Think Grain Think Feed July issue 2020

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www.thinkgrainthinkfeed.co.in
Monthly Magazine for Feed Technology
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Volume 6 | Issue 09
July-2020

Publisher & Editor
Prachi Arora
prachi.a@thinkgrainthinkfeed.co.in
Marketing,
Subscription Head
Ashwani Verma
info@thinkgrainthinkfeed.co.in
Designing &
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE
Managing Editor
Dr. T.K. Walli
Former Head,
Dairy Cattle Nutrition, NDRI
ndia is amongst the most open economies in the world and with
its 1.3 billion population, it is attracting many technology
Iinvestors.
A market report suggests that the Global AI in Agriculture market is
projected to reach the valuation of US$ 3013 million by the year
2026 by growing at a CAGR of 21.6%. This can be attributed to
factors such as rising demand for agricultural production, increased
adoption of advanced technologies and smart sensors, rapid
demand for drones in farms, and increased need for monitoring of
livestock.
The Indian market has huge opportunities and AI has a proven
record for better profitability and efficiency. But there is a big
question about its implementation in the Indian livestock, which
happens to be such a segmented market. Is it really ready for this
transition?
In India, where dairy farming is a major industry, around 10 million
dairy farmers are involved in the business. Cattle productivity issues
can be improved with the implementation of Artificial Intelligence
(AI), in India, apart from expanding the regular Artificial Insemination
(AI) services on a large scale. However, Yasir Khokhar, the founder
and CEO of Connecterra observes that Agriculture is one of those
areas that desperately needs technology investment.
Lokesh Singh of farMart mentioned in an interview that Using AI in
the dairy industry in India could tremendously support the growth
as almost all the production comes from small/marginal dairy
farmers. These farmers, due to lack of financial resources, don't have
access to capital-intensive solutions. AI could come in very handy for
them with timely alerts leading to preventive measures, and thus
could result in saving on expenses. If AI could be made available to
these small dairy farmers affordably, it would end up helping create
a more equal level playing field.
AI can help address many challenges in the poultry industry as well.
As human interference in farms can be a source of infection while
machines and robotics can be much safer and more efficient as
compared to chores done by Humans at the farm. It can very well
reduce the errors, improve efficiency of farming and maximize profit
at a farm.
To get further insights on the role of AI in the aquaculture industry,
please read the interview published right in this very issue.
Prachi Arora
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) in
Agriculture – A reality or dream
for Indian livestock industry?
Dr. Dinesh T. Bhosale
Former Chairman, CLFMA of India
Dr. S.P. Vinil
Poultry Expert
Mr. Amit Sachdev
Indian Representative, US Grain Council
Dr. P.E. Vijay Anand
US Soybean Export Council
Dr. Suhas Amrutkar
Subject Matter Specialist, Animal Nutrition,
MAFSU, Parbhani
Dr. SN Mohanty
Former Principal Scientist, CIFA
Dr. Meeta Punjabi Mehta
Agricultural Economist
Raghavan Sampath Kumar
Commodity Expert
Dr. Swamy Haladi
Feed Additive Expert
Dr. R Gnana Sekar
Lead Consultant, GS Dairy Farm Consulting
Dr. Suraj Amrutkar
Assistant Professor, Dept. of ILFC,
SKUAST-J, Jammu
EDITORIAL
MonthlyMagazineforFeedTechnology

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Prachi Arora |
Vollume 1 | Issue 10 | August 2015
Think Grain Think Feed is a monthly magazine published by BENISON Media at its office in Karnal. Editorial
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R&D
05
INDUSTRY NEWS
ARTICLE
12
17
23
28
29
INTERVIEW
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 6 | Issue 09 | July 2020Monthly Magazine for Feed Technology
German University investigating the
influence of insect and microalgae
feeds on meat quality
06 Research on water-saving
alternative forage crops
08
18
24
Water – the neglected nutrient
Mycotoxins: A Threat to Cattle Feed
Safety in Indian Dairy
Insect Meal as an Alternative
Protein Source for Poultry
14 Domestic market can change the fate of
Indian Aquaculture Industry
Another acquisition of a digital
platform solution
Iran government discontinues subsidies
for animal feed premixes import
Brazil soybean export forecast
Lower demand pressures
maize markets
Pashu Ayurveda to control
animal diseases
Indian government allows corn import at
reduced duty to support Poultry sector
30

05
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 6 | Issue 09 | July 2020
R&D
Worldwide there is a growing demand for animal products for human nutrition, despite
vegan and vegetarian diets becoming more popular in Western countries. Changing diets
necessitate a substantial amount of protein as an input for animal production. Future protein
feedstuffs will need to become independent of arable land in order to avoid further land use
changes, such as deforestation. The cultivation of insects as well as microalgae are up-and-
coming sectors in Germany, as well as globally, to meet protein demands for humans and
animals alike.
Therefore, a research team at the University of Gottingen, investigated whether the meat
quality of chickens fed with certain insects or microalgae was suitable for human
consumption. The results have been published in the Journal of the Science of Food and
Agriculture (JSFA).
In a study conducted as a part of the project “Sustainability Transitions in the Food
Production”, broiler chickens were fattened using feed with the main protein sources being
soybean meal, spirulina, or insects. Animal growth, meat quality (especially concerning shelf
German University
investigating the influence
of insect and microalgae
feeds on meat quality
ImageSource:FeedStrategy

06
life), and eating quality were
investigated. Their results of
laboratory testing and
sensory (taste-testing)
analyses across 132 birds
gave following results:
1. Black soldier fly larvae
meal and spirulina can be
included in poultry feed
without negatively impacting
quality.
2. Chickens fed with black
soldier fly larvae meal
produce meat equivalent to
the status quo.
3. Chickens fed with
spirulina produce meat with
a more intensive colour and
flavour.
“Overall, both prove to be
potential soybean meal
alternatives in the search for
new protein sources for
animal feed,” as explained by
the study lead researcher Dr
Brianne Altmann.
Microalgae are currently
produced globally for
biofuel, animal feed, and
human consumption;
however, they remain much
more expensive than
soybean meal. Currently in
the European Union (EU),
insects are only authorized
for human consumption and
for fish feed; they are likely
to be approved for poultry
feed in the near future. In the
EU, all insects must be
produced using certified
animal feedstuffs. However,
“sustainability necessitates
the incorporation of waste
products in the production
of insects,” explains Professor
Daniel Mörlein, professor for
the Quality of Animal
Products.
Three groups at the Faculty
of Agricultural Sciences,
University of Göttingen, are
currently examining the
foundations for more
sustainable and socially-
accepted plant and animal-
based foods. Product
perception as well as
consumer acceptance studies
are commonly conducted in
the faculty's modern sensory
laboratory.
R&D
Research on water-saving
alternative forage crops
In a new study published in
Crop Science, researchers
from Sukhbir Singh's
laboratory at Texas Tech
University investigated the
potential of forage sorghum
and pearl millet as
alternatives to corn for
forage production. The two-
year study evaluated the
physiological responses of
multiple varieties of all three
crops under various
irrigation regimes, including
dryland.
Although nutritive value was
lower than corn, sorghum
still can provide alternative
for growers to produce more
biomass with less water.
The team collected data on
leaf water potential, stomatal
conductance and canopy
temperature and also
studied the influence of
these responses on biomass
production and nutritive
values.
The study reported that
sorghum showed better
physiological responses and
produced greater biomass
under water stress conditions
compared to pearl millet and
corn. Although the nutritive
value of sorghum was lower
than corn, sorghum still
could provide growers with
an alternative to produce
more biomass with less
water, the researchers
determined.
As a management option,
forage sorghum could be
mixed with high-nutrition
supplements to achieve
desirable feed quality and
increase profitability, the
researchers said.
ImageSource:ANUCollegeofScience

08
ARTICLE
Water is the most critical nutrient for poultry. In addition to being a nutrient, water aids in
digestion and absorption and respiration in birds. Water also helps to remove waste,
lubricates joints, and is a major component of blood and a necessary medium for many
chemical reactions within the bird's body. Although the importance of providing enough
water as per the bird's requirement and adequate access to water is well accepted, the
importance of water quality on poultry performance is often overlooked.
Water Quality:
Water quality is important across all livestock species; more so in poultry as, the water intake
is on an average 2-3 times that of the feed intake in birds. Quality of water may vary with
factors like source of water, the season, the water management processes etc. The drinking
water for poultry should be fit for its consumption and should be checked at regular
intervals for various parameters to assure of its quality. Often, it is the pH that is measured as
an indicator of water quality; instead, pH along with parameters like hardness, microbiology,
ORP, TDS etc. need to be given due importance as well. The various parameters and their
relevance is as below,
Water – the
neglected nutrient
Dr. Sabiha Kadari, Trouw Nutrition India
ImageSource:UNUFlores

09
pH:
pH in simple terms is the
level of free H+ ions in water,
that determines the acidity
or alkalinity of water.
Acidification of water is an
established concept that
helps in keeping all the
pathogenic microbes at bay,
if optimum acidic levels of up
to 3.8-4.0 pH is achieved in
the water. pH meters can be
used to check the water pH.
Hardness:
Hardness is an indication of
the amount of inorganic
minerals in water in the form
of carbonates/sulphates.
Hardness and pH do have a
correlation, which is not
proportional all the time.
Equivalency of high pH to
hard water and the vice-
versa of low pH to soft water
need not essentially hold
true. Hardness is a crucial
parameter to be checked
when we are considering
acidification and stabilization
of water pH. Water softeners
can reduce water hardness
but not necessarily the water
pH, in which case, water
acidification should be the
resort.
Microbiology:
Presence of microbes in
water specifies possible
faecal contamination,
pipeline contamination,
presence of biofilms etc.
E.coli, clostridium and
salmonella, should be
practically absent in water.
Improper pipeline cleaning
will lead to biofilm formation
in the pipes, reducing the
quantity and quality of water
that is being offered to birds,
as shown in Fig. 1.
Oxidation Reduction
Potential (ORP):
ORP is a measure of
tendency of a molecule to
acquire electrons and
thereby be reduced. It is
measured in millivolts and is
directly related to the
disinfection of water in terms
of killing of microbes.
Optimal ORP is 650-700 mV,
as shown in Table 1. Lesser
than 650 mV will lead to
microbial growth and not
disinfect the water optimally
and more than 700 mV ORP
could reduce the water
intake.
Total Dissolved Solids
(TDS):
TDS represents the total
concentration of inorganic
salts and organic matter in
water. A TDS value of >3000
ppm is not satisfactory for
poultry. TDS is often
confused with hardness, it
should be borne in mind that
the latter is a measure of
inorganic salts alone,
whereas TDS of both
inorganic and organic matter.
Management of water:
Following steps need to be
considered with respect to
water management
1. Test the water regularly
for required parameters
2. Maintain hygiene of
tanks, canisters,
pipelines, waterers etc.
3. Maintain proper
temperature – too hot
and too cold a water, will
reduce water intake.
4. Use adequate water
treatments
Water treatments can be like,
1. Acidification
2. Sanitization
3. Disinfection
4. Medications
(vaccinations) as and
when required
Few key points to be stressed
upon whilst talking of water
quality are,
1. Your money invested on
water sanitation would
go as a waste, if the
water were not
adequately acidified.
Chlorination is the
widely used method of
water sanitation.
Fig. 1: Biofilm clogging the pipeline

10
ARTICLE
Chlorine will be available
in two forms when
dissolved in water – as
hypochlorous acid and
hypochlorite. The former
is a fast-acting
compound as compared
to the latter, which is
quite slow in killing
action of microbes, as
shown in Fig. 2. The
optimal pH for efficient
killing of microbes when
sanitation is practiced,
as per the below fig.2
2. Maintain optimal ORP to
kill microbes effectively.
As indicated in Table 1
above, an optimal ORP
of 650mV needs to be
maintained.
3. Stability of pH is the
main criteria to be given
emphasis rather than
transient drop in pH,
while judging the water
quality. The immediate
drop in pH can be
achieved with any
acidifier; nevertheless,
the aim should be to
maintain that specific pH
for a longer duration to
preserve water quality
throughout.
Measurements like water
titration, use of on-farm
technologies like
i-Dip need to be
adopted, to ensure that
optimal water quality is
achieved, as shown in
Fig. 3a and 3b.
4. Flush and clean the
water pipelines
adequately. Pipelines are
for conducting the water
to birds and not the
microbes, so ensure to
have a cleaning protocol
in place and for its
effective
implementation, if we
want clean water to be
taken up by birds. Water
quality should be
measured at all the
levels, as shown in Fig. 4
below, nevertheless, the
most critical, is to
measure it at the bird
level.
5. Check the compatibility
of medicines when water
acidifiers are used.
Acidifiers and sanitizers
are recommended not
to be used, a day before
and after vaccinations
that are intended
through water route.
Not all antibiotics are
compatible with acidic
water, their efficiency
might be reduced when
water is acidic, including
water that naturally have
a pH less than 7.
6. Last but not the least,
water can act as one of
the potential sources of
infection that impacts
gut health. Strategies to
achieve optimal gut
health should cover
water route as well. One
such concepts is
inclusion of water
Free Chlorine ORP Bacterial Count Pseudomonas
4 805 0 0
4.4 730 0 0
4.9 668 0 0
2.3 653 0 0
1.2 618 170 12.400
1.2 296 640 1.600
0.8 590 310 2.400
0.7 480 15.000 2.400
Table 1: Relation between ORP and microbiology Fig.2: Relation between pH and forms of chlorine
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
%ofHOClorOcl
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
pH
7,00
6,50
6,00
5,50
5,00
4,50
4,00
3,50
3,00
WaterpH
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 3,0
mL Selko-pH
Water titration curve
Soft
Normal
Hard
Fig 3a: Water titration curve as a measure to judge water quality

12
ARTICLE
acidifiers that are
capable of protecting
both water quality as
well as effective in
promoting gut health.
Conclusion:
Water is a critical and crucial
nutrient. Water is available to
us, almost free and is taken
as granted for its quality,
with no due emphasis being
placed on it. Water quality
keeps changing from season
to season, from source to
source and from farm to
farm. Additionally, in few
instances, when there is
severe scarcity of water,
water is purchased from
outside, which places a major
threat on its quality aspect.
Water needs to be checked
on a regular basis for
required parameters from an
authentic laboratory and/or
using on-farm technologies.
Water is an indispensable
natural resource and as
responsible citizens; we all
should take steps to preserve
its quantity and quality.
Poultry producers should put
in efforts to provide safe
water to birds, which would
then ensure healthy gut
conditions that would
consequently improve the
overall bird performance.
Fig 3b: i-Dip – on-farm tool to judge water quality
Fig. 4: Water quality measurement points
Source Tank Sub-tank
Start of
pipeline
End of
Pipline
INDUSTRYNEWS
Another acquisition of a digital
platform solution
BASF acquired Cloudfarms, a
software company for livestock
farm management, traceability
and precision farming with
focus on pig production.
Cloudfarms' livestock farm
management solution enables
producers around the world to
continuously improve the
efficiency and productivity of
complex farming operations.
With the livestock farm
management system from
Cloudfarms, producers can
manage, track and analyze
their production data from
daily operations in real-time.
Deriving insights with digital
solutions by connecting and
analyzing data across the value
chain helps to increase
efficiency, animal vitality and
sustainability.
Digital transformation in
livestock production
contributes to the growing
demand for safe and nutritious
food at affordable prices, while
increasing profitability for
farmers and reducing
environmental impacts.
“Combining Cloudfarms'
digital capabilities with BASF's
scientific expertise in animal
nutrition and sustainability is a
game changer for our business
and the next-generation
farming for livestock
producers,” says Julia Raquet,
Senior Vice President BASF
Animal Nutrition & Aroma
Ingredients.
“With this acquisition, we
strengthen our commitment to
address the global challenge of
a sustainable food system for
the growing world population,
enabled by digital
technologies,” continues
Raquet.
For Daniela Calleri, Vice
President Business
Management BASF Animal
Nutrition this creates new
opportunities: “The acquisition
of Cloudfarms is a key
milestone underlining our
efforts to advance as a leading
ingredients and solutions
provider for the livestock
sector.”
“BASF and Cloudfarms share
the vision of developing a
digital ecosystem in the global
livestock sector to foster
traceability, sustainability and
precision livestock farming. We
are very excited about the
valuable prospects this
partnership will bring to
livestock producers around the
world,” adds Jens Toppenberg,
Co-Founder and Managing
Director Cloudfarms.
Cloudfarms currently serves
progressive livestock
producers in over 37 countries.
It was founded in 2013 with
the headquarters based in
Bratislava, Slovakia. BASF is
now offering Cloudfarms'
livestock farm management
system to producers around
the world.

INTERVIEW
Can you please share about the present scenario of
Indian Aquaculture industry? How COVID-19 has
impacted the business?
Dr. Manoj Sharma: India holds the number one position in
shrimp exports in the world with a total production of 8 lakh
tons. But COVID-19 has disrupted the industry like many
other sectors. ~70% of the exports used to reach China and
the US, one where this pandemic started and others where
it is the worst hit, and with an almost negligible share in the
domestic market, the industry is in the doldrums. The first
crop is lost by at least 60% and even post COVID-19 it will
take its own time to recover, we assume there would be 20 -
25% of less annual production.
Rajamanohar: COVID-19 has shown an adverse impact on
the Indian aquaculture industry in production as well as the
post-harvest value chain.
On the production front, we may see a reduction of 20-30%
Domestic market can
change the fate of Indian
Aquaculture Industry
OVID-19 has impacted all the businesses and Indian aquaculture is no exception in that. Think
Grain Think Feed discussed with an Aqua farmer, Dr. Manoj Sharma who is working in the sector
for more than 2 decades now and a technocrat, Mr. Rajamanohar of Aquaconnect, which is aCpioneer aquaculture technology venture that works to improve aqua farm productivity. Both shared
insights for the industry and what should be done to reach the same growth level as that of previous
years. Below are the excerpts.
in the production of shrimps due to the lockdown from
March to April, the peak stocking period of the year.
Temporary shutdown imports across nations created panic
among farmers who went stocking earlier which flooded the
market with shrimp coupled with less demand from
processors resulted in reduced farmgate prices up to 40%.
On the value chain front, COVID-19 blocked the transaction
between farmers and upstream and downstream players of
industry as well. Due to lesser stocking, stakeholders
involved may incur a considerable loss in upcoming months.
Rajamanohar: PMMSY accelerates the Blue Revolution 2.0,
bridges the gaps in production and distribution channels,
and doubles the current production volume through the
creation of necessary infrastructure and strengthening the
cold storage chains. The post-harvest management value
chain is getting more attention and creates an opportunity
for processors/producers to become value-added players
rather than just being raw producers/exporters.
Modernizing the fish and the shrimp value chain creates a
stable market (Supply vs demand), boost employment, and
farmers' income as well. Down the line, this will motivate
more entrepreneurs to take up aquaculture as a viable
occupation activity.
Dr. Manoj Sharma: I find this is a good initiative by the
government but the mechanism of implementation of the
scheme on the ground should be single-window and
hassle-free.
Rajamanohar:
The interesting fact in the Indian aquaculture industry is
How does 'Pradhana Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana
(PMMSY)' contribute to Indian Aquaculture growth?
The policies focus on improving production and
processing facilities, though ~90% of Indian
aquaculture produce is dependent upon export markets
which are badly impacted by the pandemic. What
should be done to improve domestic demand?
Dr. Manoj Sharma

15
that the 90% shrimp market depends on overseas exports
whereas the farmed fish market completely depends on
local market consumption. There is a need to create a local
market system for shrimps to increase domestic
consumption and increase the farmed fish share in the
country's seafood exports.
Over-dependence on the import markets and the absence
of any alternative backup plans threaten the sector's
sustainability during crisis time (i.e., slashed prices & poor
market dynamics). Government & private entities and
institutions should join hands to promote the domestic
market for shrimp through massive promotion and
awareness.
Dr. Manoj Sharma: Presently, freshwater fish production is
140 lakh tons (as per the government data) while the fact is
that there are hardly any processing houses as it is being
handled in a very traditional way. Hence reliability &
reference of the data is a question.
Also, domestic demand needs to be improved and even is
1% of this package can be used to capture domestic market,
the whole scenario will change.
Rajamanohar:
The role of AI is much necessary for India where the
prevalence of traditional practices for decades. In the last 6
to 8 years, the productivity per acre has dropped by 30%
while the production cost has increased year by year.
Implementing AI technologies will analyze the production
patterns from every pond and be able to tell the
What is the role of AI for a growing market like India,
which is more of traditional farming? Do you feel that
the market is ready for such technological
interventions?
Rajamanohar
This unprecedented pandemic made us
realize the importance of developing the
domestic market for a secure future of
the industry. The health index and life
expectancy of the countries with per
capita seafood consumption of 15-20 kg,
is much better.

16
INTERVIEW
(personalized advisory) farmers about the improvement
measures that will boost productivity and adopt sustainable
farming practices. Secondly, AI would play a key role in
predicting diseases well in advance and facilitate effective
prevention management. Every year, the Indian aquaculture
industry incurs huge losses due to widespread diseases that
are wiping out the production in farms.
There is a huge variation in the productivity between
Shrimp production states. eg., Orissa & Tamil Nadu are
approx. 4-5 tons/ha while in Andhra Pradesh & Gujarat are
in the range of 7-8 tons/ha. The technology adoption may
support to cover this gap by recognizing various factors
which otherwise remain unnoticed in traditional farming.
As the optimal FCR range is 1.2-1.4 while FCR of Indian
shrimp is 1.6-1.8 that means the farmer is feeding 15-20%
more feed. With technology adoption, such expenditures
can also be controlled and increase profit margins.
Yes, the market is ready for technological interventions,
even inclusion of Real-time monitoring and sensing
capabilities are possible but it requires customized pricing
(subscription/pay as you go) that suits the affordability of
the rural and coastal farmers with enhanced last-mile
connectivity (Handhold support, hands-on training).
How do you compare the other animal protein sources with
fish protein?
Dr. Manoj Sharma:
A consumer is spending Rs. 600-700 per kg to get 120
grams of protein from mutton while in case of fish, it would
cost Rs. 120-150 per kg for 300 grams of protein. As an
industry, we should focus on consumer awareness to
change their perception.
Rajamanohar:
We may see a drop of 20-30% in shrimp production this
year from 7.7 lakh MT last year. As the massive harvest
happened in April and full swing stocking was resumed
from June, we may see the current produce hitting the
market after August. On-demand front, expect EU market,
other markets are performing well, also the opening up of
food chains in the overseas market will keep the demand in
upcoming months and shall absorb completely what we
produce.
Dr. Manoj Sharma:
Looking at the situation in a holistic way, the world's shrimp
market is close to 3.8 to 4 Million Ton. The two largest
countries that contribute to this production are India (8 lakh
tons) & Ecuador (6 lakh tons) which is approx. 40% of the
world shrimp market. But unfortunately, both countries
don't have a sizable domestic market. On the other hand,
the export markets are impacted like China and the USA
which consume 70% of the shrimp production, and Europe
which consumes 10% of the shrimp production is also badly
affected with COVID-19. The shrimp production markets
Indonesia, Thailand, and China will also see a reduction in
production. There might be an increase in the market
demand as consumers look for nutrition-rich healthier food
and shrimp is a perfect match there.
What do you predict for the supply-demand scenario
for the rest of 2020?
How do you see the Indian aqua feed industry 5 years
down the line?
Production(tons)
900000
800000
700000
600000
500000
400000
300000
200000
100000
0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Year
Indian Shrimp Production
CAGR-21.26%
Data Source: MPEDA, India
COVID lockdown made the industry realize
the benefits of the adoption of technology
in farming operations. In the last 3
months, we observed a 4-fold rise in the
usage of our mobile farm advisor
FarmMOJO.

17
Andhra Pradesh
West Bengal
Odisha
Gujarat
Tamil Nadu
Rest of India
Total
570000
83000
73000
45000
22000
12000
8,05,000
Production tonsState
Andhra Pradesh - 71%
West Bengal - 10%
Odisha - 9%
Gujarat - 5.5%
Tamil Nadu - 2.7%
Rest of India - 1.7%
State wise distribution
Iran government discontinues subsidies
for animal feed premixes import
The government has
discontinued the payment
of subsidies for the import
of animal feed
premixes—vitamins,
minerals, trace elements
and other nutritional
additives—used to prepare
animal feed, Chairman of
Iran Feed Industry
Association Majid Movafeq
Qadirly said.
It has instead called on
importers to meet their
foreign currency
requirements from the
export earnings of non-oil
products (petrochemicals,
steel and minerals) traded
through the so-called
secondary FX market where
exchange rates are closer
to the free market rates.
“Importers of corn, barley
and soybean meal can
receive subsidized US
dollar at the rate of 42,000
rials. The government is
giving the subsidies in
driblets, though. Importers
are taking risks and they
don't see a bright future,”
he said in a report.
He said animal feed prices
in the Iranian market are
twice as much as regulated
prices.
After the Iranian national
currency decreased in value
in early 2017, the
government introduced
rules like banning the
import of non-essential
goods, especially those
produced inside the
country.
According to State
Livestock Affairs Logistics, a
company associated with
Iran's agriculture ministry,
more than 1.8 million tons
of raw materials used for
animal feed entered the
country through ports for
distribution among
producers from March 20
to May 20.
Import data
A report from the Animal
and Poultry Feed Importers
Association said 866,570
tons of animal feed worth
US$253 million were
imported into the country
from March 20 to April 19,
showing a 6% and 7%
decrease in weight and
value, respectively,
compared with the similar
period of last year.
More than 166,620 tons of
barley worth US$41.4
million were imported over
the period – a 14% and
21% year-on-year decline,
respectively.
About 430,220 tons of corn
worth US$104.62 million
were imported, a 14% and
15% decline, respectively,
year over year.
A total of 269,730 tons of
oilcake worth $106.99
million were imported
during the same period, an
increase of 18% and 9%,
respectively, compared with
the corresponding period
of last year.
Iran's economy has recently
been affected by the novel
coronavirus (COVID-19)
pandemic, which hit the
country hard beginning in
February.
INDUSTRYNEWS
Rajamanohar:
Aquafeed industry has seen a progressive growth in the last
couple of years and gained attention from global players as
well. Most of the key players have been involved in capacity
expansion of the feed plants and global players have
opened their units in India. According to sources, the Indian
feed industry is operating at a capacity of 2.8 million MT,
which is double than the current requirement of 1.1-1.3 lakh
MT on the ground. In 5 years, down the line, I feel that we
may not see such a progressive expansion like in the past,
however, we see the technological up-
gradation/modernization of the feed plants.

18
ARTICLE
Abstract:
India is the largest milk producer in the world since many years, but this is due to the
number of animals present, not because of their productivity. One of the reasons is
ignorance of importance on feed safety by our feed manufacturers and dairy farmers. Major
portion of dairy animals in India lies with backyard farmers, who are least aware of the role
on feed safety or food chain. Domestic waste, dry or green fodder offered to dairy animals
are often moldy. As most of the cattle feed manufacturers do not have silo for raw material
storage, mold gets infested during storage. Mycotoxins which are secondary metabolite of
molds are produced and enter animal body. There are several mycotoxins which affect
digestive, reproductive and immune systems. Mycotoxins at very low dosage in animal body
creates chronic effects for a longer time. Hence, animals infected with mycotoxins has
problem with liver functions and reduced immunity does not perform to any feed or fodder
as per its potential and dairy farm faces economical loss. Aflatoxin B1 produced by
Aspergillus flavus of mold in dairy animals milk form into Aflatoxin M1 to some extent. This
Mycotoxins: A Threat
to Cattle Feed Safety in
Indian Dairy
Dr. Vimlesh Chandra Sharma and Dr. Sudhir Kumar Singh, Kemin Industries South Asia
ImageSource:Knowmycotoxins.com

19
Aflatoxin M1 enters food
chain and becomes
carcinogenic, hepatotoxic
and immunosuppressive.
Only way to combat this is
by inhibiting the mold
growth in raw material of
feed by using mold
inhibitors, and binding toxins
with a good toxin binder
which helps to expel
mycotoxins out of the animal
body.
Introduction:
In India, per animal
production and reproductive
performance are the major
challenges for economic
viability of dairy farms.
Production is sub optimum
due to several reasons. In
past few years, a lot has been
done on the improvement of
breeds. Any dairy breed, be it
a high yielder or low yielder,
can perform only when it is
healthy, and its nutrient
requirement is fulfilled. Dairy
animals have to synthesize
milk in their body, the most
wholesome edible on earth.
If they don't get it, both
production and reproduction
are impacted. Mold and
mycotoxins that enter the
animal body through feed,
reduce its performance in
several ways. Mold
deteriorates nutrient quality
of grains by utilizing the fat,
protein and carbohydrates
for its own propagation.
Mycotoxins are produced as
a secondary metabolite by
certain class of fungi like
Aspergillus, Fusarium and
Penicillium, which infest the
crop in field or during
storage under optimum
temperature and relative
humidity conditions.
Mycotoxin term was first
launched in 1960 in London,
England when around
1,00,000 turkeys died due to
consumption of aflatoxin
contaminated peanut meal,
imported from Brazil. They
have been regularly found
responsible in toxic
syndromes in humans and
animals. Almost all the
mycotoxins have
carcinogenic, teratogenic,
embryotoxic, hepatotoxic,
nephrotoxic, and
immunosuppressive effect.
Mold and mycotoxins have
ubiquitous presence, all over
the globe. In last few years,
demand of dairy products
has increased in India, due to
constantly growing
population, urbanization,
improved economic status of
people, and increased
awareness on nutrient
requirements of body. To
meet this ever-increasing
demand, performance of
dairy animals becomes
crucial. Feed safety can play
a major role to achieve this
goal, as unsafe feed due to
mycotoxins restricts animals
to perform their full
potential. Mycotoxins do not
affect animal health and
performance alone, but
some part is drained into
milk, meat and eggs which
ultimately affects human
health. Further discussion on
important mycotoxins and
their impact on animal health
and production was detailed
as below.
Aflatoxins:
Aflatoxins are a group of
mycotoxins produced from
different species of
Aspergillus, one of them is
Aspergillus flavus, which
gives this mycotoxin its
name. These are the most
studied mycotoxins
associated with animal feed
and human food. European
countries are least bothered
with the problem of
Aflatoxins, due to their
geographical location.
Aflatoxins are a major
problem of regions having
hot and humid
environmental conditions
like Asian and African
countries along with some
parts of Australia. Along with
adequate substrate,
temperature and humidity
are the most crucial
parameters for production
and amount of aflatoxin.

20
ARTICLE
gastrointestinal dysfunction,
liver damage, decreased feed
utilization and efficiency,
reduced productive and
reproductive performances,
embryonic death and
immunosuppression, even at
very low dose. Reports
revealed that reduced feed
intake is mostly the first sign
of aflatoxin problem.
Reduction in feed efficiency
in cattle is attributed to
decreased ruminal function
by reduction of cellulose
digestion, volatile fatty acid
production and motility of
rumen. A part of aflatoxin B1
consumed by dairy cows
through contaminated feed
was drained in milk in the
form of aflatoxin M1.
Drainage of aflatoxin M1 in
milk was more in early
lactation when compared to
late lactation.
Ochratoxins:
Ochratoxins are produced by
a species of Aspergillus and
Penicillium. Ochratoxins are
of three types, namely A, B
and C. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is
the most common and
important mycotoxin, due to
its impact on public and
animal health. Most common
sources of Ochratoxin A are
grains like maize, wheat,
sorghum, rice, barley, oat,
rye, etc. Ochratoxin A causes
renal dysfunction of animal
along with various toxic
effects like other potential
mycotoxins, i.e. carcinogenic,
teratogenic,
immunosuppressive,
embryotoxic and
hepatotoxic. Ochratoxins
alone are comparatively less
toxic in cattle, perhaps due
to detoxification and ruminal
Optimum temperature for
the growth of Aspergillus
flavus is 29 to 35°C, as
aflatoxin production is
maximum at 24° C and not
produced at all below 13°C
or above 42°C, and relative
humidity below 70%. India
encountered an outbreak of
aflatoxicosis in 1974, which
resulted in the death of
around 100 people. In
nature, there are more than
14 different chemical forms
of aflatoxin, out of which
aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2
are the most dangerous
forms. The suffix letters with
aflatoxin, i.e. B and G
represents the color these
aflatoxins exhibit in
ultraviolet radiation (B for
blue and G for Green).
Susceptibility to aflatoxicosis
is maximum in young
animals, but no age group is
unaffected. Symptoms of
aflatoxicosis depend on
animal, breed, species, age,
nutritional status, dose and
duration of exposure to
aflatoxin. Commonly
observed symptoms of
aflatoxicosis in all animals are
microbial degradation.
Fumonisins:
Fumonisins are produced
from Fusarium moniliforme.
Out of the sixteen different
analogues of fumonisin
known till date, B-series
fumonisins comprises an
important fumonisins like B1,
B2, B3 and B4. In a recent
study, Aspergillus niger was
also found to produce
fumonisins. Reports revealed
that fumonisin B1 was the
most toxic and predominant
member of the family and
was carcinogenic.
Carcinogenic effect of
fumonisin was not by direct
DNA damage, rather they
disrupt sphingolipid
biosynthesis owing to their
structural similarity with
backbone precursors of
sphingolipids. Fumonisin
toxicity was more significant
in horse, swine and rabbits
as cattle and poultry are less
sensitive to fumonisin
toxicity. In dairy animals,
fumonisins exhibit their
effect by
immunosuppression,
damage to liver and kidney,
decrease in weight gain, and
increased mortality rates.
Zearalenone (ZEA):
Zearalenone (earlier known
as F-2 toxin) is produced by
some of the Fusarium
species. Zearalenone is
found to cause infertility,
reduction in milk yield and
hyperestrogenism in cattle.
Zearalenone toxicity was due
to its molecular similarity to
naturally occurring estrogen
hormones. Higher doses of
zearalenone were found to
interfere with normal fertility,
i.e. ovulation, conception,
ImageSource:Cleanfax

22
ARTICLE
deoxynivalenol affecting
health or performance of
cattle. Even at a dose of 6
mg/kg of feed,
deoxynivalenol had no
negative impact on milk
production or its residue in
milk.
T-2 Toxin:
The T-2 toxins are
synthesized mainly by
Fusarium tricinctum. These
were the first trichothecenes
to be isolated as a naturally
occurring contaminant in
grains of United states. A
lethal toxicosis by T-2 toxin
in dairy cattle was reported
in Wisconsin state of United
states in 1970 due to
consumption of moldy corn.
The T-2 toxin also reported
to suppress immunity in
cattle by the reduction in
serum levels of IgA, IgM and
IgG. It also induces necrosis
of lymphoid tissues.
Abortion in third trimester of
gestation and infertility in
cattle was also stated as a
consequence of T-2 toxicity.
Other than the T-2 toxin, rest
of the trichothecenes have
no adverse effect in cattle. In
other countries, association
of T-2 toxins with any
disorder in animals or
humans were doubtful.
Chances of residual T-2 toxin
in edible tissue was rare, as
T-2 toxin was rapidly
metabolized inside the body.
Conclusion:
Molds get entry into the
crops while in field, or in
feed/ feedstuff during
storage. They utilize
nutrients (fat, protein and
carbohydrates) for their own
growth resulting in reduction
implantation, fetal
development and survival of
new born animals. Higher
doses of zearalenone can
result in abortions.
Zearalenone toxicity can also
result in reduced feed intake,
reduced milk yield, increased
vaginal secretions, vaginitis,
poor reproductive
performance, and enlarged
mammary glands in heifers.
In cattle, zearalenone
exposure for longer duration
leads to problem of follicular
cysts. Maximum permissible
limit of Zearalenone in diet is
250 ppb.
Trichothecenes:
A large number of
mycotoxins produced by
different species of Fusarium
are grouped under
Trichothecenes.
Trichothecenes and their
derivatives which are more
than 200 in number are
classified into four types (A-
D). Types A and B are most
common and occurs widely
in cereals. The T-2 and HT-2
toxins are included in type A
trichothecenes, while
deoxynivalenol (DON) is
included in type B of
trichothecenes.
Trichothecenes use protein
synthesis inhibition as their
mechanism of action. They
are also reported to affect
leucocytes resulting in
immunosuppression.
Deoxynivalenol (DON):
Deoxynivalenol (DON), also
called as vomitoxin is the
most prevalent trichothecene
in grains like barley, maize,
wheat, oats and rye, and less
common in sorghum, rice
and triticale. In feedlot, there
were no reports of
of nutritive value of feed
stuff or feed. In the process
of multiplication, molds
produce secondary
metabolites called
mycotoxins. These molds
and mycotoxins when enters
the animal body through
feed, results in various
complications like, reduced
feed intake, feed rejection,
reduced milk production,
reduced rumen function,
diarrhea, liver damage,
kidney damage,
immunosuppression,
reproductive problems like
anestrus, abortions, and
embryonic death, etc.
Productivity of dairy animals
in India is very low to fulfill
the ever increasing demands
of milk and milk products,
and the performance of dairy
animals needs to be
optimized. Awareness on
feed safety among dairy
farmers and feed
manufacturers can do a lot.
A broad spectrum on mold
inhibitor in concentrate feed
will inhibit growth of molds
between the interval of feed
manufacture to feed
consumption. No mold, no
mycotoxins. A good quality
toxin binder will bind any
toxin entering the rumen of
animal and won't allow it to
cause any damage to the
animal body by excreting
toxins out along with toxin
binders. Thus, nutritive value
of feed will be maintained,
animal will be free from
mycotoxin effects, and
performs as per its potential.
As a result, economic
viability of dairy farms will be
ensured.

23
INDUSTRY NEWS
Brazil soybean export forecast
Brazil soybean exports in
2020-21 are forecast to reach
84 million tonnes, which
would top the previous
record of 83.7 million tonnes
set in 2017-18, according to
a July 14 Global Agricultural
Information Network report
from the US Department of
Agriculture (USDA).
The USDA said the forecast is
based on available supplies
and an extremely favorable
exchange rate.
The report said a continued
weakness of the domestic
currency is anticipated amid
the expected sluggish
economy grappling with the
effects of the global
coronavirus (COVID-19)
pandemic. As of mid-June,
the Brazilian government
forecast GDP to shrink by 7%
in 2020.
Brazil's nearly 2 million cases
of COVID-19 ranks second in
the world behind the United
States.
“The export forecast
assumes that global demand
for soybeans will not see a
severe downturn connected
with the coronavirus
pandemic,” the USDA said.
“Unlike a multitude of other
sectors, soybean
consumption has limited
elasticity. In China and
Europe — key soybean
importers — despite the
economic slowdown, meat
consumption is not likely to
suffer a dramatic downturn.”
The USDA noted that in the
2019-20 marketing year, the
much-maligned Brazilian
grain transportation system
outperformed expectations.
Brazil's largest port located
outside of São Paulo in
Santos loaded a record 4.6
million tonnes of soybeans in
April, up 68% year over year.
Similarly, the port of
Paranagua shipped 2.4
million tonnes of soy and soy
products in May, twice the
amount shipped during the
same month in 2019.
“Containment of coronavirus
has been key to the Brazilian
ports' performance,” the
USDA said. “Early on in the
pandemic, rumors of a strike
at Santos forced the
government and private
industry to come up with an
enhanced protection and
mitigation protocol to ward
off coronavirus outbreaks. At
the port of Santos, managers
also developed contingency
plans to hire contracted
workers if absenteeism put
operations at risk.
“Although there have been
sporadic reports of workers
testing positive for
coronavirus at various export
terminals of Brazilian ports,
as of late June there were no
reports of contagion.”
ImageSource:Splash247

24
ARTICLE
Introduction
Protein sources are second largest component of Poultry diets. Due to limited distribution and
expensive nature, usually Poultry is depriving of a rich protein source. Soya bean seed is the
premier protein source followed by Fishmeal used by poultry industry. Seeds are rarely used,
rather the residue after oil extraction i.e., Soya bean meal (SBM) is usually fed to poultry. Owing
to limited no. of producers and demand, the price of SBM is high and tends to fluctuate with
changes in climatic condition. Similarly, Fishmeal is based on fish cultivated in aquaculture or
marine fish. Due to overgrowing population and scarce conventional protein sources, it is the
need of the hour to shift the focus towards identifying alternative protein sources. Insect
protein is one of the very apt alternate protein sources that can be explored and brought in
usage for poultry industry.
Finding Alternative Source
Due to overgrowing population and developing industries, justby relying on traditional sources
such as Soya bean meal, Fishmeal would make the sources scarce and expensivein near future.
Therefore it seems indispensableto consider alternative protein sources to fully or partially
Insect Meal as an Alternative
Protein Source for Poultry
Dr Pooja Rawal, GBPUAT, Pantnagar
ImageSource:TheEconomist

25
replace the conventional
sources in poultry feed,
Generally, a product fits in the
category of competent
alternative protein substituent
in poultry if it is in good
supply, reasonably priced and
has proper nutrition level.
However there is some
nutritional and technical
consideration that determines
the competence.
·Nutritional aspect-
Essential amino acid
balance, presence of
naturally occurring Anti
nutritional factors such as
tannins and enzyme,
presence of pathogens
and need for
supplementation.
·Technical aspect-
Availability and supply
throughout the year,
bulkiness and wetness
&/or powdery texture
processing requirement,
predicted availability of
ingredients in long-term,
consistency in research
and development efforts.
·Economical aspect-
Farmers may use on farm
waste such as crop
leftovers as input for
insect production and
add resulting flies larvae
to feed their livestock.
With limited space,
resource, poor farmers
can engage themselves
in insect farming and
increasing their
productivity while
contributing to waste
management.
Insect meal fulfilling these
aspects stands out to be the
very next alternate solution
for scarce conventional
protein sources.
What is Insect Meal?
Insects being used as an
alternative protein source for
poultry and aqua industries.
Insects are either fed as a
whole or processed such as in
powdery form, either fed as
fresh or dried. Insect meal is
being a great startup for
entrepreneurs where protein
and fat is extracted from
insects and processed. E.g.,
INSECTFii, a company piloting
in India uses Black soldier fly
larva and convert organic
waste that is obtained from
urban areas into high value
insect protein, that replaces
water and climate intensive
plant protein as well as over
harvested and depleting fish
protein used in animal feed.
next Protein is a company
that produces insect-based
protein for animal feed stocks
in order to develop
sustainability in agriculture
and tackle resource scarcity.
Insect Protein- A
Sustainable Alternative
Protein
Fly larvae can be reared on a
wide range of wastes and
byproduct, offering a way of
recovering values from
material that may
traditionally be disposed of
by Agriculture and food
industries. Moreover, as far as
environmental impact of
insect industry is concerned,
compared to Fishmeal
production, Housefly and
Black soldier fly production
have shown favorable results
regarding impacts on fossil
fuel depletion, Freshwater and
marine eutrophication and
ecotoxicity and natural land
transformation.
Nutrition composition of
insects depends on growth,
environmental growing
conditions, as well as the life
stages. E.g., When Methionine
content of housefly larvae
grown in Poultry stools, it was
found to be higher than that
grown in various vegetable
residues. On average, insects
can convert 2 Kg of feed into
1 Kg of insect mass, whereas
cattle require 8 Kg of feed to
produce 1 Kg of body weight
gain. Protein levels in insect
meal vary between 55%-75%
(levels comparable to animal
protein i.e., meat and bone
meal and fish meal sources).
Feed incorporation rates
range between 5-40% for
aqua and broiler feed.

26
ARTICLE
Food waste should be
avoided as much as possible
in the chain from food
production to consumption.
However from farm to fork
some waste is unavoidable. In
rural areas, agricultural by
products and wastes from
Production of one metric ton
of Housefly larval meal
replaces .5 metric tons of
Fishmeal and .5 metric tons of
soyabean meal.
Industrial Scale Production
and Process Control
farming will be available while
in urban areas it will be from
distribution centers and final
consumers. This waste can be
used to feed insects. The
dried insect larvae are then
used in chicken feed. In
developing countries, poor
BLACK
SOLDIER
FLY( Hermetia
illucens)
Naturally found in
poultry, cattle
manure but can
be reared in
organic waste
41-44 15-34 7 15-28 GE-
5278
Rich in Ca lcium and
Phosphorus i.e., 5 -8%
and 0.6-1.5%
respectively .
GRASSHOPPE
R (Caelifera)
Can be harvested
from their habitats
such as croplands,
grasslands,
wetlands.
62-67 12 7-9 1 ME-
3923-
4018
Harvesting these insects
could reduce the use of
hazardous chemicals to
control pest. Thus, it is
economical and sustainable
protein source in
developing countries.
EARTHWORM
(Lumbricina)
Natural feed
source for poultry
kept under free
range system.
63 6 2 9 ME-
3525
Adding 0.4% Earthworm
Meal to the broiler diets
improved the FI, BW &
also increased the
digestibility of nutrients.
MEALWORM
LARVAE( Tene
brimolitor)
Can be grown on
dried and cooked
waste material.
45-60 25-43 5-8.8 3-4.5 ME-
5258
Though Methionine and
Lysine content were not
adequate for broilers, but
all the other Essential
amino acids were in
enough quantity for
growth of broiler.
HOUSEFLY
(Musca
domes tica)
Grow on poultry,
cattle manure
andcan been
reared on
municipal organic
waste.
64 24 3-10 5-11 ME-
4140
Maggots contain higher
quantity of Lysine,
Arginine, and Valine.
Maggots either fresh
/dried could entirely or
partially replace
conventional prot ein
ingredient such as FM,
Meat meal, GNC.
INSECT AVAILABILITY CP (%) EE (%) CF (%) Ash (%) ENERG
Y(Kcal/
kg)
REMARK
DESERT LOCUST
(Schistocerca
gregaria)
Can be harvested
on organic waste.
52 12 19 10 ME-
2714
The gregarious pest creates
havoc for Agriculture. It is
palatable and moreover it
is reported that partial
substitution of FM with
Locust meal is suitable.
Table1- Various insect species viable for large scale production of insect meal with their nutritional specifications
(CP%- Crude Protein%, EE%- Ether Extract%, CF%- Crude Fiber%, GE- Gross Energy, ME- Metabolizable Energy)

27
urban people can collect food
waste (usually for free) and
use it to farm insects.
Smallholder farmers usually
depend on external sources
for feed, including National &
International feed companies
which usually cost them
expensive. Fly larvae maybe
produced locally by
smallholder farmers that
opens their door to become
feed supplier in addition to/
or instead of being feed
buyers. This helps in gaining
income from producing fly
larva as feed component and
to improve livelihood and
food security of smallholder
farmers. In this way this
strategy works at three levels:
reduce the disposal of waste
in the city, provide cash
income opportunities and
improve nutrition. This
strategy of economical
sustainability sooner or later
can be developed from
'hobby style' to industrial
scale and process control.
Most companies are
exclusively dedicated to insect
production and fully integrate
all production steps from
farming up to delivery of
insect meal or oil. A startup
can be established by
smallholders with limited
input to generate insect meal
for animal feed and the
residue from insect meal cam
be used as organic fertilizer
for crop production. Insect
production by smallholder
farmers may both somewhere
disconnect them from the
conventional external input
such as Fishmeal and
Soyabean meal based feed as
well as connect them to local
economies by selling insects
to local livestock farmers as
well as feed millers.
Thus insect rearing and
farming proves to be an
economical pavement and
moreover should be explored
for new employment and
revenue generation.
Conclusion
International Feed Industry
Federation (IFIF 2016)
predicts that livestock
production will get doubled
by 2050. Therefore in order
to meet future requirement,
need of hour is to explore
new protein sources. Poultry
that have access to outdoor
areas voluntarily pick and eat
insects which clearly indicate
that they are evolutionarily
adapted to insects as a
natural part of their diet.
Production of fly larvae is
based on waste streams as
input. Usually the waste
streams ends up in landfills
leading to environmental
damage. Producing insect for
feed yields a residue after
harvesting the larvae that can
be used as fertilizer. Thus,
insect meal production
proves to be an economical
employment option with eco
friendly trait that should be
explored. Due to high
nutritive value and ubiquitous
presence, insects are
potential sustainable feed
resources in poultry nutrition.
Value of insects as feed
component not only
improves livelihood of small
farmers but also reshapes
food system into efficient
climate resilient and nutrition
driven element of a circular
economy. Inclusion of insect
meals in poultry diets may
lower the cost of feeds, thus
resulting to more profit for
smallholder poultry
production, then why there
should be any delay and
restriction to open that door
and to explore the area.
References are available upon request.
FEEDSTOCK
Feeding
insects
BREED-
Adult colony
and egg
production
PRODUCTION
-insect
growth
management
SEPARATION
- Separating
larvae from
residue
PROCESSING
-protein and
fats from
larvae
STORE AND
SELL-Outlet
to customers
INCUBATION-
pupae for
new adults
OUTLET-
Reject and
residue
management

1200
1210
1220
1230
1240
1250
1260
1270
Average Price in Rs/Qtl
Average Price in Rs/Qtl
28
INDUSTRY NEWS
Lower demand pressures
maize markets
Maize markets are reeling
under subdued demand
situation currently. Prices
since month of April have
fallen by nearly 100 rupees
on a quintal. Maize mostly
goes for consumption in
poultry feed industry –
nearly 55% of the production
is generally absorbed by this
industry. Due to affected
demand, the quantity
required for manufacturing
feed rations has dropped
significantly, leading to lower
intake of maize. Sowing
operations have gone well
with government's efforts
during the lock down and as
per official reports maize in
the country has been sown in
31.27 lakh hectares as of 26th
Jun'20 which is higher than
15.74 lakh hectares compared
to corresponding period last
year.
Since supply outlook is
improving against subdued
demand situation, prices are
constantly under pressure
these days. Currently supply is
mostly from the state of Bihar
which is the biggest producer
of winter crop. Prices in Bihar
market are averaging near
Rs.1225-1250 per quintal at
present and buying interest
remains poor. Meanwhile, PSS
procurement activity in AP is
in full swing as on first week
of June Maize procurement
stood at 3.0 Lakh MT against
target of 3.4 Lakh MT for the
2019/20 Rabi season.
Likewise, procurement in
Telangana was reported at 7
Lakh tons for corresponding
period. As a result, estimates
for, stocks in AP and
Telangana are expected to
contribute nearly 11% of
current year Rabi season's
projected stocks. Due to
procurement operations,
average wholesale prices may
show some gains in coming
weeks, in case retail demand
improves from current levels.
From demand perspective,
Jun'20 weekly chick
replacement across India is
anticipated to hover at 3.8
crore birds, with logistic
hassles reducing. This
development has provided
scope for hatcheries to ship
new born chicks with minimal
chick mortality, and such
scenario will be beneficial in
boosting Maize demand
prospects moving forward.
Although consumption from
poultry sector is expected to
improve from broader
perspective, but as of now it is
difficult to assess whether this
will be likely scenario, this
year or the next year. On the
whole good Rabi harvest with
enhanced yields, rise in Year
on year Kharif acreage till
date, and sluggish domestic
demand shall continue to
keep the maize market under
greater influence of sellers in
coming weeks, also raising
the possibility of a notable
rise in year on year inventory.
As per trade sources the
maize processing units are
currently operating at 45-50%
of their capacity. Going by
traders/mandi people views,
average Rabi Maize prices in
Bihar may fluctuate in the
range of 1225-1275 Rs/qtl in
the month of July.
Price Trend of Superior grades of Rabi Maize at
Gulabagh centre in June

29
Pashu Ayurveda to control
animal diseases
The Indian dairy industry is
promoting use of
'pashuayurveda', or ethno-
veterinary medicine, to help
control animal diseasesand
decrease the chances of
pathogens jumping from
them to humans, as in the
case of novel coronavirus.
Cattle and buffaloes account
for more than 50% of the
livestock population in India,
according to the latest
census.
The National Dairy
Development Board (NDDB)
is aggressively promoting
use of ethno-veterinary
medicine after seeing
successin a pilot project run
at Sabarkantha dairy in
Gujarat.
"The recent Covid-19
pandemic has turned out to
be a global health crisis. In
order to mitigate the risk to
human health,controlling
zoonotic diseases at the
animal source is of
paramount importance," said
DilipRath, chairman of
NDDB.
According to the World
Animal Health Organisation
(OIE), 60% of the human
infectious diseases across the
world are zoonoticand at
least 75% of emerging
infections in humans are of
animal origin.
In May, the government had
formed a committee to work
on the OneHealth concept,
of which Rath is a member.
The committeeis working to
promote multi-sectoral,
trans-disciplinary approaches
to promote OneHealth.
Promotion of ethno-
veterinary medicine is part of
the OneHealth concept,
which recognises that the
health of animals is
closelylinked with the health
of humans.
"Antimicrobial resistance
(AMR) has also become a
major concern due to
indiscriminate use of
antibiotics to treat
animaldiseases. The National
Dairy Development Board
(NDDB) believes that the
solution to this problem lies
in alternative
treatmentstrategies like
pashuayurveda-based ECM
and has started aggressively
promoting it," said Rath.
Rabies, bovine tuberculosis,
bird flu, Japanese
encephalitis and Covid-19
are some of the examples of
diseases having
zoonoticorigins, which put a
huge monetary burden on
the public health systems.
The pilot project at
Sabarkantha Milk Union and
has been running for two
years now. "About 80% of
the animal diseases can
bereduced significantly using
EVM (ethno-veterinary
medicine) prepared by
farmers using locally
available ingredients," said
NPunniamurthy, a retired
veterinarian, who now trains
veterinarians on use of
Siddaayurveda-based ethno-
veterinary medicine.
"I realised that the functional
remedies prepared by
traditional healers were more
effective in treating animal
diseases. However,different
places have availability of
different types of herbs and
plants. So, we decided to use
spices, which are commonly
availableacross the country,
to prepare medicines," he
said.
Mastitis is a common and
prevalent cattle disease in
India, due to which farmers
suffer losses worth millions
of rupees. The ethno-
veterinary medicine solution
given by Punniamurthy has
become so popular that 30
milk unions in the country,
including privateand co-
operative, have started using it.
ImageSource:Strategy-PwCImageSource:USATODAY.com

Indian government allows
corn import at reduced duty to
support Poultry sector
India's corn imports in 2019
jumped to 312,389 tonnes in
2019 from 30,962 tonnes a
year ago
The Central Government has
authorised imports of
500,000 tonnes of corn this
year at a concessional 15 per
cent import tax as it tries to
augment supplies of the
animal feed for the poultry
industry.
India, the world's seventh-
biggest corn producer,
normally imposes a 60 per
cent import tax on the grain.
The corn imports under the
tariff-rate quota (TRQ) were
allowed for end-consumers
in the poultry and starch
supply sectors, the
government said in a
notification.
A major exporter of corn to
southeast Asia until a few
years ago, India has turned
importer as output has fallen
and demand has grown from
domestic poultry producers
and corn starch
manufacturers.
India's corn imports in 2019
jumped to 312,389 tonnes in
2019 from 30,962 tonnes a
year ago, the Government
data showed.
India, which does not allow
cultivation of any genetically
modified food crops, has
rules in place to ensure that
imports contain no trace of
genetically modified
organisms.
New Delhi also cleared
imports of 10,000 tonnes of
milk and cream powder for
this year at a concessional 15
per cent import tax, the
Government notification
said.
The country also authorised
import quotas of 150,000
tonnes each of rapeseed oil
and sunflower oil carrying
import taxes of 45 per cent
and 50 per cent respectively.
India is the world's biggest
importer of edible oils. It
mainly imports
rapeseed/canola oil from
Canada and sunflower oil
from Ukraine and Russia.
But B V Mehta, executive
director of the Solvent
Extractors' Association (SEA),
a Mumbai-based trade body,
said Indian refiners may be
unlikely to import rapeseed
oil and sunflower oil under
those tariff-rate quotas as
the import tax on regular
imports is actually lower, at
35 per cent.
ImageSource:WorldGrain
30
INDUSTRY NEWS

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Think Grain Think Feed July issue 2020

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