Think Grain Think Feed December 2020

RNI No.: HARENG/2014/61357
www.thinkgrainthinkfeed.co.in
Monthly Magazine for Feed Technology
Price: 75/-Postal No. PKL-212/2018-2020
Volume 7 | Issue 2
December-2020

Publisher & Editor
Prachi Arora
prachi.a@benisonmedia.com
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE
Managing Editor
Dr. T.K. Walli
Former Head,
Dairy Cattle Nutrition, NDRI
ear 2020 is coming to an end, which shall be remembered
in the annals of world history as the year of world wide
Yspread of Covid Pandemic infection. The deadly infection
has put the whole of the world human population on red alert and
under the constant fear of death. Though the recovery rate has
been quite high, still almost a million people lost their lives
worldwide till now through this pandemic. Since the normal life
has been derailed in every sphere of human activity, it is but
natural that the world economy has been hit the hardest. Rather it
has been a unique year in terms of shocks given to the global
economy. However, in spite of all the odds, human spirit wants to
fight back and survive. Given below are certain developments viz a
viz our livestock industry.
India is perhaps planning to use the bull semen transport network
for COVID-19 vaccine distribution. The authorities have discovered
that the cold-storage system which is already in place for the
nationwide programme of artificial insemination of cattle, could be
suitable and scalable for use in vaccine distribution. Though there
are issues like the temperature requirement for various developed
vaccines being between minus 18 degrees Celsius to minus 90
degrees Celsius, while semen collected from bulls is transported at
minus 196 degrees Celsius. Coming months will reveal if we would
be able to use this existing infrastructure of AI network for the
purpose of Covid vaccine distribution.
Another major threat to livestock industry is African swine fever
(ASF) which continues to grow in a number of countries across the
world. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations (FAO) and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)
launched the Global Control ASF Initiative to stop the spread of
African swine fever (ASF). As per Monique Eloit, Director-General
of OIE, this corresponds to the biggest animal disease outbreak of
our generation.
Bird flu is also adding to the worries of the global Poultry industry
where many countries are facing the threat and trying to control.
Please read page 28 for further updates.
We earnestly hope that things shall change for better in the
coming year!
Prachi Arora
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How Indian dairy can support
COVID-19 vaccine distribution?
Dr. Dinesh T. Bhosale
Former Chairman, CLFMA of India
Dr. S.P. Vinil
Poultry Expert
Mr. Amit Sachdev
Indian Representative, US Grain Council
Dr. P.E. Vijay Anand
US Soybean Export Council
Dr. Suhas Amrutkar
Subject Matter Specialist, Animal Nutrition,
MAFSU, Parbhani
Dr. SN Mohanty
Former Principal Scientist, CIFA
Dr. Meeta Punjabi Mehta
Agricultural Economist
Raghavan Sampath Kumar
Commodity Expert
Dr. Swamy Haladi
Feed Additive Expert
Dr. R Gnana Sekar
Lead Consultant, GS Dairy Farm Consulting
Dr. Suraj Amrutkar
Assistant Professor, Dept. of ILFC,
SKUAST-J, Jammu
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Prachi Arora |
Vollume 1 | Issue 10 | August 2015
Think Grain Think Feed is a monthly magazine published by BENISON Media at its office in Karnal. Editorial
policy is independent. Views expressed by authors are not necessarily those held by the editors. The
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R&D
05
INTERVIEW
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 7 | Issue 2 | Dec 2020Monthly Magazine for Feed Technology
ARTICLE
12
20
Innovative feed may
reduce up to 20% in Shrimp
production cost
08 Trouw Nutrition to cater
South-Asian market with its
new facility in India
Bacterial Probiotics - An ideal choice
to improve growth, performance and
immunity in poultry
Mycotoxicosis: An insidious
threat to the poultry industry
INDUSTRY NEWS
06 Tightening supply-demand
outlook for Maize
11 Silage technology to meet growing
quality cattle feed demand in Bangladesh
18 Indian soymeal exports set to rise on improved
parity in global markets
Moisture control to produce safe feed
Bird flu – Another shock for
global poultry industry
26
28

05
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 7 | Issue 2 | Dec 2020
R&D
Innovative companies
involved in shrimp feed
production and adding value
to fish processing by-
products have been
recognised in India's 2020
National Fisheries Awards.
Sai Aqua Feeds, a startup
from Andhra Pradesh which
adopted technology
developed by the ICAR-
Central Institute of
Brackishwater Aquaculture
(ICAR-CIBA) to formulate
shrimp feed, won the Best
Fisheries Enterprises award.
Called Vannamei Plus, the
feed can reduce the
production cost in shrimp
aquaculture by 20 percent. It
was developed as an
alternative to costly foreign
feeds in line with the Indian
government's “Make in
India” drive.
“In shrimp aquaculture, the
feed constitutes around 60
per cent of the production
cost. Further, this Desi Feed
is a compliment to shrimp
feed sector in India, which is
mostly led by multi-national
feed companies,” said Dr KK
Vijayan, director of CIBA.
The company started
operation in 2017 and has
recorded an average annual
production of 2,585 tonnes.
Many shrimp farms in Guntur
district remained unaffected
by the Covid-induced
lockdown, as the company
managed to supply them
with feeds. Apart from
Andhra Pradesh, the
company is also able to
supply farmers in Tamil
Nadu, Kerala, West Bengal
and Odisha.
Nambikkai Fish Farmers
group in Tamil Nadu has won
this year's 'Best Fisheries
Self-Help Group' award
instituted by the National
Fisheries Development Board
under the Ministry of
Fisheries, Animal Husbandry
and Dairying.
The self-help group from
Pattinapakkam in Chennai
bagged the award for
successfully adopting the
technology — conversion of
fish wastes into value-added
products — developed by
the Central Institute of
Brackishwater Aquaculture.
The products have been
developed under CIBA's
'Waste to Wealth' initiative in
line with the Swachh Bharat
mission of the central
government.
The group produced over 16
tonnes of value-added
products and attained an
annual turnover of Rs. 1.68
million. The group has seven
members, all from the
Scheduled Cast community,
and four of them are women.
Despite the pandemic, the
group managed to earn Rs. 2
lakhs as livelihood support
by collecting fish waste and
fish trimmings from
processing companies and
markets.
“This technology of CIBA has
the potential to propagate
across the country in
cleaning the fish markets and
also providing alternative
livelihood to many as a
circular economy,” said Dr
Vijayan,
“This award is a recognition
of our hard work and gives
enormous confidence to
upscale the production,” said
T Kennit Raj, head of the
group. “The CIBA's training
was very much effective in
materialising its technology
in a viable way.”
“We are happy that the
technologies developed by
CIBA reach out to the
targeted community and
emerge as the best
livelihood option for them,”
said Dr Vijayan.
Source: thehindubusnessline
Innovative feed may
reduce up to 20% in Shrimp
production cost
ImageSource:BostonConsultingGroup

06
INDUSTRY NEWS
Tightening supply-demand
outlook for Maize
The global maize (corn)
market is seen ruling firm
this season despite
projections of record
production as consumption
has been projected higher,
particularly for non-food
used by China, and closing
stocks are seen lower for
the third consecutive year.
The projections are bound
to be bitter-sweet news for
India during the current
season (July 2020-June
2021), which could make
growers happy, but leave
the user industry,
particularly poultry and
starch sectors that are
primary consumers, worried.
The production estimates
have been lowered this
month by at least 10 million
tonnes by two global
agencies - the International
Grains Council (IGC) and
Agricultural Market
Information Service (AMIS)
of Food and Agricultural
Organization, a UN body -
from the estimates made
last month.
On its part, the US
Department of Agriculture's
World Agricultural Supply
and Demand Estimates
(WASDE) has cut production
by five million tonnes
compared to last month.
The three agencies are
forecasting maize
production between 1.14
billion tonnes and 1.16
billion tonnes, up from last
season's output pegged
between 1.1 billion tonnes
and 1.14 billion tonnes. The
projection is lower due to
cuts in European Union,
Ukraine, and the US
outputs.
India's Kharif maize
production, according to
the first advance estimate of
the Ministry of Agriculture's
production of food grain,
has been projected at 19.88
million tonnes against 19.63
million tonnes last year.
Maize prices have gained
over 30 percent in the last
six months with the rates
rising 15.5 percent between
September and October. In
the global market, maize
prices are currently ruling
between $224 and $238 (Rs
16,560-17,600) a tonne
compared with the October
average price of $229 (Rs
16,930).
In India, maize prices are
currently ruling between Rs
1,350 and Rs 1,400 a quintal
compared with the
minimum support price of
Rs 1,850. However, in user
zones such as Namakkal,
the hub of the poultry
industry, they are ruling at
Rs 1,800.
IGC said China's maize
imports were set to rise
sharply this season. WASDE
said Beijing would buy more
than the tariff rate quota,
which makes shipments
eligible for lower or zero
customs duty, of 7.2 million
tonnes.
In India, rising demand from
the poultry and starch
sectors saw maize imports
rising to 3.2 lakh tonnes,
apart from last season's
production of 28.64 million
tonnes, including 9.01
million tonnes during the
rabi season.
IGC has projected global
maize consumption at 1.17
billion tonnes this season
against 1.15 billion tonnes
last season. AMIS also came
up with a similar margin
against 1.14 billion tonnes,
while WASE pegged it at
1.15 billion tonnes against
1.11 billion tonnes the
previous season.
AMIS said maize trade was
set to expand strongly to a
new record in Asia, South
America and the European
Union this season. IGC also
projected new peaks for
food and fuel use.
AMIS pegged the closing
stocks at 345.8 million
tonnes against 354.8 last
season, while WASDE
estimated the closing stocks
at 291.1 million tonnes. It
projected expansion in
demand for maize in view of
a drop in projected
production and carryover
stocks.
As of now, prices in India
are under control
particularly since industrial
use such as starch is yet to
peak.
Source: moneycontrol

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 7 | Issue 2 | Dec 2020INTERVIEW
08
Trouw Nutrition, part of the Netherlands-based Nutreco started its journey in India in the
year 2013, has established a manufacturing facility, its first in India, at Jadcherla near
Hyderabad. The factory was virtually inaugurated by the ambassador of Netherlands, Marten
Van Den Berg on 11 December 2020.
In an e-interview with Think Grain Think Feed, Dr. Saurabh Shekhar, Managing Director, Trouw
Nutrition South Asia shared more details about the expansion and market opportunities that
the company sees in Indian market. Read the excepts below:
South Asia and India are key to our mission of Feeding the Future and the state-of-the-art
production facility in Jadcherla, Hyderabad reinforces our commitment to the South Asian
market. The production facility marks the first greenfield project of Nutreco, 20,000 MT plant
that is equipped with high-end technology to deliver superior quality vitamin, mineral
Would you please share about the greenfield project of Trouw Nutrition? How it would
bring value to Indian customers?
Trouw Nutrition to cater
South-Asian market with its
new facility in India
ImageSource:FeedNavigator
Dr. Saurabh Shekhar

09
premixes, mineral blends and
feed safety solutions for all
species.
In India, we had operations
since 2013 through our sales
representative office, however
in order to bring added value
to our customers, post 2017
we have heavily focused on
building a team of subject-
matter specialists who can
drive our core values - Caring,
Capable, Collaborative and
Innovative. While at the same
time, with the production
facility we also aim to bring
efficiencies through better
lead times and providing
customizations to our
customers. The new facility
will cater to the market needs
of the entire South Asia and is
expected to clock full capacity
utilisation by 2025.
Trouw Nutrition completes 90
years in 2021, and the state-
of-the-art production facility,
located at Jadcherla,
Hyderabad has following key
features:
·A unique high-end
technology to ensure
that we have the best
quality of premix for our
customers.
·We ensure end-to-end
Quality and Traceability
through our company-
wide program, Nutrace.
Through Nutrace we
focus on all aspects of
quality with added
emphasis on feed-to-
food safety.
·The facility ensures that
the final product
remains untouched by
hand through complete
automation from raw
material handling to
automatic bagging.
·With a tower height of
45 m. we have vertical
flow technology to
ensure high quality
homogenous premix.
·The entire factory has
food grade equipment
for highest quality and
safety.
This unique premix facility in
The company is coming up
with unique premixing
technology with its 90 years
of experience. Can you
share more details about it?
Telangana is centrally located
which is one of the most
investor-friendly states and
also a major belt for poultry
and aqua with logistical
access to good ports. We are
certain that with this new
plant we will serve our
customers' demand for
quality products.
We are optimistic on the
Indian Poultry Production
trends. While we have seen
an impact of COVID-19
throughout the industry
even before COVID-19 had
hit India because of false
rumours regarding
consumption of meat and
egg. The industry was
impacted with lower
placement, less feed
production and crash in
market prices. However, this
Global Protein Outlook
2021 by Rabobank predicts
Indian Poultry production
in 2021 to return near to
2020-levels. Your
thoughts?
The company, which is a part of
the Netherlands-based Nutreco,
is also setting up a feed
manufacturing plant in Gujarat,
which is expected to be ready
either next year or in early 2022.
Together, the two facilities would
entail an investment of euro 20
million. The company is also
looking at acquisitions in the
animal feed value chain in India.
“
“

has also been an opportunity
for all of us since the industry
started aggressively
promoting benefits of
consuming meat, milk and
egg to improve immunity.
The industry is bouncing back
with a positive trend on end
product prices.
The current consumer trends
also demand for safe food
with responsible usage of
antibiotics, processed chicken
and utilization of digital
technology/IoT platforms to
improve efficiency and
productivity.
We are a consuming
economy with all the
production currently being
consumed locally. To sustain
the huge demand from a
growing population, with
India expected to have the
largest population in the
world by 2025, we definitely
need to look at cost-effective
measures for improving
production. There are
opportunities for exports and
value-added products.
Farmers need to look at an
integrated approach of Farm,
Feed and Health to produce
high quality products and
capture the available
opportunities.
As mentioned, even with
COVID-19 we had seen a
change in consumer trends
and there is a demand for
safe food. FSSAI regulations
shall also emphasize the
same. As a progressive
How do you see the impact
of FSSAI regulations on the
Indian feed industry?
industry and to fulfil the
needs of a growing
population for animal protein,
the entire production value
chain is geared up for that.
The industry has always been
a producer of safe meat, milk
and egg and the regulations
will only make it stronger.
We strongly believe in the
responsible usage of
antibiotics, while it is certainly
difficult to completely replace
antibiotics, but responsible
usage is critical. AMR
adoption in Asia will be driven
by increasing awareness and
demand from consumers for
safe meat and increasingly
stringent regulations.
Globally we had done this
successfully by partnering
with our customers and
supporting them in their drive
for responsible usage of
antibiotics. We recommend a
more holistic approach to
addressing this issue by
focusing on optimisation of
the total production chain.
Our Gut Health Programme is
a proven model of success
globally since gut forms a
critical component of overall
animal health, immunity and
performance.
Consumption of
Antimicrobials usage is
predicted to increase by
67% by 2030 compared to
2010 levels and Asia would
be a key region. How do
you see the AMR adoption
in the Asian market?
What strategies is Trouw
implementing to ensure
quality and traceability?
As global leaders we have a
huge focus on quality of all
our products through a very
stringent vendor assurance
and material risk assessment
programs. To ensure feed-to-
food safety, quality and
traceability we follow a
company-wide program,
Nutrace®. We ensure
uncompromising standards
from raw materials to finished
products nullifying our
customers' risk. We follow a
completely transparent
operation with stringent five-
step quality checks for
customer confidence and
satisfaction.
Through Nuterra, a Nutreco-
wide sustainability
programme, we hold
ourselves accountable
towards our environment.
Our sustainability goals are
also aligned with UN
Sustainable Development
Goals. As a commitment to
our sustainability goals, we
have also taken measures in
our recently inaugurated
premix facility to ensure that
we leave minimum carbon
footprints. We have invested
in sustainability efforts like
rainwater harvesting and
sewage effluent treatment
plants to ensure that we
recharge rainwater back to
earth and reuse our liquid
waste.
Our business goals, in
How NOA (Nutriopt On Site
Advisor) could help the
feed producer? Would you
also share about its
acceptance in India?
INTERVIEW
10

11
alignment with our mission
“Feeding the Future”, are to
ensure sustainable
development to feed our
future generations. One of
the key aspects for this is to
ensure optimization of natural
resources through precision
nutrition. We use digital tools
and big data to sustainably
improve feeding and farming
practices while meeting
production objectives. With
precision nutrition as a key
focus area of innovation, we
have NutriOpt – an
innovative, digital platform
that encompasses raw
material data, least cost
formulation, feeding
programmes, nutritional
insights and system
optimization to support
sustainable precision farming.
NutriOpt On-site Adviser
(NOA) is an innovation that
brings a lab to sample by
helping in real-time analysis
of raw materials and is
powered by our
comprehensive NutriOpt
database to help the farmers
in quicker decision-making.
We have promoted the
unique service to our
customers since 2018 who
have been extremely
receptive and have
enthusiastically adopted the
technology for its ease of use
and convenience.
The government has taken a
major initiative to make the
cultivation of high-yielding
grass variety and silage
technology popular among
farmers in order to meet the
growing demand for quality
cattle feed across the
country.
A project, titled 'Expansion of
High Variety of Grass
Cultivation and Transfer of
Suitable Technology to
Improve Animal Nutrition',
has been recently
undertaken by the Fisheries
and Livestock Ministry. The
Department of Livestock
Services will implement the
Tk 1.17 billion project in 475
upazilas of Bangladesh by
March 2024, UNB has learnt.
The cultivation of high-
quality grass will be suitable
for the development of
livestock in the country,
Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina
said.
Under the scheme,
permanent grass germplasm
nursery will be created at the
Central Cattle Breeding and
Dairy Farm at Savar in Dhaka
and some 8,970 exhibition
plots of high-yielding grass
variety will be set up at the
farmer-level. Besides, silage
technology will be
transferred to 17,940 farmers
to preserve raw grass in
modern and scientific ways.
The other major project
operations are distribution of
feed additives (Vitamin-
Mineral Premix), deworming
and enhancing public
awareness. The
implementation of the
project will not only
contribute to the increase in
milk and meat production,
but also play a role in
helping create self-
employment for
marginalised people in rural
areas, officials said.
"Now the farmers need to
depend on granular feed as
raw grass meets only one-
third of the cattle feed
demand, resulting in rise in
production cost. Particularly
the milk production cost,"
said Planning Commission
Member Zakir Hossain
Akanda. "Currently, the milk
production cost is some Tk
40 per liter. So, the farmers
are mostly interested in
fattening the cow for meat."
The project has been
undertaken to popularise the
cultivation of the improved
variety of Napier Pakchong
grass with a view to
promoting the commercial
livestock farming, said Zakir
Hossain.
The Planning Commission
member said that the
production of Napier and
German grasses is 6.0-7.0
million metric tonnes in the
country. The cultivation of
Napier grass started 20 years
ago in the country. Now the
developed world has started
the cultivation of Pakchong,
a hybrid variety of Napier
grass, he added.
Source: Financial express
Silage technology to meet growing
quality cattle feed demand in Bangladesh
INDUSTRYNEWS

12
Poultry & livestock farmers are an integral part of the food producing chain and continuously
look for ideal solutions that can ensure animal's health and productivity in a sustainable way.
To consistently improve performance, we have to take many factors into consideration;
genetics of bird, farm management, feed production technology, raw material management,
farm bio-security, water quality, and disease management.
The demand and supply for intensive farming calls for use of vaccines, healthcare and bio-
security protocols to be in place to reduce pathogen pressures. Enteric diseases are an
important concern to the poultry industry today due to their significant impact on mortality,
productivity and overall profitability of the flock.
Gut health is of prime concern in the poultry & livestock farming, as it has high impact on
performance, production and mortality. In recent times, the term “gut health” has become
increasingly deliberate as part of preventive medicine strategy. Traditionally, sub-therapeutic
Bacterial Probiotics -
An ideal choice to improve
growth, performance and
immunity in poultry
ARTICLE
Zeus Biotech
ImageSource:NutraIngredients.com

doses of antibiotics have
been used to improve gut
health, prevent diseases, and
enhance growth of birds and
livestock. However, such an
approach off late has been
discouraged worldwide due
to increasing concerns about
presence of antibiotic
residues in poultry and
livestock products,
challenges of AMR and
potential for ban on
antibiotic usage. There is
significant interest among
the feed manufacturers and
integrators in finding
suitable alternatives to
antibiotics for animal
production. Many natural
alternatives such as pro-
biotics, pre-biotics, organic
acids, herbal extracts and
essential oils have been tried
successfully to improve the
performance of birds and
livestock. Supplementation
of pro-biotics in feed has
been proven to be one of the
most promising and effective
approaches to improve the
gut health and promote
growth.
Probiotics are live bacteria
which beneficially affect the
host animal by improving its
gut health and gut immunity.
A variety of microbial species
have been used as
probiotics, including species
of Bacillus, Bifidobacterium,
Enterococcus, Lactobacillus,
Streptococcus along with a
variety of yeast species.
Today's commercial birds
and livestock are highly
sensitive due to their natural
selection for fast growth.
Sudden change in
management, environment,
nutrition and healthcare will
prompt imbalance in the
intestinal microbiota and
allows harmful bacteria to
take upper hand over
beneficial bacteria. Many
commercial probiotic
formulations are emerged as
an alternative to antibiotic
growth promoters to
supplement the beneficial
bacterial at one end and
reduce the harmful bacteria
through competitive
exclusion and elimination on
the other.
PROBIOTICS are of two
types:
Probiotics that are derived
from non-spore forming
bacteria are very effective if
they can be freshly prepared,
harvested and provided
immediately to birds through
water or mash feed.
However, the real challenge
is, this type of probiotics
derived from non-spore
forming bacteria are
sensitive to pelleting
temperatures and cannot be
stored for long time since
they become less effective
with time. Hence, using
non-spore forming bacteria
is impractical under intensive
farming and organized
farming systems.
Spore forming bacteria are
thermo-stable and are
capable of germinating
quickly upon ingestion in the
1. Non-Spore forming Probiotics:
2. Spore forming probiotics:
13

Composition of multiple strain Bacterial Probiotic*
(Billion Spores per kg)
B. subtilis DSMZ 33082 : 2000
B. coagulans DSMZ 33080 : 1000
B.licheniformis DSMZ 33081 : 500
B.megaterium MTCC 25207 : 500
B.mesentricus MTCC 25208 : 500
B.polymyxa MTCC 25195 : 500
chicken intestine (Casula and
Cutting, 2002; Hoa et al,
2000). The multiplication,
colonization and
establishment of the
probiotic bacteria depend on
the specific strains and
species we select to develop
the commercial probiotic
preparations. Having
multiple strains of bacteria in
a probiotic product is
preferred over single one,
simply because their effect is
additive and offer a broad-
spectrum protection against
various gut pathogens,
supporting the digestive
system, release of beneficial
metabolites, etc.
Proven Bacterial Probiotics
for Poultry and Livestock
Today many companies have
been involved in
manufacturing of selected,
heat-resistant, spore-forming
Bacillus species which can
significantly reduce
Clostridium, E.coli and
Salmonella when
administered at
recommended dosages.
Zeus Biotech, specialized in
fermentation technology
since 1991, has adopted a
novel and simple technique
for developing probiotics by
sub merged fermentation.
The research team of Zeus
Biotech has been involved in
isolation and selection of
potential strains of Bacillus
bacteria and yeast:
Saccharomyces cervisiae spp.
from last three decades.
These cultures are preserved
under safe and patent
deposits at MTCC (Microbial
Type Culture Collection &
Gene Bank, India), and DSMZ
(Deutsche Sammlung von
Mikroorganismen und
Zellkulturen GmbH, German
Collection of Microorganisms
and Cell Culture, Germany)
to produce commercial
probiotic preparations for
optimum performance in
poultry and other livestock.
Research studies at Zeus
Biotech on bacterial
probiotics have been
focused on developing
commercial bacterial
probiotic combinations for
reduction of pathogenic
bacteria and to improve
antibody titers for vaccines
under farm conditions.
A scientific study was
conducted at the University
of Agricultural Sciences,
Bangalore to evaluate
multiple strain based
Bacterial probiotic* (in water)
for its potential beneficial
effects in broilers. The
composition of bacterial
probiotic used for the trial
was a unique combination of
spore forming bacteria
fortified with a versatile
yeast, Saccharomyces
boulardii.
Fortified with Saccharomyces
boulardii. MTCC 25216 Total
viable count: 5000 Billion (5 x
1012)
Further, the intestinal
contents of chicken were
subjected to the total viable
counts of Salmonella,
Clostridia and Escherichia
coli. The antibody titer
against New Castle Disease
Virus was carried out by HA
followed by HI test. The
antibodies against IBDV were
measured by using Poultry
Diagnostic and Research
Center (PDRC) indirect ELISA
Kit. The gut pathogenic
microbial load viz.,
Clostridium perfringens, E.
coli and Salmonella counts in
the birds supplemented with
probiotic combination were
significantly lower than those
in the control group. The
probiotic combination used
for the study had multiple
strains of beneficial bacteria
which would have occupied
all the receptor sites giving
no or less chance to
pathogenic bacteria thus
reducing gut pathogens and
improving health. The
cumulative FCR was better in
all probiotic supplemented
groups compared to the
control group. Probiotic
supplementation also
significantly improved the
immune response in terms of
antibody titers against New
castle disease virus and
Infectious bursal disease
virus. These results indicate
that Bacterial probiotic
combination is able to offer
cumulative benefits of
producing digestive enzymes
and organic acids in addition
to competitive exclusion of
pathogens, exerting
desirable effects such as
improved gut health,
performance and overall
immunity of the animals
(Table A).
A farm trial in Philippines
14
ARTICLE

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 7 | Issue 2 | Dec 2020ARTICLE
16
was conducted to check the
effect of multi strain
probiotic on the length of
intestinal villi. An 18%
increase in the villi length
was observed in the birds
administered with multi-
strain probiotic compared to
control group indicating
probiotics helping in better
absorption area and
development of gut system.
Healthy and longer villi
indicate good gut health and
better absorption of
nutrients leading to better
farm performance.
(Larrybeth Farm, Philippines).
Probiotics – Ideal for
Chicks during Critical
periods:
Probiotics are the right
choice for many farmers
especially during the arrival
of chicks. Early age is highly
challenging stage in bird's
life across Breeders, Broilers
and Layers. The chick's gut is
sterile on day one and open
for establishment of both
beneficial and pathogenic
bacteria. The chicks are
sensitive in their young age
and are subjected to several
types of stress such as,
Improper brooding
temperature, vaccination,
heat stress, physical
handling, disease challenges
etc, which may allow gut
disorders to set in. Inclusion
of an effective multi-strain
probiotic as early as possible
is the best way to avoid
establishment of pathogenic
bacteria in the gut and helps
in keeping overall health and
immunity of the birds.
Probiotics can be used in
different ways on chicks
1. Spray on newly pulled
chicks. By virtue of
natural pecking
behavior, chicks get their
first dose of probiotic
bacteria from
neighboring chicks.
2. Dipping beak at
hatchery level.
3. Spray on paper,
waterers, feeders and
other equipments.
A 30-day observation in layer
chicks at a commercial farm
in Namakkal, India revealed
significantly less mortality in
the probiotic supplemented
group during the first six
weeks of chick's life.
Probiotic supplementation
would have helped by
improving the immunity of
birds to overcome the early
stress situations.
Conclusion:
Poultry and livestock farmers
are facing lot of challenges
through the process of
raising the animals till
marketing their final
0.016 0.138 0.190 0.157 0.045 39.1Pooled SE
Probiotic, Multiple speciesT3
50g 0-2 days, 10g 3-35 days
(water)
1.58 3.269
c
5.597
b
3.869
b
1.405
ab
1461
a
ControlT1 1.63 4.382a
6.772a
5.145a
0.903b
1268ab
Probiotic, Multiple speciesT2
20g 0 – 7 days, 10g 8 -35
days (water)
1.61 3.606
bc
5.841
ab
4.731
a
1.104
ab
1286
ab
Description 5thwk
FCR
Clostridium
perfringens
logCFU/g
E. coli
logCFU/g
Samonella
logCFU/g
ND
Log10
(HI titer)
IBD
ELISA titer
Treatment
TABLE A
Dr. Maxmillan Anderson, 2011, Larrybeth Farm, Philippines.

produce. Since the end
product price is highly
fluctuating and farmers
having little or no control
over the marketing process.
Cost effective production
plays a major role for their
survival and growth of the
business. In order to achieve
optimum farm results, gut
health is highly crucial which
is dependent on the right
balance of the
gastrointestinal microflora.
The farmer, healthcare
professional or the
nutritionist has to be very
careful in choosing best
quality raw materials and
relevant feed additives
including probiotics in his
formulations while aiming
better performance. There
are many commercial
formulations of probiotics
having either one or two
species of bacteria or a
combination of multiple
strains with varying counts.
Choosing a product having
multiple species of beneficial,
stable and potential bacterial
strains with optimal counts
will simply be a wise decision
since the effects are multi-
directional giving a broader
coverage against disease
causing pathogens. Many
scientific and commercial
trial results have indicated
that multi-strain spore
forming probiotics (available
both as feed additive and
water-soluble options) could
be an ideal choice to
improve growth,
performance, immunity and
reduce gut pathogenic load
in poultry production.
With multi-strain Probiotic
Without Probiotic
Parameter Control Multistrain Probiotic
No. of Birds 17000 17000
Mortality (birds) 944 869
% Improvement - 7.94
Commercial farm Vinaya/Zeus, at Namakkal, 30 days trial. DOSAGE - 20 g/1000 birds daily for first
5-7 days thereafter 10 g/1000 birds.
17
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INDUSTRY NEWS Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 7 | Issue 2 | Dec 2020
Indian soymeal exports set
to rise on improved parity in
global markets
Amid the recent rally in the
international prices, exporting
soymeal from India has once
again become competitive,
thereby improving the export
prospects as against last year.
As per SOPA's latest estimates
released recently, soymeal
exports for the oil year 2020-
21 (October 2020-September
2021) is likely to be about 14
lakh tonnes (lt) as against 6.46
lakh tonnes in the same period
last year. Exports for October-
November have more than
doubled to 3.25 lt (1.46 lt) the
main destinations being
Belgium, France and Iran.
“Exports are looking good.
Because of the recent
worldwide rally in the prices
Indian soymeal has become
competitive. We are normally
priced higher than the
international prices but this
year we have an advantage
and can look to achieve 14
lakh tonnes or more of
exports,” said DN Pathak,
Executive Director, SOPA.
Projections
SOPA's estimates put
production at 104.55 lt, import
of 3 lt during the year and
about 5.16 lt of carryover stock
from the last year. The total
availability of the seed is
projected at 112.71 lt. SOPA is
likely to conduct a crop survey
later in January.
Arrivals during the first two
months of the oil year —
October and November — are
reported at 28 lt (30.5 lt). On
the consumption side, while
about 12 lt is likely to be
retained for sowing, and 2.5 lt
is projected to go for direct
consumption, about 90 lt will
go for crushing. Soymeal
production is estimated at
73.21 lt, of which 51 lt is
projected to be domestic
consumption for animal feed,
and 14 lt of exports during the
year. Consumption in the food
is likely to be 7 lakh tonnes.
Source: businessline
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18

07
19
EU compound feed
production (EU 27+UK) for
farmed animals in 2020 is
estimated at 161.4 million
tonnes, a decrease of 2.2%
compared to 2019, according
to forecast data by the
European Compound Feed
Manufacturers Federations.
The report, released on Nov.
5, said all main feed
categories are set to decrease,
mainly as a result of the
combined indirect impact of
COVID-19 affecting consumer
demand for products of
animal origin and the direct
effects of the spread of
animal diseases (African
Swine Fever, Avian influenza).
Cattle feed production, which
is estimated to decrease by
2.9% compared to the
previous year, is suffering
most from the COVID-19
measures applied during the
first and second waves, in
particular the closure of the
HORECA chain
(Hotel/Restaurant/Catering),
according to FEFAC.
The decreased demand for
more expensive cuts of meat,
like veal, fresh meat and
added valued dairy products,
have impacted the whole
supply chain. Farmers have
reduced usage of compound
feed in their feed ratios in
order to reduce milk output
and slow growth of livestock.
This was only partially
compensated by rising
demand in Eastern Europe
where drought conditions
led to poor forage harvests,
FEFAC said.
Concerning EU pig feed
production, a decrease of
1.1% has been forecast by
FEFAC. Spreading African
Swine Fever triggered the
Chinese import ban of pig
meat from Germany. Spain
can only partially replace
Germany in exporting to
China, due to limited
production capacity, the
report said.
FEFAC said a knock-on effect
of the ban is that pig meat
initially destined for export
to China will stay in Europe,
impacting pig feed
production. On top of ASF,
some member states, (e.g.
The Netherlands), are
depopulating their pig herds
in order to lower agricultural
environmental emissions.
Poultry feed production is
set to decrease by 2.7% after
several years of steady
increases, the report
showed. The poultry sector
reacted to the COVID-19
lockdown measures
launched in spring 2020 by
reducing its production,
leading to significantly lower
demand for poultry feed.
FEFAC noted that following a
period of partial recovery
during the summer months, a
further decrease is expected
by the end of the year, mainly
in Romania, Ireland and Spain.
Avian influenza spreading in
several parts of Europe will
hamper any recovery on the
ground. It noted that poultry
feed production may possibly
lose its position as leading
segment EU industrial
compound feed production
to pig feed for the first time in
more than a decade as a
result of a continuous
downward trend.
Source: Sosland publishing
A decline in EU feed output
for 2020 - FEFAC forecast

20
Introduction
Mycotoxicosis is caused by natural toxins [mycotoxins] produced by fungus, which has rather
become a global concern. The disease significantly impacts the health and productivity of
poultry species. The symptoms produced are not straight forward. The disease is produced
when the mycotoxins are fed in small amounts through feed for a longer period of time.
When the mycotoxins enter the body of the bird, it affects the functioning of important
organs, making the birds immunocompromised, resulting in the bird becoming prone to
other bacterial and viral infection, which can ultimately lead to decline in performance and
occurrence of undesirable changes in the birds. Thus, the presence of mycotoxins in poultry
feed can result in significant economic losses in poultry production. The awareness on the
prevalence of mycotoxicosis is very minimal among the poultry farmers and producers. There
is also a lack of available modern techniques available to analyze the disease. In order to
prevent the losses caused by mycotoxicosis, an overview of the disease and its prevention
and control measures have been discussed in this article.
Mycotoxicosis: An insidious
threat to the poultry industry
Anshul Gautam, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology
ImageSource:Mycotoxinsite

21
Etiology
There are hundreds of
mycotoxins known but only
some exert pathogenic
characteristics. Major
mycotoxins are produced by
3 genus- Aspergillus,
penicillium, fusarium. Some
important mycotoxicosis
conditions caused are-
The toxins can be produced
in food grains and feed
during crop production,
harvesting, storage, intake,
consumption and
subsequent intoxication of
which produce disease
leading to
immunosuppressive
condition and hampered
production potential.
Pathogenesis
Mycotoxins exert their effect
through 3 primary
mechanisms –
1. A reduction in the
amount of nutrients
available for use by the
bird.
2. Effect on endocrine and
exocrine systems.
3. Suppression of the
immune system.
Important Mycotoxicosis
Conditions with Their
Effects
Aflatoxicosis- Caused by
hepatotoxic and carcinogenic
metabolites, Aflatoxins.
Aflatoxins B1, G1 and their
dihydoxy derivatives B2 and
G2 naturally contaminate
the feed. Aflatoxin B1 is the
most common and is a pre-
carcinogen.
Susceptibility varies as
ducklings, pheasants, turkeys
being the most susceptible
whereas chickens, quails, and
guinea fowl are relatively
resistant. Domestic turkey
[Meleagris gallopavo] is the
most susceptible one.
Adverse effects produced in
aflatoxicosis includes –
·Bile duct epithelium
hyperplasia,
degenerative and
necrotic hepatocytes,
nodular hyperplasia of
liver parenchyma with
infiltration of
polymorphonuclear
lymphocytes in portal
cells
·Affect thymus and
bursa of fabricius
making the bird
susceptible to other
infections like CRD,
colibacillosis, Ranikhet
disease.
·Carcass bruising,
hypocarotenoidemia,
steatorrhea, changes in
organ weights.
Ochratoxicosis- Quite a
toxic condition of poultry
caused by nephrotoxins,
ochratoxin. Most frequent
form is ochratoxin A
followed by its non-
chlorinated metabolite
ochratoxin B and ethyl ester
form ochratoxin C.
Adverse effects produced
are-
·A dry and firm gizzard
with sometimes mucosal
erosions, catarrhal
enteritis and
proventricular
haemorrhages.
·Visceral gout with white
Disease Conditions Etiological Agents
Aflatoxicosis Aspergillus flavus
Ochratoxicosis Penicillium viridicatum, Aspergillus
flavus
Tricothecenes toxicity Fusarium sp.
Citrinin toxicity Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp.
Ergot alkaloid toxicity Claviceps sp.
1- Various Mycotoxicosis with respective etiological agent

22
urate deposits
throughout the body
cavity and internal
organs.
·Impaired coagulation of
blood, impaired
phagocytosis, anemia,
decreased skeletal
integrity.
·Nephropathy;
degenerative /necrotic
changes which are more
pronounced in proximal
convoluted tubules than
distal.
·Reduced spontaneous
activity, hypothermia,
huddling, diarrhea, rapid
weight loss and death.
Ochratoxin A also causes
hypocarotenoidemia which
has more severe affects in
broilers than Aflatoxins.
Aflatoxicosis and
Ochratoxicosis results in a
rubbery condition of bones
apparently related to
increased tibial diameters
and perhaps poor
mineralization of bone
tissues in young broiler
chicks.
Trichothecenes Toxicity-
Trichothecenes are most
potent small molecules
inhibitors of protein
synthesis which is commonly
a contaminant of corn and
other commodity grains
·T2 toxin is most
prevalent causing oral
necrosis in young
broilers.
·Effects the nervous
system by producing an
abnormal positioning of
the wings, hysteroid
seizures or an impaired
righting reflex.
·Causes regression of
bursa of fabricius,
leucopenia, proteinemia,
abnormal blood
coagulation.
Citrinin Toxicity- It also
produces nephrotoxicity like
ochratoxicosis.
Other effect produced are:
·Hepatic degeneration,
sinusoidal congestion.
·Neurotoxicity,
teratogenicity.
Ergotisms
·It targets the nervous
system, causing
convulsive and sensory
neurologic disorder
·In the vascular system
causes vasoconstriction
·Gangrene of extremities
residue and ulcer
develop on the shank of
the legs and on tops and
sides of the toes.
Diagnosis- It is difficult as
no straight symptoms are
produced, but it could be
suspected if the feed is of
poor quality and the bird's
performance is not up to the
mark.
Accurate diagnosis involves
detection and quantification
of specific toxins. Feed and
ingredient samples should
be properly collected and
promptly submitted for
analysis. Multiple samples
should be collected from
different sites.
Necropsy and related
diagnostics tests should
accompany feed analysis for
definitive diagnosis.
Thin layer chromatography
and ELISA method are
relatively easy and rapid
technologies for mycotoxins
detection.
Prevention
1. Always use good quality
feed. Physically
damaged feed such as
cereal are more prone
for mycotoxins
production. So, care
should be taken at
different steps like
harvesting, purchase,
storage and feeding. The
feed samples should be
checked at every stage.
Also, the feed sample
should be analyzed
frequently when it is
stored.
2. Proper ventilation of
poultry houses and
storage houses is must.
Humidity exceeding 11%
promotes fungal
production in cereals
and feed.
3. Proper cleaning of
poultry houses,
equipment and utensils
is also essential. For
cleaning utensils 5 to
10% bleach solution
should be used.
4. Decontamination
strategies to reduce
mycotoxins in food and
feed commodities.

Conclusion
Mycotoxicosis causes huge
economic losses to poultry
industries making the birds
immunocompromised, and
ultimately leading to
outbreaks. By the time of
their suspicion and
detection, huge loss has
already occurred. Moreover,
the decontamination
strategies can prevent the
production of mycotoxins
but they can't work against
the effects already produced
by mycotoxins. So, the only
way to combat mycotoxicosis
is by inhibiting mold growth
in raw materials or feed
which requires constant
attention. Awareness on feed
safety among the farmers
and feed manufacturers can
do a lot. Therefore, the
prevention and management
practices are the most
important aspects. So, it's
better to focus more on
prevention strategies which
are a cakewalk as well as
cheap.
References are available upon request.
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Physical
Decontamination
Remove highly
contaminated
fractions from bulk
materials through
sorting milling,
dehulling, cleaning,
heating, irradiation or
combinational
approaches.
Involves use of
inorganic or organic
mycotoxins binders
which contain
smectite clays,
zeolites, kaolinites,
mica, silica, charcoal,
sodium bentionite
and other such
compounds.
Biological
Decontamination
Involves use of various
substances that protect
critical organs such as
liver and strengthen the
immune system.
Enzymatic or microbial
detoxification also
referred as
biotransformation, uses
microorganisms or
purified enzymes to
catabolize the ebtire
mycotoxin or transform
it to less or non toxic
compounds,
Rhodococcus
erythropolis,
Armillariella tabescens,
Myxococcus fulvus,
Rhizopus oryzae,
Bacillus licheniformis,
Bacillus subtilis and
other such are used.
Chemical
Decontamination
They convert the
mycotoxins via
chemical reactions.
Techniques such as
ammoniation, alkaline
hydrolysis,
peroxidation
ozonation, use of
bisulphites are
effective.
24

26
INDUSTRY NEWS
Moisture control
to produce safe feed
In animal feed production,
managing moisture not only
ensures a consistently high
product quality, it also
reduces the operating costs,
and increases the margins.
India with a vast territoryand
diverse crops is not only a
source of income to its
millions of farmers but is also
an export
commodity.However, due to
higher moisture content
during harvesting these
agricultural products are not
suitable for direct storage.
Crops like maize, paddy,
soyabean,sesame seed,
rapeseed etc., need to be
dried prior to preservation.
Better drying results in
higher feed quality and
better margins.
Moisture Variation
Moisture content variation of
10-15%is observed in various
crops which is due to
differences in
farmers'harvest-procedure
preferences, soil types and
weather conditions.
Big moisture variation of
grains after harvest
Manual drying operations
usually have more variations
in moisture which often
leads to significant
overdrying or underdrying
and is also highly inefficient
with respect to energy-
saving& time.
Why to invest in Drying?
After the crops have been
harvested, drying and proper
storage and suitable
transportation of the
commodities are of prime
importance. As grains start
to lose its freshness after
harvesting and inhibit
microbial and pest growth.
Using these grains results in
losses to both feed miller
and farmer.
If the grain is having higher
moisture content and not
dried immediately, it could
spout or mildew or even
produce Alfatoxin which
causes serious food and feed
safety threats. According to
FAO, there are about 25% of
grains being contaminated
by mold, of which, at least
2% of agricultural produce is
wasted because of Alfatoxin.
Alfatoxin, a potential
carcinogenic, can survive at
280 °Celsius, and is 10 times
more toxin than Potassium
cyanide (KCN) and 68 times
more toxin than Arsenie.
While excessive drying can
cause the grains to shrink in
size, causing yield lossand
more usage, on other hand,
under drying can cause mold
and pest infestation. Drying
to an optimum level using a
proficient technology can
ensure better quality and
margins.
For free drying consultancy, you may
write toin@suncue.com
Suncue
ImageSource:BiofuelMachines

28
Germany
German authorities have
confirmed another outbreak
of H5N8 bird flu in a farm in
northern Germany.
Reuters reports that the case
was found on a small chicken
farm in the Kreis Segeberg
area the northern state of
Schweswig-Holstein, the
Segeberg local government
authority said in a statement.
The 36 chickens on the farm
have been ordered to be
slaughtered and poultry on
nearby farms will not be
allowed outside, the
authority said.
A series of outbreaks of the
disease have been reported
in Europe in past weeks. Wild
birds are believed to be
spreading the disease.
Type H5N8 bird flu was
found in another farm in
Schleswig-Holstein on 5
November.
The Netherlands, Europe's
largest exporter of chicken
meat and eggs, ordered the
culling of over 200,000
chickens after bird flu has
been found on several farms
since late October.
Britain ordered a cull of
13,000 birds at a farm in
northwest England after
detecting cases there.
Poland
The H5N8 bird flu outbreak
in the village of Wroniawy is
the 33rd one in Poland this
year, said PAP citing the
Chief Veterinary Inspectorate
data.
Poland will cull over 900,000
hens in a farm in western
Poland due to a bird flu
outbreak which was
discovered in last week of
November, state news
agency PAP quoted local
veterinary authorities as
saying.
Risk to humans from the
disease is considered low,
but past outbreaks among
farm birds have required
extensive slaughtering
programmes to contain
them.
Belgium
Belgium has confirmed an
outbreak of highly
pathogenic H5N5 bird flu on
a poultry farm, the World
Organisation for Animal
Health (OIE) confirmed in last
week of November.
The outbreak, which
occurred in the western town
of Menen near the border
with France, killed 600 birds
and led to the destruction of
the other 151,000 birds in
the flock, the OIE said in a
website alert.
South Korea
Bird flu – Another shock for
global poultry industry
INDUSTRY NEWS
ImageSource:Science

29
South Korea has confirmed
an outbreak of highly
pathogenic H5N8 bird flu on
a duck farm in the
southwestern part of the
country, the World
Organisation for Animal
Health (OIE) said on 30th
November.
The outbreak, which
occurred in the town of
Girin-ri, killed 19,000 ducks,
the OIE said in a website
alert, quoting the South
Korean agriculture ministry.
Some 392,000 chickens and
ducks at a total of six farms
were killed preventively, the
ministry also said.
France
The French farm ministry
said on 8th December that
highly pathogenic H5N8 bird
flu had been found on a
duck farm in the southwest
of the country, confirming
France's first farm outbreak
of the virus this year.
Bird flu has been spreading
rapidly in Europe, putting the
poultry industry on alert
after previous outbreaks led
to the culling of tens of
millions of birds.
"The ANSES national
reference laboratory
confirmed today the
infection of a farm of 6,000
ducks by the H5N8 virus in
the municipality of Benesse-
Maremne (Landes region), in
which high mortality was
observed on Dec. 5," the
ministry said in a statement.
A security zone was set up
around the farm on Dec. 7,
implying extra monitoring, a
ban on the move of poultry
and additional sanitary
measures, the ministry said,
adding that all the ducks on
the farm were culled.
The spread of the virus in
Europe prompted France to
raise its bird flu security alert
to "high" in early November,
which requires keeping birds
indoors or installing
protective netting to prevent
contact with wild birds that
spread the disease.
Japan
Japan's worst bird flu
outbreak on record spread to
new farms and now affects
more than 20% of the
country's 47 prefectures,
with officials ordering
cullings after more poultry
deaths.
About 11,000 birds will be
slaughtered and buried after
avian influenza was
discovered at an egg farm in
Higashiomi city in Shiga
prefecture in southwestern
Japan, the agriculture
ministry said in December
second week.
Another outbreak started in
Kagawa prefecture, where
the outbreak emerged last
month, the ministry more
recently.
The outbreak in Japan and
neighbouring South Korea is
one of two separate highly
pathogenic avian influenza
(HPAI) epidemics hitting
poultry around the world,
according the United
Nations Food and
Agriculture Organization
(FAO).
Both the strain circulating in
Asia and the one in Europe
originated in wild birds, it
said.
“The virus found in Japan is
genetically very close to the
recent Korean viruses and
thus related to viruses in
Europe from early 2020, not
those currently circulating in
Europe,” Madhur Dhingra, a
senior animal health officer
at the FAO, told Reuters by
email.
“This means that we
currently have two distinct
H5N8 HPAI epidemics in
eastern Asia and Europe,” she
said.
The FAO has issued an alert
to African health authorities
for heightened surveillance
of farms to avoid the spread
of the more recent European
strain there.
In Japan, 10 of the country's
47 prefectures have been
affected in the outbreak,
with around 3 million birds
culled to date, a record
number.
Japan has suspended poultry
imports from seven
countries, including
Germany.
Source: Reuters and other media reports

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 7 | Issue 2 | Dec 2020INDUSTRY NEWS
30
Indian traders have signed
deals to export around
100,000 tn of maize to
Bangladesh, market
participants said. The traders
are likely to export the maize
at $190-$200 per tn, free on
board, they said.
Of the total quantity, around
27,650 tn are expected to be
exported from
Visakhapatnam in a few days,
traders said. Traders expect
more exports to Bangladesh
this financial year as export
prices are likely to remain
low in the coming days, they
said. The average export
price of Indian maize is
currently $180-$220 per tn,
free on board, against $250-
$260 per tn last year.
"The export price of Indian
maize has been falling as
domestic prices of the coarse
grain have softened over the
past few months," a market
participant said.
Prices have softened over
the past few months, despite
largely steady output in the
kharif season, as bulk
demand in domestic markets
has remained lukewarm due
to large carryover stocks
from 2019-20 (Jul-Jun),
traders added.
In Nizamabad, a key spot
market, maize is being sold
at 1,400-1,450 rupees per
100 kg, down from 1,950-
2,000 rupees a year ago,
local trader Amrutlal Kataria
said.
In 2020-21 kharif season,
India harvested 19.9 mln tn
of maize, against 19.6 mln tn
the previous year. The
carryover stock in the crop
year that ended in June was
estimated 30-40% higher at
2.0 mln tn, trade sources
said.
Indian exporters have been
exploiting opportunities to
export maize to compensate
for the poor domestic
demand, traders said. During
Apr-Oct, India's maize
exports were at 922,656 tn,
against 166,032 tn in the
year-ago period, according
to the Agricultural and
Processed Food Products
Export Development
Authority.
"The exports have been
increasing as many countries
are expecting severe food
shortage amid COVID-19
trade blockades," an official
with a multinational firm
said.
Indian exporters have been
looking for opportunities to
export the coarse grain to
closer destinations such as
Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and
other south and southeast
Asian countries, as prices are
still competitive, market
participants said.
Source: cogencis
Sources say traders sign
deals to sell 100,000 tn maize
to Bangladesh
ImageSource:TheDollarBusiness

Think Grain Think Feed December 2020

Think Grain Think Feed December 2020

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Think Grain Think Feed December 2020