Dr. Swamy Haladi
Feed Additive Expert
Dr. R Gnana Sekar
Lead Consultant, GS Dairy Farm Consulting
Dr. Suraj Amrutkar
Assistant Professor, Dept. of ILFC,
SKUAST-J, Jammu
www.thinkgrainthinkfeed.co.in
www.benisonmedia.com
Managing Editor
Dr. T.K. Walli
Former Head,
Dairy Cattle Nutrition, NDRI
EDITORIAL
ne of the grand challenges facing
society today is finding solutions to
Oworld sustainability. A debates going on at present is the
tradeoffs of using grains as bio-fuel production versus animal feed.
However using grains as the raw material for biofuel production has
several advantages. When starch in grains like maize, sorghum or
wheat is fermented, we end up with two products, the main product i.e.
Ethanol and the byproduct, i.e. DDGS (Dried Distillers Grain plus
Solubles). Only 1-2.5 % of the overall efficiency is lost by converting
grains into bio fuels and animal feed. Approximately, one third of the
corn used to produce ethanol is recovered as feed co product, i.e.
DDGS. The main advantage of producing ethanol from grains is that it
can be partially mixed with petrol, which can greatly reduce the
quantum of pollution gases emitted out from vehicles, thus help
greatly in reducing pollution levels in the atmosphere. Rather it is high
time that govt. should go for large scale ethanol production from
grains.
The byproduct from ethanol fermentation i.e. DDGS, can serve as
a good feed ingredient for both ruminants as well as non ruminants.
Recent studies have revealed that feeding of DDGS to dairy cattle,
poultry and pigs has helped in providing quality protein as well as
energy to these categories of animals. When the starch in corn is
fermented to produce ethanol, the remaining nutrients of the grain viz.
protein, fat and fibre are concentrated three fold. The average chemical
composition of the DDGS has thus, been reported as : Protein 28 %,
Energy 13 M J /Kg DM, Crude Fibre 5.5 %, Crude Fat 9.0 %, Ash 4.5 %,
NDF 30 % and calcium 0.18 %. Since during the drying process, the
byproduct is subjected to heat treatment, the DDGS and the protein
present in it gets partially protected from ruminal degradation, and in
the process fat too may be partially protected. This may be leading to
the greater proportion of protein and fat being digested in the
duodenum and consequently, more of amino acids and unsaturated
fatty acids being absorbed from the cow's intestines. More
interestingly, feeding of DDGS to dairy cows has been found to reduce
methane production in rumen, thus, has an added advantage of
reducing the pollution levels in the environment.
DDGS is an acceptable feed ingredient for broiler diet and can be
safely used at 6 % in the starter period and at 12- 15 % in growers and
finisher's diet. The weight gain of chicks fed DDGS ranged from 85 %
of that of chicks fed the highest level of soybean meal. Similar results
were seen in pig trials. Feeding of DDGS also reduces Phosphorus
excretion in poultry manure, thus reducing the Phosphorus run-off
from manure fertilized fields. So, even in the case of poultry as well, the
feeding of DDGS results in safer environment. Looking to the various
advantages of feeding DDGS to the animals, the feed industry should
come forward to use it as an alternative protein ingredient, which may
also reduce the feed cost.
TK Walli
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 3 | Issue 7 | May 2017
DDGS obtained after
ethanol production
can serve as a good
feed ingredient

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Monthly Magazine for Feed & Feed Technology
Vollume 1 | Issue 10 | August 2015
Think Grain Think Feed is a monthly magazine published by BENISON Media at its office in Karnal. Editorial
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RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
05
INTERVIEW
ARTICLE
EVENT CALENDAR - 30
INDUSTRY THOUGHT
PELETING TIPS
Camelina oil - A promising
alternative
Phytogenics: overall potential
as an alternative to AGPs
GM Crops in Livestock
Feed Industry
10 06
Impact of feed raw
materials on pellet quality
16
Organic chromium
supplementation for fighting
heat stress in poultry
20
UPCOMING EVENTS
7-9 June
2017
24-26 May
2017
Challenges faced by
Indian Dairy sector in different
segments - Dr. Capt Tanweer Alam
12

Memorial-partnered research leads
to approval for camelina oil fish feed
The Canadian Food Inspection Agency
(CFIA) has approved the use of
mechanically-extracted camelina oil as
a feed ingredient for farmed salmon
and trout.
The decision follows a recently
completed large-scale study of
camelina oil managed by Genome
Atlantic. Dr. Chris Parrish, Department
of Ocean Sciences, Faculty of Science,
was one of the study's principal
researchers.
Camelina sativa, or false flax, is a hardy
oilseed plant that is rich in omega-3
fatty acids, protein and antioxidants.
This super-nutritious plant is used as a
vegetable oil for human consumption
and as an ingredient or supplement in
some animal feeds.
Fish feed manufacturers have also
explored the use of crop-based oilseeds
like camelina as viable and cost-
efficient substitutes for wild-sourced
fish oils and proteins currently used in
fish feeds.
Compelling evidence
The study, which was supported by the
Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency
(ACOA)'s Atlantic Innovation Fund,
found camelina to be an excellent
match to the fatty acid composition
required in the diets of farmed fish.
Backed by this compelling evidence,
Genome Atlantic applied to the CFIA
R&D
05
Camelina oil - A promising
alternative
for approval of camelina oil for use in fish feeds.
“Genome Atlantic and its partners have transformed a
tiny seed into a big opportunity, creating an innovative,
alternative solution with long-term benefits to industry,”
said Navdeep Bains, minister, Innovation, Science and
Economic Development, and minister responsible for
ACOA.
Particularly promising
Dr. Parrish says camelina oil has characteristics which
make it a particularly promising alternative in fish diets.
“Among the oils that can be used to replace fish oil in
aquafeeds, camelina is one of the few with high levels of
omega-3 fatty acids,” he said.
“While these omega-3 fatty acids are different to those
present in fish oils, they enhance the ability of fish to
synthesize the healthful long-chain, omega-3 fatty acids
that are needed for their optimal growth. This, in turn,
ensures a healthful fillet for human consumers.”
Viable alternative
Another of the study's principal researchers, Dr. Claude
Caldwell of Dalhousie University, explains that the
scientists found camelina oil to be sufficiently nutritious
to replace all the fish oil in feeds, as well as some of the
ground fish meal.
“The use of wild-sourced fish to feed the farmed fish is
not sustainable either ecologically or economically.
Camelina could be a viable alternative,” he said.
Considering that aquaculture companies spend 50-70
per cent of their budgets on feed, finding a high-quality,
lower cost source of oil could mean significant savings.
While the CFIA's recent approval only covers camelina oil,
Dr. Caldwell and his Dalhousie team are currently
conducting feeding trials for the CFIA on camelina meal.
“Camelina meal can't entirely replace fish meal used in
fish feeds, but it could replace some of that meal,” he said.
Source: Gazette

INDUSTRY THOUGHT Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 3 | Issue 7 | May 2017
06
Why GM food / feed at all?
The mention of GM crops evokes a
mixed response from different strata of
people, like a section of resource
constrained farmers and activists feel
anguished while scientists, MNC's and
technocrats may take it as a prospective
technology to take the way forward to
address food security and reap
commercial benefits.
In spite of various views concerned with
GM crops, the first question that bogs
our mind is why even are we talking of
GM crops when traditional food choices
exist. One of the foremost reasons is
scientific curiosity combined with the
need to solve the food security issue of
the ever growing population. To add
burden to the misery are our rapidly
depleting agricultural lands. Another
reason is the impact of climate change
causing unwarranted onset of floods,
draughts and calamities making us to
look for agricultural innovations by
having crops with more tolerance to
climate changes.At the same time to
maintain sustainability with the
environment, there is a need for practical
solutions to improve the carbon
footprint trail left in production activities. It is possible
that GM crops can be modified keeping the above
requirements in question. Hence, the need arises to foray
in newer fields of technology for greater production of
food crops in same or lesser available land resources and
serve the needs of the human as well as animal nutrition.
GM crops for animal feed industry
Animal feed industry heavily depends on agricultural
crops and their byproducts and thus the introduction of
GM crops on large scale in mainstream is going to affect
the animal feed industry directly. Apart from cereal grains
viz. maize, bajra, sorghum, barley etc. animal feed mainly
comprises of the vegetable protein derived from crops viz.
groundnut oil cake, soybean meal, sunflower oil cake,
cotton seed meal, mustard oil cake etc. and some milling
byproducts like bran of rice and wheat. The current
scenario on the Bt cotton and Bt mustard in India is
having direct consequences on the animal feed industry
as these two crops comprise a major part of animal feeds
as well. Other GM crops waiting commercialization in
developing countries are soybean, canola and maize and
are a major source of protein and energy as animal feed.
Global Experiences in GM Feed for Livestock
Globally more than 340 GM crop events/lines have been
approved for use as feed. The relevant GM crops widely
used as a source of feed for livestock include corn, canola,
cottonseed, soybean, and potato, mainly used as an
energy and/or protein source. GM crops currently
approved for use as animal feed are modified for
GM Crops in Livestock
Feed Industry
Dr.Meeta Punjabi Mehta, Dr.Prabhakar Maurya, Creative Agri Solutions Pvt. Ltd
ImageSource:hindi.yourstory

07
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 3 | Issue 7 | May 2017Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 3 | Issue 7 | May 2017
herbicide tolerance (HT), insect
resistance, modified oil content and virus
resistance.
As per statistics of ISAAA (International
Service for the Acquisition of Agri-
biotech Applications) out of total crop
production in the world, the percentage
of feed grains ranges from 18% to 90%
for crops ranging from wheat to
sorghum, corn, oats and oil seed meals.
Livestock owners mainly prefer corn
grain and soybean meal for energy
and/or protein source in both
monogastric as well as ruminants. ISAAA
statistics reveal that out of about 90
million metric tons of GM corn grains
produced worldwide, approximately 70%
are used for livestock feed and similarly
from about 70 million metric tons of
soybean meal are fed to livestock per
annum which is derived from GM
soybean.
A major study involving meta-analysis of
1,783 scientific studies on safety of GM
crops published from 2002 to 2012
found that the safety concerns on the
usage of GM crops as livestock feed
ingredients arise the following questions
:
! Safety of GM crops as feeds for
livestock.
! Change in animal performance by
GM crops.
! Transfer and/or accumulation of transgenic materials
in milk, meat and eggs.
As a result of such concerns, countries like Bulgaria,
France, Poland and Sweden have stopped cultivating the
GM crops as such but are importing them. The countries
leading the world in having the maximum production of
GM crops are US, Brazil and Argentina; respectively.
Developing countries hold a share of 28.025% of the
current global market of $15.7 billion in 2016 .
Prospects for the future?
GM technology itself is neither good nor bad, but rather it
is the way in which GM crops are applied in practice that
will determine their contribution to sustainability, as with
all agricultural advances. It's hard to make many
sweeping, definitive statements about GM crops and
different crops can be modified for different purposes
and uses around the world.Future GM crops with
enhanced output traits may have profound effect of
improving animal productivity and performance and may
help GM crops to foray as alternate and/or supplement to
traditional crops on a larger scale as livestock feed in near
future enhancing the climate smart agriculture practices
as well. Though scientific studies and their analysis till
now have not shown any untoward effects of GM crops
on human and animal health and the growing body of
scientifically valid information indicates safety of GM
crops for food/feed use, but it can be authenticated only
with further studies and clinical trials on a large scale in
different parts of the world. The main concern is the
ethical acceptability of the GM crops by the larger
population as a whole which is slowly finding relevance
with improving societal norms.
Better pest and disease resistance: reducing losses
and lessening the dependence on pesticides.
Unexpected side -effects: although rigorously tested,
there may be some subtle, long -term effects that
cannot be detected yet.
Improved stress tolerance: genes responsible for
greater tolerance o f stress, such as drought, low
temperatures or salt in the soil can be inserted into
crops.
Problems with labeling of GM food: all the countries
do not have legislations to label GM foods.
Faster growth: altered to make them grow faster
resulting shorter growing seasons.
Reduced species diversity: genes introduced to
specific insect pests may kill other, beneficial insects,
with effects on animals further up the food chain.
More nutritious crops: engineered to produce larger
amounts of essential vitamins and minerals helping to
solve nutrition problems in some parts of the world.
Ecological damage: pollen from GM crops could be
transferred by insects or wind to wild plants, fertilizing
them and creating new, modified plants
Production of medicines and vaccines by crops:
possible to have plants and animals produce useful
medicines and even vaccines.
Effects on non -GM crops: possible that genes for
resistance to insect pests, diseases and herbicides might
spread to native plants.
Resistance to herbicides: modified to be resistant to
specific herbicides, making it much easier to control
troublesome weeds.
Over-use of herbicides: herbicide-resistant crops
might encourage farmers to use weed killers more
indiscriminately to crop fields.
Positive sides of GM crops Negative sides of GM crops

INDUSTRY NEWS Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 3 | Issue 7 | May 2017
08
The International Service for the
Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications
(ISAAA) released its annual report
showcasing the 110-fold increase in
adoption rate of biotech crops globally
in just 21 years of commercialization –
growing from 1.7 million hectares in
1996 to 185.1 million hectares in 2016.
ISAAA's report, “Global Status of
Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops:
2016,” found 18 million farmers across
26 countries grew biotech crops.
“Biotech crops have become a vital
agricultural resource for farmers around
the world because of the immense
benefits for improved productivity and
profitability, as well as conservation
efforts,” said ISAAA Chair of the Board,
Paul S. Teng.
Examining other benefits of
biotechnology, ISAAA reports that the
adoption of biotech crops has reduced
CO2 emissions equal to removing
approximately 12 million cars from the
road annually in recent years;
conserved biodiversity by removing
19.4 million hectares of land from
agriculture in 2015; and decreased the
environmental impact with a 19%
reduction in herbicide and insecticide
use.
Additionally, in developing countries,
planting biotech crops has helped
alleviate hunger by increasing the
incomes for 18 million small farmers
and their families, bringing improved
financial stability to more than 65
million people.
“Biotechnology is one of the tools
necessary in helping farmers grow
more food on less land,” explained
ISAAA Global Coordinator Randy
Hautea. “However, the promises of
biotech crops can only be unlocked if
farmers are able to buy and plant these
crops, following a scientific approach to
regulatory reviews and approvals.”
As more varieties of biotech crops are
approved and commercialized for use
by farmers, ISAAA expects to see
adoption rates continue to climb and to
benefit farmers in developing countries.
For example, among African nations
where regulatory processes have
traditionally created barriers to biotech
Biotech crops continues to grow-ISAAA
crop adoption rates, advances are being realized. In
2016, South Africa and Sudan increased the planting of
biotech maize, soybean and cotton to 2.66 million
hectares from 2.29 million hectares in 2015. Elsewhere
on the continent, a new wave of acceptance is emerging
as Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria,
Swaziland and Uganda make advances in regulatory
review and commercial approvals for a variety of
biotech crops.
Also in 2016, Brazil increased biotech area of maize,
soybean, cotton and canola by 11% – maintaining its
ranking as the second largest producer of biotech crops
after the United States.
For 2016, ISAAA also reports that there were
improvements in the commercialization and plantings
of biotech fruits and vegetables which includes the
Innate Russet Burbank Gen 2 potatoes, the Simplot Gen
1 White Russet brand potatoes and Arctic Apples.
Some more facts about biotech crops:
! Eight countries in Asia and the Pacific, including
China and India, grew 18.6 million hectare of
biotech crops in 2016.
! 10 countries in Latin America, including Paraguay
and Uruguay, grew a combined 80 million hectares
of biotech crops in 2016.
! In 2016, the leading countries growing biotech
crops continued to be represented by the United
States, Brazil, Argentina, Canada and India.
Combined, these five countries planted 91% of the
global biotech crop area.
! Four countries in Europe -- Spain, Portugal, Czech
Republic Slovakia -- grew more than 136,000
hectares of biotech maize in 2016, an increase of
17% from 2015, reflecting EU's need for insect
resistant maize.
! Biotech crops with stacked traits accounted for 41%
of global area, second only to herbicide tolerance
at 47%.
! Biotech soybean varieties accounted for 50% of
global biotech crop area. Based on global area for
individual crops, 78% of soybean, 64% of cotton,
26% of maize and 24% of canola planted in the
world were biotech varieties.
! Countries with over 90% adoption of biotech
soybean are U.S.A, Brazil, Argentina, Canada, South
Africa, and Uruguay; close to or over 90% adoption
of biotech maize are USA, Brazil, Argentina, Canada,
South Africa, and Uruguay; over 90% of biotech
cotton are USA, Argentina, India, China, Pakistan,
South Africa, Mexico, Australia, and Myanmar; and
with 90% or more of biotech canola are USA and
Canada.
Source: ISAAA

ARTICLE
Phytogenics: overall potential
as an to AGPsalternative
10
Feeding the world is an important
objective since the rising global
population comes with an increasing
demand for food. Addressing this
challenge, animal production
transformed during time from a basic
need to a significant economic sector:
The value of global livestock production
in 2013 has been estimated at about 883
billion dollars. Hence, several strategies
were applied to maximize animal
production with always keeping the
farm's profitability in mind: besides the
establishment of breeding lines selected
for fast fattening animals, the
development of special feed and feed
additives, which are adapted to the
particular needs of the target animals,
represents a crucial factor for the
profitability of state-of-the-art animal
production.
Taking the first steps with antibiotics
In modern agriculture, antibiotics have
been routinely used as growth
promoters in animal feeding.
Consequently, the widespread
application of antibiotic growth
promoters has strongly contributed to
the development of resistant bacteria:Already in the post
war era of the later 1940s, first observations on growth
promoting effects of antimicrobial substances were
reported for swine and poultry. Antibiotics, such as
streptomycin or sulphasuccidine, were said to increase
both, feed utilization and growth rate, whilst
simultaneously decreasing animals' mortality. Although
not fully understood, the most important mode of action
of AGPs seems to be the reduction of microbial metabolic
activity in the gastrointestinal tract of target animals
avoiding sub-clinical infections and also diminishes the
competition for nutrients. The reduced exposure to
harmful bacteria or their toxic and growth depressing
metabolic products is paralleled by anatomical changes in
the gut. Hence, the use of antibiotics is related to an
establishment of thinner intestinal villi and reduced gut
walls, both as a proof of enhanced nutrient digestibility.
Also anti-inflammatory effects result in reduced metabolic
costs of the immune system.
Nevertheless, besides these benefits arising from AGP use,
severe negative consequences come along with a
widespread and non-specific intake of antimicrobial
drugs. Actually, in the 1950s – only few years after the
discovery of growth promoting effects of antibiotics – first
reports on resistances in food animals came up. Today,
the rate of establishing resistances increases above an
unnatural level. As a result, antibacterial drugs have
become less effective or even ineffective with negative
Dr. Stefan Hirtenlehner, Delacon

11
impacts not only for industrial
agriculture, but also for human medicine.
A recent report from the World Health
Organization warns that many infectious
diseases may soon be untreatable due to
antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and that
antibiotic failure will convert minor
community and hospital problems into
fatal diseases.
Going away from AGPs
However, by focusing on the essential
short-term effect of a fast growing
livestock, the management of long-term
consequences on animal and human
health in view of in-feed antibiotics was
underestimated over years. In the last
decades a rethinking is taking place and
with an increasing consumers' demand
for only safe products to appear in the
food-chain, highest authorities of several
countries counteract the use of
antibiotics in sub-therapeutic quantities.
In 2006, the European Union initiated the
ban on the use of growth promoting in-
feed antibiotics in animal production for
reasons of antimicrobial resistance.
Currently this prohibition is gradually
spreading to other countries worldwide,
with the USA restricting the use of
antibiotic growth promoters by 2017.
Nevertheless, by today there is no
sufficient solution to counteract fully the
production losses arising when omitting
in-feed antibiotics. It is likely that
countries, which have modern
production systems applying good
hygiene and production practices would
also see limited productivity and
economic effect of phasing out AGPs.
However, countries with less optimized
production systems could observe larger
productivity effects and as a
consequence larger economic effects.
Anyhow, it is worth to say that negative
consequences on production level are
present in increased feed conversion
ratio of about 1% and a strongly reduced
weight gain of -2.7% in broilers and from
-2.6% (weaners) to -6% (finishers) in pigs.
Addressing the question what to use
instead of AGPs, the most promising
approach is rather to combine different
strategies than solely trusting to find one
'silver bullet'. In this manner first of all
improvements in the animal
management and highest hygiene
standards should be established. This
represents the basics to optimize further
a farm's profitability with the help of
nutritional performance enhancers.
The natural and safe path
Research on alternatives like phytogenic feed additives
has become prevalent to develop alternatives to in-feed
antibiotics, as demanded by consumers and by
legislation. When it comes to antibiotic-free animal
production, nutritionists, veterinarians and animal
producers often pursue a diet composition including
phytogenic feed additives, a term coined by Delacon, in
order to support the intestinal health of the animal. The
wide range of modes of action of phytogenic additives
can optimize nutrient digestibility and support the
intestinal health.
Generally speaking, phytogenic feed additives represent
powdery or liquid products to be mixed into compound
feed of diverse livestock animals ranging from ruminants
to monogastrics, such as poultry and swine. Phytogenics
are characterized by their plant-derived origin and thus
being natural and proven to be safe. Phytogenic feed
additives consist mainly of essential oils, bitter and
pungent substances, saponins, flavonoids, mucilages and
tannins, it is evident that they are not only for sensorial
stimulation but are also effective and potent in
influencing the physiology in various species on various
levels: Phytogenics are potent to improve nutrient
utilization, stimulate enzymatic acitivity and even show
anti-bacterial and anti-infammatory effects. Although,
phytogenics and especially essential oils are
demonstrated to come up with direct anti-bacterial
effects, but occurring only at high concentrations and
thus are unattractive to be processed into commercial
feed additives for economic and/or sensorial reasons.
Nevertheless, even in small amounts various plant-
derived essential oils effectively interfere with a regulation
system of bacteria, the so-called Quorum Sensing, which
is crucial for the formation of a stable biofilm and hence,
represents an essential factor in the infection process of
pathogenic bacteria. Thus, these phytogenic components
are potent to disturb the adhesion and colonization of
pathogens via their anti-quorum sensing effects even in a
low concentration, which can be used for feed additive
production and which would not show any direct
bactericidal consequences.
Conclusion
In view of this wide spectrum of different modes of
actions, phytogenic feed additives using plant extracts are
more effective compared to chemical nature-identical
substances. This advantage is based on the synergistic
effects of all agents within a plant, which have not been
reduced to the effects of a single lead substance. Hence,
an elaborated blend of different phytogenic components
results in highly powerful natural feed additives, which are
– together with highest standards in hygiene and
livestock management – a promising solution supporting
to compensate the consequences of withdrawing
antibiotic growth promoters.
References upon request
*Delacon is the manufacturer of phytogenic feed additives.

12
Compared to poultry farming in India,
which is very much organized, the
dairy farming in India still remains
hugely an unorganized sector. In your
opinion, what could be the way
forward for the dairy farming to grow
faster and on commercial lines like the
way poultry farming does.
For a profitable dairy farming, following
four factors are important:
1. Cost effective and nutritionally
balanced feed for animals
2. Reproductive efficiency of the herd
with sound heifer management
3. Captive and entrepreneurial
marketing acumen of milk and milk
product
4. 'Optimum usage of technology'
available for herd management and
genetics (the key is optimum and
one should not get too much
obsessive on these)
Off late, we are seeing an influx of
serious player in this field who are very
cognizant of all these factors. Most of
them start with herd size of 50-60
animals and after setting the house in
order, they graduate and add up more
animals depending upon their
investment prowess. They are emerging
as role models for many dairy
enthusiasts and I am seeing that this
trend will continue and eventually we will
be having a sizeable semi-organized and
organized dairy farms. To substantiate
with data, of approx. 150 MMT milk
produced in India as of now, 90% comes
from rural area and of this almost 80%
comes from unorganized and backyard
farms. In next decade or so, I assume
that at least 40% of milk production will
come from organized and semi-
organized farms.
One of the contributory factors behind
this trend is the increased consumption
of value added milk and milk products
which is facilitating the farmers and
producers to fetch better realization
price of milk. When the farmer gets a
better realization price of his milk, then
he is more open for improving the
nutritional optimization of feed and
fodder and that indeed improves the
milk production. This organic graduation
of dairy farmers from unorganized to
organized mindset of dairy farming is
the most exciting phenomena in Indian
dairy scenario, which has already begun,
and now slowly picking up.
Entry of large scale private milk
congregators is also adding a positive
competition in the milk collection
ecosystem, which hitherto was mainly
Challenges faced by
Indian Dairy sector
in different segments
Dr. Capt Tanweer Alam is
an entrepreneurial
executive with over 18
years of experience of
serving animal/feed
industry. Besides that, he
has a 5 years experience
of serving in Indian Army
in Remount & Veterinary
Corps. Presently, he is
working with Kemin
Industries South Asia as
Director - Sales &
Marketing for Ruminant
Division, In an e-interview
with "Think Grain Think
Feed", he shares his
observations about
upcoming Indian dairy
farming model, problems
that are plaguing the
dairy production and
much more. Excerpts from
the interview:
ImageSource:yeastsolutions

13
governed by state run cooperatives.
With the adoption of vertical integration
as the main business model, we have
seen a catapulted growth of poultry
market in India and in a way these state
cooperatives and private milk
congregators are also now following the
same model with a stronger backward
integration (under which they are
focusing on feed, genetics, vet services,
heifer management etc for the animals
of their members who pour milk in their
milk collection centers) as well as they
are also strengthening the forward
integration (in which they are focusing of
marketing of value added milk and milk
products with better value realization
and in turn passing on the benefit to the
farmers by steadily increasing the milk
procurement price).
One of the initiatives of Kemin was to
look at the dairy market from the eyes of
segmentation and after defining it in
organized, semi-organized and backyard
farm categories, we are clearly seeing
that the challenges with each of these
segments are different.
In your view, which is the main
problem plaguing the dairy
production sector and what are your
suggestions for improvement?
For the backyard farms, the main challenge is the
reluctance in acceptance of balanced nutrition for their
animals. Most of them still feed their animals in the
traditional way with unbalanced feed, forage and
supplements and this leads to less than expected milk
output from the animals. The answer towards
improvement lies in educating the farmers on the
importance of balanced nutrition as per DMI / Protein
/Energy needs. The industry players are adding a lot of
focus on such extension activities but still lot more is
needed to be done.
For semi-organized dairy farms, the key challenge is the
improvement in the herd efficiency and maintaining the
consistent milk production round the year. The solution
lies in having a robust transition management and
reproduction efficiency management. Also using quality
and branded feed as per the life cycle need of the animals
will also help.
For organized dairy farms, the key challenge is the
economic availability of forage and maximizing the
Income over Feed Cost on day to day basis. The solution
lies in having a robust silage and TMR facility. Also, it is
critical to have an excellent forward integration with the
market, for being able to sell the output as value added
milk and milk products with better realization price of the
produce.
Kemin has a very strong commitment to serve the
Worldwide Dairy market with the 'TOTAL NUTRITION'
concept and in partnership with our customers, we offer a
range of inspired molecular solutions to help the dairy
farmers improve their farm productivity. The key offerings
from our side include a range of propionate minerals
(Kemtrace), encapsulated rumen protected amino acids
(PEARLs) , Bye pass Fat technology (EnerFAT), Toxin
management in feed to keep the milk in desired M1 level
(Toxfin) etc. Also one noteworthy point is that Kemin has
also contributed in getting our produced Cr approved by
USFDA as daily nutritional need of dairy animals @
500ppb per Kg diet.
Fortunately, for Indian market , but for some ups and
downs , the milk and feed price variation is not a roller
coaster as we often see in worldwide market. One of the
assumptions behind this resilience is supposed to be the
admix of backyard, semi-organized and organized farms
in India therefore in a way, it is a blessing in disguise. For
example, even in 2009 and 2013, when there had been a
sharp drop on WW milk prices, still in India, we were not
affected to that extent . As a matter of fact, the monsoon
and Agri crop output leaves a larger impact on us. For
Please comment up on Kemin portfolio for dairy
animals.
Can you share some statics that illustrate feed and
milk prices variation in the past decade or the last 5
years?

INTERVIEW Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 3 | Issue 7 | May 2017
14
instance, in 2015, the economics of bad
cotton crop had affected the cattle feed
pricing as the cotton seed cake price,
one of the ingredients in cattle feed, that
time had increased to Rs 2200 per
quintal from Rs 1450 per quintal a year
ago. Around the same time, DORB price
also had sky rocketed. And as a double
whammy, the milk price had dropped by
a few Rupee because of poor monsoon
and the market sentiment had been
down. This year, with the expectations of
normal monsoon, the horizon looks
positive.
If we consider around 50 Million milch
animals in India then we need at least 50
Million MT of compound cattle feed per
annum, however, we are producing only
around 8-10 MMT compound cattle feed
per annum. Clearly, there is a immediate
5 times need gap existing. The mood of
the players who understand this trend ,
is very upbeat. We can see the
aggressive CAPEX increase of many
established players along with entry of
new and large corporate into this
segment.
Non availability of fodder, specially green
fodder round the year is an established
fact. It is estimated that by 2025, going
by the present way of cultivation pattern,
there will be 65% deficit of green fodder.
As a strategy to overcome this situation,
there has to be more usage of high yield
fodder varieties for cultivation and
thankfully some of the organizations, in
both Govt. and Private sectors are taking
good initiatives in coming out with high
yield varieties. Cultivating in wastelands
and community cultivation of fodder
Feed shall continue to remain the
critical area. At present less than 20 %
of the requirement for cattle feed is
met by the cattle feed industry. Do
you see any increase in this figure in
the use of compound feed by Indian
dairy Farmers?
The non availability of green fodder
throughout the year is one of the
major problems faced by Indian dairy
farmers. What essential steps would
you recommend to increase green
fodder production/ availability for the
dairy farmers?
crops also needs encouragement. And above all, ensiling
the green fodder when its available in abundance for
usage in scarce time is one of the best solutions. Most of
the organized dairy farmers have understood the
importance of silage in managing the cost economics of
fodder. I see that the market of silage, silage innoculants
and haylage will see its hey days ahead. It is not only the
conventional crops like green fodder maize, fodder
sorghum, bajra, hybrid napier, sugarcane tops etc which
are used for silage making, but unconventional ones like
sugar beet pulp is also catching its prominence.
In South Asian market, India itself has more than 50
million milch animals and having only a handful of
established players in nutritional feed supplement, we
need to look at the market with blue ocean strategy
perspective rather than red ocean perspective. We at
Kemin, work on the concept of defining the biological
potential of the market and with our confidence of
delivering at least 1:2 Return on Investment with our
product and services, the market potential looks immense.
At the rate of Rs 10 usage potential of feed supplements
per milking animal per day, we believe that there is a
market of approx Rs 10,000 Cr for feed supplements in
India alone and if we add the market potential of other
south Asian countries, primarily Bangladesh, then the
market potential will further swell. The existing animal
feed supplement market by the present players is just a
small fraction of this number. Hence me and my team
firmly believe in increasing the pie of market rather than
fighting for taking the share of existing pie.
The Safety platform of products from Kemin offers a
range of solutions for keeping the feed safe from the
growth of moulds during the shelf life of the feed. We
TM
have a program called MillSMART which facilitates the
cattle feed millers in not only producing the feed from
their mill with better mill efficiency, but it also supports in
keeping the moisture of feed in bounded form with
gelatinization and the mold inhibitors help check the
growth of moulds which may produce zearalenone and
aflatoxins, which affects the reproductive and productive
efficiency of animals, respectively. We handhold our
customers in end to end solutions on mould control,
integrating the services of our Customer Laboratory
Services, and MillSMART engineers alongwith our sales
and technical team, so that the desired results are
achieved for keeping the feed safe from moulds with
value addition in mill efficiency improvement.
You believe in increasing the pie of market , rather
than marketing the pie of market. Please elaborate on
this in relation to south Asian Market .
Kemin happens to be the pioneer in the production of
Mould Inhibitors. Would like you to throw some light
about the product technology which gives the
company an edge over its competitors

15
The National Commodity and
Derivatives Exchange Ltd. (NCDEX)
recently announced the
commencement of trading in rapeseed
mustard oilcake futures. The
introduction of this contract, will give
the mustard value chain participants an
effective tool to manage their price risk
and get transparent and relevant price
signals.
Samir Shah, Managing Director and
CEO, NCDEX, said, “It has been our
constant endeavour to provide a
stronger, broad based product offering,
which adds economic value to agri
businesses. The addition of Rapeseed
Mustard Oilcake to the product basket
is aimed at offering an exhaustive and
wholesome risk management offering
to the market. We are encouraged by
the continued support of the industry
and look forward to the successful
launch of the contract ”
New feed ingredients futures trading
in NCDEX portfolio
Since mustard seed comprises about 60-65 % of cake,
the availability of an intermediary price benchmark
helps the entire mustard value chain from farmers,
traders to millers, exporters and the entire feed industry
which is the biggest demand driver for rapeseed meal.
The oilcake, which is produced by crushing of mustard
seed is consumed as cattle feed. Deoiled cake (DOC),
which is obtained on processing of the oilcake is
exported. India, being among the top 3 producers of
mustard seed and one of the leading exporters of DOC,
the availability of a national price benchmark will help
the feed industry.
Rapeseed Mustard seed Oilcake is a compulsory
delivery contract and is included in the “List C”
commodities, with a transaction charge of Rs. 0.10 per
lakh of trade and no risk management fee, making it a
highly cost effective contract for the trade.
Rapeseed Mustard seed Oilcake expiring in the months
of May, June, July & August 2017 are available for
trading since April 24, 2017. The delivery centres are
Jaipur, Alwar, Kota and Sri Ganganagar
Source: Economicstimes
Japanese feed makers see expensive
imports as 'temporary solution'
Japan imported China-grown corn for
livestock feed for the first time since
February 2010 in March in order to
ease shortages, according to the
Japanese Ministry of Finance.
Japanese livestock farms have suffered
from a shortage of grain after heavy
snowstorms in January and February
caused massive export delays in the
U.S. -- the world's leading grain
producer. Delays to imports sparked
concern among Japanese livestock
farmers that the corn supply could dry
up and pushed Japanese trading
houses to import the grain from China.
Import volume from China totaled
17,935 tons in March.
Japanese animal feed manufacturers
are happy to see Chinese corn return
for the first time in almost seven years.
"The quality was surprisingly good,"
said one fodder maker.
This is good news for China too, where
the government is struggling with
overstocked corn. Inventories, which
the government had bought from
Japan imports Chinese corn
farmers at high prices, have grown to as much as 150
million to 250 million tons.
Nevertheless, many Japanese producers see imports
from China as nothing more than a stopgap. Prices of
Chinese corn in March stood at around 27,600 yen
($248.10) per ton - 20% more than American corn, and
40% more than Brazilian. "Considering the price of
Chinese corn, import is a temporary solution to meet
the shortage. We are not planning to keep using
Chinese corn at this price," said a major feed company.
Source: asia.nikkei
Image Source: Financial Times
INDUSTRY NEWS

Cooling & drying5%
Die
specification
15%
Conditioning 20%
Particle size 20%
Diet formulation
40%
Figure 1: Factors affecting pellet quality
PELLETING TIPS
16
While a lot of work is done on choosing
raw materials and optimizing
formulations for making animal feed,
the importance of pellet quality is a vital
aspect for optimum animal performance
and reducing feed wastage. The Feed
Pellet Quality Factor (FPQF), which
indicates how well a feed formulation is
likely to pellet is a proprietary
information validated over a period of
time and now available to the feed
industry. It is well established that high
quality pellets can withstand repeated
handling and can remain intact during
bagging, transportation, storage, and
moving in feed lines without excessive
breakage or generation of fine particles.
The present article discusses how feed
pellet quality is impacted by raw
materials changes and also gives some
guidelines to minimize variability of feed
pellet quality.
Pellet quality & FCR
Good quality pellets result in
homogenous feed, reduced wastage,
reduced segregation, improved
palatability and allows animals to
consume the bulk of their meals in less
time. Pellets high in fines and with a low
pellet durability index (PDI) usually result in a higher FCR
(Table 1 Ref: J. Quentin, et. al.m, J. Appl. Poul. Res. 2004.
13:540-548)
Factors affecting pellet quality:
In today's dynamic world, Nutritionists face the challenge
of formulating feeds using available raw materials at the
lowest possible cost while meeting the feed specifications,
while the production managers face the challenge of
producing the good quality pellets from these ingredients
at the optimum mill setting. Pellet quality is proportionally
dependent on several factors, with diet / feed formulation
being the most important.
Impact of feed raw
materials on pellet quality
Ramesh Subramonian, Borregaard SEA
Image Source: glw-feeds

Table 2: Effects of feedstuff components on physical pellet quality and possible explanations
Fat Added fat decreases pellet quality Hydrophobic and lubricative nature affects binding and pressure
Starch Generally increases pellet quality Starch gelatinization positively affects pellet binding
Fibre (insoluble) Effect dependent onprocessing Sufficient grinding and conditioning causes increased physical quality
Protein Increases physical pellet quality Protein denaturation positively affects pellet binding
Moisture Increases physical pellet quality Increases starch gelatinisationand may increase protein denaturation
Component Physical Pellet Quality* Explanation*
Diet or Feed formulation
Pellet durability may be improved by
manipulation of the formulation (raw
materials and feed additives). Raw
materials affect pellet quality depending
on their “binding properties” and its
proportion in the formulation.
Unfortunately, corn-soy diets are not the
ideal diets to achieve good pellet quality.
Dietary inclusion of wheat grain or wheat
by-products can increase PDI, because of
the high protein (gluten) and hemi-
cellulose content of wheat in comparison
to corn or corn co-products.
From our experience we know that
starch gelatinization is the most
important factor for achieving the
desired pellet quality. We also observe
that the temperature, moisture and
conditioning time under normal
pelleting conditions in Asia are not
enough to get the desired level of
gelatinization of natural raw materials.
Also, recent reports indicate that the
positive impact of protein on pellet
quality is equally important as that of starch.
Dietary inclusion of oil has a positive effect on animal
growth but an adverse effect on pellet quality. This is
attributed to the coating effect of oil to the feed particles,
which prevents their penetration by steam. This has an
impact on digestibility. Oil also reduces the friction
generated between die and the feed particles, which
subsequently reduces the compression pressure required
to produce good pellets and also decreases the starch
gelatinization rate. Inclusion of natural pelleting aids can
help overcome these bottlenecks and improve pellet
quality, increase pellet throughput and lower the power
consumption.
High starch containing raw materials like wheat generally
contribute to good quality pellets. Feed stuffs like skim
milk powder and tapioca also have a positive effect on
pellet quality but usually find challenges in throughput
and results in choking if the pellet mill settings are not
correct. Addition of oil would improve the throughput but
has limitations and will usually deteriorate pellet quality at
high inclusion levels. Pelleting aids have been used to
improved pellet quality and throughput when needed.
Calculating the FPQF
The FPQF is a tool developed by Borregaard Lignotech to
be used as a guideline to predict the pellet quality of a
feed formulation. Each feed ingredient has a pellet quality
factor (PQF). The PQF has a score from 0 to 10, where 0
predicts poor pellet quality and 10 good pellet quality.
The FPQF of virtually all raw materials fall between 0 and
10, the exceptions are fat (vegetable oil) at -40 and
Borregaard LignoTech's range of pelleting aids from 25 to
17
Proportion of fine particles in feed* (%)
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
0 20 40 60 80 100
3,5
3
2,5
2
1,5
1
Liveweightgain(g/bird)
Body weight gain (g/bird) FCR(g/g)

18
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 3 | Issue 7 | May 2017PELLETING TIPS
50. As these raw materials affect pellet
quality significantly at very low inclusion
rates, they have been given values
outside the normal scale.
We can estimate the FPQF for each
ingredient by multiplying the PQF by the
% of inclusion of the feed ingredient in
the formula (Figure 2). The overall FPQF
equals the sum of the FPQF of all
ingredients used in the formulation.
In order to enable feed producers to
calculate the FPQF of their feeds, an
online version of the Feed Pellet Quality
Factor calculator is launched*. Simply
register to get free access, type the name
of the formulation, then click the create
button to start choosing ingredients and
add the % inclusion for each ingredient
in your feed formulation. Once the recipe
is complete, i.e. you have reached 100%,
the Feed Pellet Quality Factor of the
formulation is calculated and shown. It
will also show the bulk density of the
formulation. The formulations and
entries have privacy protection and can
be accessed by the registered users only.
Borregaard LignoTech sees 4.7 as a
'reference' FPQF-value.
! FPQF value below 4.7 suggests pellet quality
problems wherein production parameters may need
to be adjusted to achieve desired pellet quality and
consider using a natural pelleting aid.
! FPQF higher than 4.7 indicates that the pellet quality
would most likely be good but production rate can
be increased or maximized.
! The FPQF values listed are based on vast experience
of the company and practical observations made by
the Technical team over many decades. However,
feed raw material quality is subject to geographical
origin, variety of seed, seasonality etc. and may vary
from time to time. If you see a change in your
production without a formulation change it may be
that the specification of one of your raw materials has
changed. FPQF results also depend on feedmill
factors as well as raw material factors. There is no
such thing as a standard feedmill, so the same raw
material will behave differently in separate mills
under varying processing conditions.
Troubleshooting during Pelleting
Even though you have a high FPQF but still not getting
the desired pellet quality, it is therefore important to look
into the other factors affecting pellet quality (figure1):
! Conditioning: Different formulations require different
conditioning parameters. It is important to identify
the ideal meal temperature, steam pressure, and
conditioning time. Orientation of the paddles in the
barrels is also important to allow better incorporation
of the steam in the meal
! Die specification: As a general rule the thicker the die
and the smaller the pellet size the better the pellet
quality. Pellet size is largely determined by the
species to which it has to be fed.
! Particle size: As a general rule, the finer the grind the
better the pellet quality as there is a larger surface
area for the raw materials to be conditioned.
However this will lead to higher grinding costs. The
grist spectrum should also be analyzed to determine
if finer grind is needed especially for the raw
materials which are high in starch, depending upon
the type of animal species to which it is to be fed.
! Cooling and drying: Removing excess heat and
moisture after pelleting is ideal to prevent mold
growth. Excess free moisture inside the pellets will
travel within the pellets, which would eventually lead
to pellet breakage. Test for feed moisture content
(ideal 10-12%) and water activity (ideal Aw < 0.6).
Conclusion
Although a high FPQF indicates that the outcome would
be a good PDI, this is not always the case. In such
instances along with adding a reliable pelleting aid,
having a look at the other pelleting parameters can go a
long way in achieving optimum pellet quality and
efficiency.
* FPQF calculator can be accessed at www.fpqfcalculator.com
For further information, author can be contacted at
ramesh.subramonian@borregaard.com
Add ingredient
Start typing in the field below to add ingredient:
Couldn’t find it? click to see all ingredients
Enter amount of ingredient in percent. Up to two decimals
are allowed:
Add>>0 0 %
Ingredient % PQF FPQF
Rice (rough) 35.00 5.00 1.75
Maize meal 16.00 5.00 0.80
Soyabean meal HIPRO 30.00 4.00 1.20
Vegetable oil (added before die) 0.50 -40.00 -0.20
Fish meal white 5.00 4.00 0.20
Minerals + Vitamins 3.50 2.00 0.07
Rice bran 10.00 2.00 0.20
Totals: 100% 4.02
484.14 30.26
3 3
kg/m lb/ft
Bulk density:

19
Thai Feed Mill Association (TFMA) is
negotiating with its government over
the new import regulations on feed
wheat that were implemented in
January 2017. The new regulations
require feed mills to purchase domestic
corn prior to importing feed wheat, at a
3:1 domestic absorption rate of
imported feed wheat/domestic corn,
according to a report from the Foreign
Agricultural Service (FAS) of the U.S.
Department of Agriculture (USDA).
According to USDA, the TFMA wants
the government to reconsider the corn
absorption rates for feeds which do not
typically use corn, such as fish feed,
shrimp feed, and pet food. However,
the government is reportedly
considering an exemption only for the
shrimp feed industry and may allow
them to import approximately 110,000
tonnes of feed wheat without being
required to use domestic corn. This
figure is based on the amount of feed
wheat that has historically been
imported for shrimp feed production,
and accounts for 10% to 20% of the
total shrimp feed ration. The
government is also considering a 2:1
domestic corn absorption rate for a pet
food producer that requires
approximately 20,000 tonnes of feed
Thai feed mill association negotiates
import policy for feed wheat
wheat annually. The Ministry of Commerce in
consultation with the Ministry of Agriculture and
Cooperatives' Department of Livestock Development
and Department of Fishery is seeking cabinet approval,
which may be granted in the next couple of months.
The new feed wheat import regulations have caused a
significant reduction in Thai feed wheat imports. During
January – February 2017, imports of feed wheat totaled
226,170 tonnes, down 60% from the same period last
year, with the quantity imported from the Ukraine
declining 86%. For the first eight months of market year
2016-17, all wheat imports totaled 2.9 million tonnes,
the USDA said. This is a 7% reduction from the same
period in market year 2015-16 due mainly to the
reduction in imported feed wheat, which declined to
approximately 2.1 million tonnes, down 8% from the
same period in market year 2015-16. Also, imports of
milling wheat declined approximately 4% due to lower
imports of Canadian wheat due to concerns about crop
quality. Meanwhile, U.S. wheat imports increased to
approximately 0.4 million tonnes, up 4% from the same
period of market year 2015-16.
The report forecast declining wheat imports of 3.6
million tonnes in market year 2016-17 and 3 million
tonnes in market year 2017-18 due to the reduction in
feed wheat imports. In addition to the new import
regulations, the sale of government feed-quality rice
stocks of around 1.6 million tonnes in April 2017 will
reduce import demand for feed wheat in swine feed
rations as the price of feed quality rice stocks is 30% to
35% lower than the price for imported feed wheat.
Source: USDA
Image Source: Bayer India
INDUSTRY NEWS

ARTICLE
20
Introduction:
Heat stress produces detrimental effect
on production efficiency and meat
characteristics in broilers. Trivalent
chromium is an essential element in the
animal body and is involved in
carbohydrate, lipid, protein and nucleic
acid metabolic function. Chromium is
also a cofactor of insulin which
promotes insulin activity and enhances
amino acid uptake into muscular cells
for protein synthesis. Stress increases
urinary excretion of chromium and may
exacerbate a marginal chromium
deficiency. Dietary chromium
supplementation has been reported to
have a positive effect on meat quality
and carcass traits of broiler chicks in
natural or heat stress condition. One of
the methods used to alleviate the effect
of high environmental temperature on
the performance of broilers is dietary
manipulation with various agents. In
this respect, trivalent chromium is
added to the poultry diet because of
the reported benefits of chromium supplementation for
broiler chickens under heat stress and such conditions
increase chromium metabolism in tissues, the product
of which are irreversibly excreted through the
urine.Trivalent chromium is a well-known essential trace
element in human and other animals and is a
component of glucose tolerance factor, which
participates in glucose metabolism by enhancing the
effect of insulin. Trivalent chromium improves insulin
effectiveness by enhancing it's binding to receptors and
thus increasing the sensitivity of the target cell.
Chromium from organic complexes such as chromium
picolinate, nicotinate and high chromium yeast is
absorbed more efficiently (by about 25-30%) than
inorganic compound including chromium chloride
(CrCl3), which are poorly absorbed (1-3%) regardless
of the dose levels or dietary chromium status.
Chromium-L-methionine is a newly available organic
chromium source. Most feedstuffs are deficient in
chromium and moreover its digestion and utilization in
the digestive tract are low. The absorption and
utilization of chromium may be dependent upon its
association with organic molecules. One of the most
absorbable and effective chromium compounds in the
digestive tract is known as chromium picolinate.
Organic chromium
supplementation for fighting
heat stress in poultry
Dr. SurajAmrutkar, SKUAST-J, , Parbhani Veterinary College
and KCVAS
Dr.SuhasAmrutkar
Dr.BhartiDeshmukh,
ImageSource:ElectricityToday

21
Dietary chromium can increase
lipoprotein lipase activity and
eventually decrease the content of
triglycerides rich lipoproteins. Dietary
chromium can also increase liver LDL
receptors, thereby reducing the LDL
content and concomitantly the HDL
proportion is increased. Chromium is
also considered as anti-stress factor
and increases immune capability.
Chromium excretion may increase 10-
300 folds in stress situations. This also
becomes nutritionally important
because in such condition, it is
necessary to increase the trace element
concentration in the diet. However, an
appropriate recommendation on the
chromium requirement for poultry has
not been made NRC (1994), and most
poultry diets are basically composed of
plant origin ingredients which have
usually a low content of chromium.
Inorganic chromium such as chromic
chloride and chromic oxide are poorly
absorbed in animals; absorption ranges
from 0.4 to 3 % or less, regardless of
dose and dietary chromium status.
There are six known sources of organic
chromium compounds:
i) Chromium-L-Methionine
ii) Chromium Nicotinate
iii) Chromium Chelate
iv) Chromium Proteinate
v) Chromium Picolinate
vi) Chromium Yeast
Researches on animals have confirmed that chromium
from organic complex is absorbed more efficiently,
about 25-30% more than inorganic compound. Brewer's
yeast is an example of natural chromium yeast. Typically,
it contains approximately 2 ppm of organic
chromium.Chromium is an essential mineral as well as
integral component of an oligopeptide low molecular
weight. Chromatin binding substance, chromodulin acts
as part of the insulin signalling process across cell
membranes. Stimulation of insulin's action, which is
directly proportional to the chromium content of the
chromodulin, occurs without a change in the insulin
concentration required for half maximal activity. Dietary
chromium supplementation has showing positive effect
on growth performance and feed conversion ratio in
growing poultry. It improves immunological responses
in broilers. In broilers, trivalent organic chromium
supplementation results in improved growth rate, feed
efficiency, meat yield and carcass quality with reduced
carcass fat. Stress condition and disease occurrence
increase urinary excretion of chromium and may
exacerbate a marginal chromium deficiency. Organic
sources of chromium can be absorbed 20-30% times
than inorganic ones.
Metabolic effect:
Chromium stimulates the function of insulin through
increasing insulin sensitive cell receptors. In Japanese
quail supplemented with chromium, it was observed
that there was an increased insulin and decreased
corticosterone under heat stress. Increased
supplemental chromium resulted in decreased serum
corticosterone and increased insulin, consequently,
serum glucose and cholesterol declined and protein
concentration was elevated in heat stressed broilers.
Insulin regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates,
proteins and fats, and stimulates the uptake of amino
acids, protein synthesis and glucose utilization.
Chromium supplementation decreases serum
cholesterol and glucose concentrations in heat stressed
Japanese quails. The improvement in the cholesterol
profile may be due to an augmented insulin action that
reduces lipolysis and increases the incorporation of fatty
acids in the adipocytes or increases liver LDL receptors
which results in reduced LDL and increased HDL
concentrations. Chromium may have a role in improving
cholesterol levels through facilitating the activity of
lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), thus,
accelerating the esterification and excretion of
cholesterol. It reduces protein contents in the thigh
muscle and decreases fat and cholesterol levels in
broilers reared under heat stress conditions.
Antioxidant effect:
Environmental stress has been associated with the

ARTICLE
22
increased production of free radicals
which damage cells and result in
increased morbidity and mortality in
poultry. Heat stress causes exhaustion
of antioxidant reserves due to an
increased level of lipid peroxidation in
the serum and liver. Heat stress triggers
the secretion of inflammatory markers
such as interleukin-6-c reactive protein
and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-
a).It has been postulated that lipid
peroxidation is influenced by insulin
metabolism and therefore, chromium
may function as an antioxidant. In heat
stressed Japanese quail, there was a
decrease in serum MDA (malondi-
aldehyde) when chromium was
supplemented in the diet. Chromium
pic supplementation in Japanese quail,
increased serum vit-C and E and
decreased MDA concentration in the
serum, liver and muscles. A reduction in
MDA levels is related to inhibition of
epinephrine resulting from insulin
tropic effect of chromium which
consequently thwarts lipid mobilization.
Chromium-an essential nutrient:
Heat stress has been associated with
depressed growth in meat type birds
and a decline in egg production and
quality in laying hens. During heat
stress, feed intake tends to decrease,
thus the availability of certain important
minerals is reduced. Chromium (Cr) is
one such mineral which is required for
maintaining growth performance in
poultry due to its role in growth,
metabolism, and alleviationof lipid
peroxidation. The available scientific
literature on chromium has
documented the beneficial effects of
this essential mineral in improving
poultry performance under conditions
of environmental heat stress. Chromium
is essential for the metabolism of
carbohydrates, protein and lipids. In
poultry, chromium intake is often
negligible and its absorption is poor.
Additionally, chromium levels are low in
the grain used in the formulation of
poultry ration. Under stressful
conditions, the mobilization of
chromium is increased from tissue and
its excretion is increased, thus the
demand for this mineral is further
exacerbated. Heat stress adversely
affects chromium status in poultry by decreasing its
retention in serum and increasing its excretion. In
addition, organic chromium has been found to have
more beneficial effects in heat stress birds as compared
to inorganic forms due to its increased absorption and
bioavailability.
Growth and feed efficiency:
Protein digestibility is reduced by high environmental
temperatures. Heat stress decreases the flow of
nutrients from the crop down into the intestines and
deactivates some important digestive enzymes like
trypsin, chymotrypsin and amylase. Under high ambient
temperatures, feed intake and growth rates are affected
through arrested thyroid activity and oxygen
consumption. Heat exposed birds reduce their feed
intake to alleviate thethermogenic effect associated with
impaired nutrient absorption, assimilation and
utilization, leading to depressed productive
performance in poultry. Inclusion of chromium in the
basal diet of poultry was shown to improve the
performance characteristics during period of heat
stress.Increasing chromium (200-1200µg/kg)
supplementation improved body weight, feed intake
and feed efficiency in Japanese quail reared under heat
stress (32.5°C). Chromium supplementation at the rate
of 4-8mg/kg diet increased feed intake and feed
efficiency in Japanese quail reared under high ambient
temperature (34°C).Feeding 1500ppb chromium to
broiler reared under heat stress conditions (33°C)
increased weight gain and improved feed efficiency. Egg
production, egg weight, shell thickness, specific gravity
and Haugh units can improve when Japanese quail were
supplemented with an inorganic chromium salt under
high ambient temperature.
High ambient temperature reduces feed intake, live
weight gain and feed efficiency; thus negatively
influencing the performance of broilers. High ambient
temperature also reduces thyroid activity in poultry.
Plasma T3 and T4, important growth promoter in
animals and are reduced at high temperature. In
addition, heat stress stimulates the release of
corticosterone and catecolamines and initiates lipid
peroxidation in cell. During heat stress, plasma protein
is reduced and markedly increased blood glucose
concentrations. Such high ambient temperature results
in decreases in serum vitamin and mineral
concentrations in poultry as well as in human.
Conclusions:
Chromium supplementation helps in restoring the
reduction in performance, productivity, nutrient
digestibility, immune status and antioxidant profile as a
consequence of exposure to heat stress. Hence, it is one
of the very important components in the poultry feed
during times of heat stress and thus, has a significant
role to play in poultry production and performance
during such a situation.

23
A study by IIT Kanpur has listed stubble burning as the
third highest contributor to Delhi's winter air-pollution,
after construction dust and vehicular fumes.
The green court had earlier fixed the environment
compensation amounts per incident of crop burning to
be paid by small land owners having less than two acres
of land at R 2,500, medium land owners holding over
two acres and less than five acres at R 5,000 and those
owning over five acres at R 15,000.
It had also directed the state governments to take
coercive and punitive action against persistent
defaulters of crop residue burning and asked them to
withdraw the assistance provided to such farmers.
It had said that the five states -- Rajasthan, Uttar
Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana and Delhi -- which have
issued notifications prohibiting agriculture crop residue
burning should ensure that these are enforced
rigorously and proper action is taken against the
defaulters.
The Supreme Court-appointed Environment Pollution
Prevention and Control Authority (EPCA) in April had also
expressed concern over the crop burning gaining pace in the
northern region. The EPCA, which has been spearheading
crucial anti-
pollution
measures,
warned the state
governments of
the northern
states to “stop
being in denial”
and get their act
together.
According to
satellite data, as
pointed out by
EPCA, the
agricultural
landscape of
Punjab and
Haryana is
dotted with fires
billowing out
pollutant-laden
smoke as
farmers have set
fire to the
residues of the
Rabi crop to
usher in the
Kharif season.
Source: hindustantimes
INDUSTRY NEWS
Green tribunal wants report on crop burning from
Punjab, Haryana & Uttar Pradesh
Agricultural fires in the fields of
neighbouring states, particularly Punjab
and Haryana, are a major contributor to
the deteriorating air quality of Delhi.
The National Green Tribunal on
Wednesday asked Punjab, Haryana and
Uttar Pradesh to file status reports on
actions taken by the respective state
governments to stop crop burning.
Agricultural fires in the fields of
neighbouring states, particularly Punjab
and Haryana, are a major contributor to
the deteriorating air quality of Delhi.
A bench headed by NGT chairperson
Justice Swatanter Kumar on Wednesday
came down heavily on the three states
after fresh incidents of summer-crop
burning were brought to its notice on
Wednesday.
“Let them file an affidavit saying how
many machines have been purchased
with complete details, the farmers who
received the machines either freely or
against a nominal charge, where was
the crop residue being treated and the
quantity of biomass produced,” the
bench directed.
The counsel of Punjab claimed that the
state has distributed at least 600
machines for sowing wheat without any
burning of rice residue and at least R 86
crore have been spent on the machines.
The bench, however, lashed out at him
saying, “It is a plain and simple lie.
Everybody is a foul person. Show us the
investment proof. Bring in the farmers
who received the machines.”
The NGT's order came on a plea by
environmentalist Vikrant Tongad who
had sought a ban on burning of
agricultural waste and remnants in
open fields.
The pollution caused by these fires
travel to Delhi because of the westerly
winds, causing major health concerns
among people, say environment
experts.
Apart from the lungs, the smoke also
affects the brain, eyes and the nervous
system, say doctors.

24
Cargill inaugurated and put into
operation its 10th aquafeed plant in
Vietnam recently. The new plant,
located in the premises of Cargill's
existing animal feed factory in the
northern province of Hà Nam, is the
second aquaculture feed line in the
north of Vietnam.
With production capacity of 3,000
tonnes per month, this modern
production line focuses on high quality
extruded feed products for tilapia and
other local fish species to meet the
growing demand for floating fish feeds.
The new factory will also help Cargill
Vietnam improve its customer service
capabilities in major agricultural areas
in Hà N?i, Hà Nam, Thái Bình and the
north central region, where a large
number of farmers are rapidly
switching from extensive to intensive
farming.
In addition, it will help Cargill shorten
delivery time for customers and enable
fish farmers to growth healthy seafood,
increase output, reduce production costs per
kilogramme of finished fish and minimise impact on the
environment.
At the ceremony, Chad Gauger, managing director of
Cargill Aquaculture Nutrition Asia South, said Cargill's
global innovation and expertise combined with the
strong plant operations in Vietnam and commercial
teams would bring exciting new technologies to help
Vietnamese farmers thrive.
“Vietnam is a critical aquaculture market for Cargill and
we are excited to be expanding our aquaculture feed
capability to our sixth plant to continue our growth in
Vietnam and in Asia South,” he added.
Cargill's first aquafeed line was established in Vietnam's
southern city of Biên Hòa in 1998. Following its
acquisition of EWOS in 2015, EWOS's manufacturing
plants in Vietnam began to integrate and operate
smoothly with Cargill's plant systems in the country.
Currently, Cargill Vietnam has more than 2,000
employees working at 23 sites across the country,
operating in the fields of animal feed production,
providing raw material for food and beverage
production, along with providing grains and oilseeds,
steel trading and high protein corn.
Source: VNS
Another aqua feed plant by Cargill in
Vietnam - a critical aquaculture market
cargillfeed.com.vn
The Department of Internal Trade (DIT)
has acknowledged the under-supply of
corn for animal feed.
According to DIT Director-General
Nanthawan Sakuntanak, Thailand is
capable of producing 4.61 million tons
of animal feed corn per year, far below
market demand. Animal feed
producers, as well as ethanol refineries,
Thailand: DIT to find measure to handle low
price issue of corn for animal feed
have resorted to importing various
substitutes, such as wheat.
However, Ms. Nanthawan indicated that
corn for animal feed has been
reasonably priced. Corn kernels with
14.5% water content is sold for 7.9-8.0
baht per kilogram.
In general, the DIT chief stated that the
prices of agricultural products are
currently satisfactory, with a few
exceptions becoming significantly more
expensive.
She disclosed that in the case of
oversupply, her department is planning
several measures to support value
added processes and provide additional
distribution channels.
Source: National News Bureau of Thailand

Nuseed -- a wholly owned subsidiary of
Australia's Nufarm -- has completed
preparation for regulatory approvals of
its long-chain omega-3 canola.
Australian filings have been submitted,
with United States and Canadian
submissions anticipated to be filed this
month. Pending regulatory approvals,
commercialization is expected to
commence in 2018 or 2019, it said.
“Reaching these regulatory milestones
in all three countries gives us both
timing and location options as we
commercialize canola based long-chain
omega-3,” said Brent Zacharias, Nuseed
group executive.
Nuseed's proprietary canola is intented
to provide long-chain omega-3 oils,
similar to those found in fish oil, using a
sustainable land-based source. It has
been developed through collaboration
between Nuseed, the Commonwealth
Scientific and Industrial Research
Organisation (CSIRO) and the Grains
Research and Development Corporation (GRDC).
“These submissions reflect our confidence in and
commitment to the science, safety and global potential
of our omega-3 program,” said Zacharias.
The regulatory submissions are being made to the
Office of the Gene Technology Regulator (OGTR) and
Food Standards Australia and New Zealand (FSANZ) in
Australia; to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency and
Health Canada in Canada; and to the US Department of
Agriculture (USDA) and the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) in the US.
It is anticipated that one hectare of Nuseed's canola has
the potential to provide the omega-3 yield from 10,000
kilograms of fish. The unique profile of the Nuseed oil
ensures that it will easily fit with current market
practices and meet the needs of multiple end-market
applications on a commercially viable basis, it said.
The crop will be produced under a closed-loop grain
handling and oil processing system. In 2017 Nuseed
intends to grow up to 4,000 acres of omega-3 canola in
the US for pre-commercial production under the
stewardship of the USDA notification process.
Source: undercurrent
Nuseed prepares for commercial omega-3
canola production in US, Canada
25

26
INDUSTRY NEWS
Green Fodder
Demand Supply
1200
Fodder(Inmilliontonnes)
900
600
300
0
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
Year
947
988
1,025
1,061
1,097 1,134
1,170
379.9 384.5 389.9 395.2 400.6 405.9 411.3
Dry Fodder
Demand Supply
800
Fodder(Inmilliontonnes)
600
400
200
0
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
Year
526
549
569
589
609
630
650
421 428
443 451
466 473
488
India may have to import milk in four
years, if it cannot increase fodder
supply for its 299 million cattle, as
rising pressure on land reduces
pastures nationwide.
Spurred by rising incomes, a growing
population and changing food
preferences, the demand for milk and
milk products will grow to at least 210
million tons by 2021–22, a rise of 36%
over five years, according to
government estimates. To meet this
demand, production must grow by
5.5% per annum, according to the State
of India's Livelihood (SOIL) report.
To boost milk yield, India would need to
generate 1,764 million tons of fodder
by 2020, according to an IndiaSpend
analysis of government data. But
existing sources can only manage
about 900 million tons of fodder–a
shortage of 49%.
In the decade to 2015, milk production
went up 59% from 92 million tons to
146 million tons in 2015. But fodder
shortages may knock India off its
position as the world's top milk
producer.
The milk productivity of India's livestock
With Pastures Shrinking, India May Have To
Import Milk By 2021
is less than half (48%) of the global average: 987 kg per
lactation compared to the global average of 2,038 kg
per lactation.
The availability and quality of fodder has a direct
bearing on the quantity and quality of milk productivity,
the data show. All the three states that topped milk
productivity in terms of gram per day–Rajasthan (704),
Haryana (877) and Punjab (1,032)–had earmarked more
than 10% of their cultivable land for pastures, according
to the 2015 SOIL report. The national average is 337.
Currently, all three types of fodder are in short
supply–green (63%), dry (24%) and concentrates (76%).
Only 4% of total cultivable land in India is used for
fodder production, a proportion that has remained
stagnant for the last four decades.
Considering the demand for milk, land under fodder
production needs to be doubled, according to this
December 2016 report of the Parliamentary Committee
on Agriculture. Shortages are forcing states to now
source fodder from elsewhere.
However, the availability of crop residues, the largest
single source of fodder, has been impacted by
increasing pressure on land and the replacement of
traditional cereal crops, especially coarse ones. Crop
residue includes coarse and fine straws, leguminous and
pulses straws.
Given the importance of food and cash crops, it is very
unlikely that the area under fodder cultivation will
increase substantially, the parliamentary committee
Demand And Supply Of Fodder: An Estimate
Source: State of India's Livelihood report 2015

28
report said.
“If India fails to achieve substantial
production growth, the country would
need to resort to significant imports
from the world market which has the
potential to cause prices to spurt since
India is a large consumer,” said 2015
SOIL report
To cut costs, easy access to fodder is
important for small farmers
Feed cost constitutes about 60-70% of
operating expenses on dairy farms.
Nearly 70% of India's milk production
comes from small and marginal farmers, who depend
on homegrown fodder.
The contribution of livestock to the incomes of landless
and small farmers ranges between 20-50%, and the
poorer the family, the greater the potential of dairy
farming's contribution to livelihood, according to the
SOIL report.
Unlike agriculture, which tends to be seasonal, dairy
farming provides returns through the year. It can
minimise the risks agricultural households face when
they run short of cash.
Source: Indiaspend
Maize arrivals start in India while prices remain firm
Image Source: The Dollar Business
Maize stocks have started arriving at
yards, while prices of the produce
remained firm during the previous
week in the wholesale markets across
the country.
Maize harvest in India continues and
Price (Rs
per tonne)
% Change
Jalgaon 14.375 0.88
Nizamabad 15.225 2.18
Davangere 16.3 0.46
Sangli 15.6 0.48
Gulabbagh 13.3 -0.75
Actual prices from various locations:
May 13.700 3.71
June 14.180 4.57
July 14.470 4.03
August 14.810 3.86
Price (Rs
per tonne)
% Change
Future prices of rabi maize, too,
showed an upward trend.
stocks are arriving at the market yards, but the prices
remain high. (Reuters)
Maize stocks have started arriving at yards, while prices
of the produce remained firm during the last week of
April in the wholesale markets across the country,
according to US Grains Council. “Maize harvest in India
continues and stocks are arriving at the market yards,
but the prices remain high,” USGC Representative for
India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka Amit Sachdev said.
Delivered prices of corn from Bihar to the south region
of the country were quoted at Rs 15,800-16,200 per
tonne.
In the global markets, corn sowing has started in the US
and about 6 per cent of the corn has been sown. The
sowing is behind 5-year average, but it is just the
beginning and the planting is expected to catch up,
Sachdev said. In the US, prices decline during the last
week in the range of 3.14–3.81 per cent on future prices
as the market was under pressure due to developments
in Brazil, where the sowing is in full swing due to good
weather, he added.
Source: financialexpress

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 3 | Issue 7 | May 2017CALENDAR OF EVENTS
30
2017-18
To list any industry event related to Grain & Feed industry please write us at
Feed Expo Philippines
Date: 24-26 May 2017
Venue: SMX Convention Center, Pasay City,
Philippines
Email: michael.blancas@ubm.com
Web: www.livestockphilippines.com
MAY
AUGUST
GRAIN TECH INDIA
Date: 28-30 August 2017
Venue: BIEC, Bangalore, India
Email: graintechindiagmail.com
Web: www.graintechindia.com
JULY
AGRENA Middle East
Date: 13-15 July 2017
Venue: Cairo International Exhibition Centre
Email: maarcservices@gmail.com
Web: www.agrena.net
XXVIII FEFAC Congress 2017
Date: 7-9 June 2017
Venue: Cordoba, Spain
Email: sara@grupoac.info
Web: www.fefac.eu
FVG Select 2017
Date: 13-14 June 2017
Venue: Koelnmesse, Cologne, Germany
Email: maarcservices@gmail.com
Web: www.fvg-select.com
JUNE
SEPTEMBER
AFIA Liquid Feed Symposium 2017
Date: 12-14 September 2017
Venue: Louisville, KY, USA
Email: afia@afia.org
Web: www.afia.org
Feed Additives 2017
Date: 27–29 September 2017
Venue: Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Email: olympia.theocharous@briefingmedia.com
Web: www.feedadditives-global.com
FEBRUARY
Feed Tech Expo 2018
Date: 8-10 February 2018
Venue: Pune, Maharashtra, India
Email: feedtechexpo@gmail.com
Web: www.feedtechexpo.com

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