Think Grain Think Feed July 2021

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www.thinkgrainthinkfeed.co.in
Monthly Magazine for Feed Technology
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Volume 7 | Issue 9
July-2021

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Vollume 1 | Issue 10 | August 2015
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Monthly Magazine for Feed Technology
INTERVIEW
WEBINAR COVERAGE
08
08
08 26
26
26
22
INDUSTRY NEWS
MAIZE & SOYBEAN MARKET
DRIVING FACTORS & PRICE
OUTLOOK 2021
12
14 UP GOVERNMENT PAVES THE
WAY FOR BLUE REVOLUTION
MARKET PROJECTION
20 FUTURE ROAD MAP FOR
ANIMAL FEED ADDITIVES
INDUSTRY
24
ARTICLE
IMPROVING
FEED MILL EFFICIENCY
EXPLORING THE TRUE VALUE
OF PHYTASE: PHOSPHORUS
AND BEYOND
04
08
16 GUANIDINO ACETIC ACID
IMPROVED PERFORMANCE
AND CARCASS QUALITY
IN MODERN BROILERS
26
THE INDIAN POULTRY SECTOR
IN NEXT FIVE YEARS
WHEAT REPLACING CORN IN
ANIMAL FEED DUE TO
PRICE DISPARITY
OPTIMUM SOLUTION
WITH MULTI ENZYME
DOWNPLAYS THE LOSSES
DUE TO HIKE IN PRICES

ARTICLE
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 7 | Issue 9 | July 2021
04
The integration of exogenous phytase into the feed industry in the early 90's was
driven by an increased demand to cap phosphorus excretion by intensive poultry
and pig production. In the following years, the research interest in this field
opened up new avenues, exploring the value of phytase beyond phosphorus.
During these years, a wealth of published information was presented suggesting
that the benefits of phytate breakdown were manifold and encompasses 'sparing'
of other mineral cations, energy, and amino acids in addition to its core objective
i.e. making phytate bound P available to the animals. The scientific developments
in basic and applied research in this field constantly shaped the way phytases were
perceived and used by the commercial feed industry; hence, it is not surprising
that today the phytase molecule itself and its practical application is very different
from what it had been at the time of its first use. The current article tracks this
evolution and provides an outline of new applications and benefits of phytase in
animal feed. The focal point of the discussion is, 1) complete destruction of dietary
phytate has been made possible through higher doses of efficient phytases and, 2)
attaining the objective of complete phytate hydrolysis adds substantially to the net
commercial returns and environmental benefits associated with phytase use.
Reliance on inorganic phosphates – down to none!
For almost two decades post-introduction, use of 500 FTU of phytase targetting
'release' of 0.10-0.12% available-P remained the industry norm. Developments of
new phytases capable of releasing higher-P- for-dose (FTU) were introduced and
EXPLORING THE TRUE
VALUE OF PHYTASE:
PHOSPHORUS AND BEYOND
Usama Aftab, AB Vista Asia Pte Ltd. Singapore

05
high-dose application of these phytases was explored,
making extensive phytate hydrolysis a possibility. This
resulted in renewed interest in further removal of inorganic
phosphates which not only brings benefits from both,the
commercialas well as environmental perspective. A series of
studies by AB Vista demonstrated 1000-1500 FTU of phytase
was sufficient to support optimal growth performance and
bone mineralization of broilers fed all-vegetable diets
practically devoid of supplemental inorganic phosphates.
One of these studies observed optimal body weight gain and
feed efficiency of broilers when 1500 FTU of an enhanced
E.Coli phytase was supplemented to a corn-soy diet
containing 2.6 kg DCP per metric ton for starter (1-10 d) with
no added phosphate for grower (11-25 d) or finisher (26-42
d) diets. These results were in line with a preceding studyin
which all the supplemental
inorganic phosphate in the
grower (15-28 d) and finisher
(29-42 d) diets was removed
and replaced with 1500 FTU
of phytase in a high phytate
corn, soy rice bran diet. The
starter (0-14 d) diet in this
experiment had marginal
(1.2 kg permetric ton) added
DCP.This was already several
years after the idea of zero-
dependence on inorganic
phosphates was
demonstrated for laying
diets. Given the value
created with such a strategy,
it is reasonable to predict
that the future poultry
industry will have very little,
if any, reliance on
supplemental inorganic
ab
bc
c
c
ab
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
PC NCI NCI+500 Nc2 NC2+500
Body
weight
kg
Figure 1. Effect of 500 FTU phytase when added to diet reduced either in P/Ca (NC1) or
P/Ca/AME/AA (NC2) on growth of pigs
Figure 2. Effect of phytase superdosing on body
weight corrected FCR
ab
a
b
bc
c
1.64
1.62
1.6
1.58
1.56
1.54
1.52
1.5
1.48
1.46
PC NC NC+500
QB
NC+
1000 QB
NC+
1500 QB
y= -0.0255x+1.638
2
R = 0.9538
Body
weight
corrected
FCR

06
phosphates.
Application of complete
nutrient matrix
Improved digestibility of
energy (AME) and amino
acids (AA) by phytases has
been well documented.
Based on the published
information, the
improvements attributed to
phytase range from 40-150
kcal of AME per kg of diet
and from 2-4% increase in
apparent ileal digestibility of
AA. Figure 1summarizes the
results of a study
demonstrating complete
recovery of growth
performance when 500 FTU
were added to negative
control (NC) diet formulated
with reduced P, Ca, AME, and
AA corresponding to the
proposed matrix-for-dose of
the phytase. Since AME and
AA are the key cost
components in poultry and
pig diets, application of the
energy and AA matrix of
phytase results in feed cost
savings in the range of USD
10-15 per metric ton of feed.
Phytase for improved
performance – superdosing
There is evidence to suggest
that targeting almost
complete hydrolysis of
phytate could improve feed
efficiency. Figure 2is based
on the average of six
independent broiler studies,
which were conducted using
similar design to explore the
potential of incremental
doses of an enhanced E.Coli-
derived phytase beyond the
standard 500 FTU. The set of
trials included a control diet
(PC) formulated to industry
standard nutrients without
phytase. In the negative
control (NC) the level of
available phosphorus and
calcium were reduced to the
proposed matrix of 500 FTU
of the test phytase (-0.15%
Av.P and -0.165% Ca). The
data suggested that 500 FTU
of phytase had a similar feed
efficiency to that of PC (and
this is how the majority of
the feed industry uses a
phytase in practice) but
increasing the dosage over
and above 500 FTU resulted
in a linear improvement in
the feed efficiency – with an
average 4 points
improvement in weight
corrected FCR at 1500 FTU
(super-dose) compared with
500 FTU (conventional)
phytase treatment; under
most commercial scenarios,
an improvement of 4 points
weight corrected FCR is
equivalent to feed savings
worth of USD 10-12 per
metric ton. The superdosing
benefit appears to relate to
the release of nutrients and
provision of inositol
associated with an almost
complete phytate hydrolysis
in the gut.
Phytate hydrolysis and
gut-health
There are two ways phytase,
especially at dose
commensurate to extensive
phytate hydrolysis, could
possibly lead to better 'gut-
health'; 1) phytate hydrolysis
improves amino acid
digestibility resulting in less
undigested nitrogen to enter
lower gut; this would likely
suppress nitrogen-
fermentation which is often
associated with pathogenic
strains, and 2) complete
phytate hydrolysis has been
associated with up-
regulation of intestinal
alkaline phosphatase (AP),
possibly through increased
supply of lower IP-esters
especially IP1 and/or via its
'sparing' effect on Zn and
Mg, which are the key metals
for the activation of AP. AP
has been shown to reduce
antigenicity of bacterial
endotoxin lipopolysaccharide
(LPS) as e.g. demonstrated in
E.Coli challenge models.
Phytase and litter quality
Wet litter is one of the
common husbandry
problems in intensive poultry
and pig production causing
significant financial losses.
These losses are associated
with reduced end-product
quality, increased infection
levels, culls and reduced
growth rates. The correction
of the problem requires
careful attention to
multitude of factors,
including nutrition.
University and field trials
conducted by AB Vista
suggests the use of phytase
in general, and superdose
(~1500 FTU) in particular,
may help reduce the
incidence. Comparing 500
FTU (conventional dose) with
1500 FTU (superdose), the
results of one of these
studies showed improved
litter scores and lowered
incidence of footpad
dermatitis with a superdose
of phytase. It is probable that
these observations are linked
ARTICLE

07
to the effect of phytase on
improved gut-health as
discussed above.
Phytase and improved
reproductive efficiency
Trial work at AB Vista
explored the effect of a high
dose of phytase on
reproductive performance of
poultry and pigs. It was
hypothesized that phytate
hydrolysis may influence
reproductive efficiency via, 1)
improved availability of trace
minerals crucial to fertility
and hatchability, and 2)
provision of inositol which
has multiple effects on
metabolism of glucose and
fats and antioxidant
properties. Supporting the
above proposal, we observed
a significant increase in
concentration of Se and Zn
in the yolk of commercial
layers with diets
supplemented with 1500 FTU
phytase compared with un-
supplemented controls. The
observation that 2000 FTU
increased semen
concentration of PIC boars
by 17% and number of doses
per collection by 11%
compared with control (fed
conventional 500 FTU) also
demonstrates the value
created by
superdosing.Further
substantiating the original
hypothesis, work conducted
in France using broiler
roosters demonstrated a
significant increase in
percentage live spermatozoa
at 51 weeks of age which
tended to be maintained to
61 weeks of age in a group
fed a diet supplemented with
1300 FTU of an enhanced
E.Coli phytase compared
with those receiving 500 FTU
of a standard wild-type E.Coli
phytase.
Ingredient flexibility
Animal protein meals are
often expensive but are
occasionally forced in
specific rations in view of
their high digestibility and
palatability. Examples of
these applications are the
use of spray-dried-plasma to
promote early feed intake in
nursery piglets or specific
aqua feeds where animal
protein sources like fish meal,
feather meal, or poultry by-
product meals are
incorporated, sometimes
even against cost gradient. In
such cases, easing out the
ingredient constraints often
results in significant
replacement of these
expensive feed ingredients
by cheaper plant-based
proteins. Increasing the
dietary level of vegetable
protein meals at the expense
of animal proteins offers
significant feed cost savings
but raises the concern of
poor growth performance
due mainly through
increasing concentration of
fibre and phytate in these
diets.
A study conducted with a
large integrator in the USA
demonstrated that 2000 FTU
phytase completely
recovered the loss in weight
gain and feed efficiency of
nursery piglets as a result of
a 6 and 3% replacement of
spray-dried-plasma with
soybean meal respectively
for 1 to 7, and 8 to 21 d
post-weaning. Likewise, in a
phytase dose-response study
conducted in Thailand, we
observed that
supplementation of 4500
FTU to negative controldiet
(no fish meal) restored
growth performance of
African catfish to that of the
experimental control (10%
fish meal). These findings
suggest that high dose of
phytase may be used as a
tool to mitigate the high
prices of animal protein
without compromising the
growth performance in a
number of animal species.
Conclusion and notes
Phytase is perhaps one of
most extensively researched
feed additive. It is unique in
terms of the coverage of
benefits it potentially offers
and that these benefits are
well beyond, and several-fold
in order of what it was
initially intended to offer. The
commercial returns of
phytase use range from USD
2-4 per metric ton (MT) of
feed given the target was to
'spare' P, to USD 10-15 per
MT when the full nutrient
matrix is applied or the
enzyme is super-dosed for
improved growth
performance, to as much as
USD 100 per MT when it
replaces 3% spray-dried-
plasma in nursery piglet
diets. Smart use of phytase
promises enormous
commercial and
environmental benefits.

ARTICLE
Feed company business models are designed on core principles usually based
upon maximizing sales or optimizing the production of meat, milk or eggs.
Depending on the objectives of the business, a mill manager can make key
decisions based on mill performance and efficiency that will increase
profitability and productivity, as well as reduce cost. Understanding what
metrics to measure and utilize for decision-making processes are vital if a mill
manager is to successfully influence the operation's efficiency.
To determine the optimal ways to improve the mill's efficiency, the key
performance indicators (KPI) that are most important to a successful operation
need to be identified. For feed mill operations, key performance indicators
typically can be grouped into categories such as productivity, quality and
safety. When considering these categories, productivity is the KPI category
most closely related to mill efficiency. Productivity includes tons per man-hour,
tons per run, changeovers, energy per ton, actual versus scheduled hours of
operation, downtime, tons delivered per load, and loadout waiting time.
A higher number of tons per run improves the mill's efficiency by minimizing
the number of times the operator switches to a different feed type either in
the mixing or pelleting process. For operations without a pelleting line,
changeovers can cost the operator approximately 5 minutes depending on the
design of the system and the designated time to purge the equipment
downstream of the mixer. For operations that include pelleting, this time
comes at a greater expense not only due to changeovers but including pellet
mill ramp-up and ramp-down time. Depending on how the pelleting lines are
set up, the operator may lose 20 to 30 minutes on each pellet mill changeover.
08
IMPROVING
by Chad Paulk, Assistant Professor of Feed Science and Management
Department of Grain Science and Industry at Kansas State University
IMPROVING
Image
Source:
lrind.com

09
Therefore, reducing the
number of pellet mill
changeovers can improve
your pellet mill efficiency.
Energy use audits
Although energy use audits
can be a major headache,
identifying areas to improve
energy efficiencies can
provide great economic
rewards for feed mill
managers. The objective of
an energy audit is to
examine which cost centers
and production practices
consume the most energy
and offer the most
conservation potential.
Energy costs of a feed mill
are generally the
combination of electrical and
fuel cost. Electrical costs are
associated with the cost to
run motors, provide heat and
keep the lights on. Therefore,
equipment operating with
electrical motors such as
conveyors, bucket elevators,
cleaners, dust collectors,
pellet mills, grinding
equipment, and air
compressors are main
consumers of electrical
energy. Fuels are used for
boilers for pelleting and heat
and vehicles for delivery
trucks and forklifts.
Understanding deficiencies
from an energy audit and
how to manage different
pieces of equipment, such as
grinding equipment
(hammermills or roller mills),
boilers, air compressors, etc.,
can improve the efficiency
and reduce the cost of
running a feed mill.
Electrical energy also is
consumed when using
hammermills or roller mills to
grind cereal grains. The
energy required to grind
cereal grains is dependent
on the target particle size,
type of equipment, and the
ingredient being ground. The
energy required or cost of
grinding increases as the
target particle size decreases.
In addition to energy cost,
the cost of maintenance
should be monitored.
The energy required to
operate grinding equipment
during its expected life will
far outweigh the machine
cost alone. Therefore, it is
important to make sure your
equipment is sized
appropriately and well
maintained to reduce energy
cost. The diameter and
screen area for hammermills
must be appropriately
matched with the connected
horsepower motor. As for
roller mills, the motor
horsepower needs to be
paired with the roll surface
area. Energy costs for
grinding corn typically
0range from 15¢ to 25¢ per
ton but can increase to a
range of 70¢ to $1.40 or
more per ton when fine
grinding. It is important to
remember that properly
maintaining grinding
equipment can save the feed
mill roughly $50,000 a year
in electrical cost when
producing approximately
500,000 tons of feed,
according to a study by feed
milling equipment
manufacturer California
Pellet Mill.
When feed mills have a
pelleting line, this requires a
boiler to provide steam for
the conditioning process.
Boilers require fuel to
operate, therefore becoming
an energy cost. However,
maintaining boiler efficiency
can help conserve the
amount of energy required.
Having scale- on tubes or
sooted tubes and improper
burner settings are one of
the main reasons typically
observed for boiler
inefficiencies. Monitoring
boiler efficiencies could lead
to potential cost savings.
Monitoring boiler stack flue
gas emissions and stack flue
temperature could identify
problems or potential
inefficiencies. If measuring
stack or flue temperature,
the goal is to make sure it
does not exceed 100ºF of
steam temperature. In
addition, energy can be
conserved by making sure
the fuel temperature
matches the burner
manufacturer's
recommended fuel
specification, according to a
paper in a 2005 American
Feed Industry Association
publication.
Air compressors are another
piece of equipment found in
the feed mill that can lead to
large electrical cost if not
appropriately maintained.
Having the appropriate
equipment selection and
sizing will help reduce the
cost of operation. Oversizing
an air compressor system will
require a larger motor than
what may be needed, which
will increase the cost of
operation. It is also
important to make sure the
intake air is drawn from an
outside source that is 70ºF.

10
Also, operating an air
compressor at a higher
pressure than required can
cost the operation additional
money. For instance, a 2% psi
reduction can save the
operation 1.5% in cost. In
addition to operating air
compressors at an ideal
setting, maintenance is a key
component to keep the
equipment running
efficiently. It is important to
select oils that reduce
friction, change filters when
needed, and keep the belts
tight to prevent slippage.
However, the largest energy
cost occurs when air
compressors leak. An air
compressor leak can cost a
mill anywhere from $5 to
$134 a day depending on
the size of the leak.
Look for scheduling
inefficiencies
One way to gauge the
overall efficiency of a feed
mill is to compare the actual
versus scheduled hours of
operation. If a feed mill is
working more hours than
scheduled, then an
inefficiency is occurring that
needs to be addressed.
Managers should identify
key areas that are slowing
down production and
preventing the feed mill from
staying on schedule.
Typically, these inefficiencies
can be attributed to
manufacture of feeds that
are difficult to pellet due to
the formulation, additional
feed demand, problems
associated with delivery of
the feeds, flowability issues,
and low employee
productivity.
Unscheduled downtime also
can lead to differentiation
between the actual versus
scheduled hours of
operation. Unscheduled
downtime consists of
scenarios such as mechanical
breakdown of equipment,
lack of ingredients required
to manufacture feed,
shutdown because the
finished feed bins are full of
feed, or time required to
clean bridged bins. These
issues can result from a
multitude of places,
including purchasing,
nutritionist, transportation,
employees and the facility. It
is important for the manager
to understand what is
causing these inefficiencies
and how to improve them to
help operations.
Lastly, optimizing finished
feed loadout and delivery
can improve the efficiency of
mill operations. Feed mills
should strive to reduce the
time it takes for a truck and
exit the mill site. Any amount
of time that trucks spend
waiting on site reduces the
overall efficiency of the bulk
delivery. Loadout of bag feed
efficiency can be impacted
by the lack of experienced
warehouse forklift operators,
the location of the product
within the warehouse, and
the overall organization and
logistics within the
warehouse. In terms of feed
delivery, maximizing the
amount of feed delivered per
load as compared to the
legal weight limits can help
improve delivery efficiencies.
The tons per load delivered
can be influenced by the
weight of the truck and
trailer, the scheduling
department, load-out
operator, and accuracy of the
load-out system. Evaluating
the logistics and loadout and
delivery of finished feed can
improve the overall efficiency
of feed mills.
Monitoring with collected
data
Defining the objectives of
the feed mill and evaluating
the details of day-to-day
operations can lead to
improvements in mill
efficiency and overall
economic return. However, it
is important to remember
that you cannot manage
what you cannot measure.
Defining key areas to
monitor with collected data
can be beneficial to help mill
managers make important
decisions on how to improve
mill efficiencies.
The feed mill is comprised of
a team of individuals, such as
management, operators and
maintenance personnel, that
must be committed to
maximizing the efficiency of
producing quality feed.
Data collection to monitor
the process is a valuable tool
to not only determine
inefficiencies in the mill but
to communicate to
employees the importance of
their jobs and how their
actions affect productivity
and operating cost.
Source: Sosland publishing
ARTICLE

12
WEBINAR COVERAGE
CLFMA of India in association
with AGCON (subsidiary of
NCML) organized a webinar
on Maize and Soybean
outlook to discuss the Maize
production estimate for rabi
2021, and Soybean and
Maize outlook for kharif
2021 on 9th July. Below is
the brief of discussion.
Neeraj Srivastava, Chairman,
CLFMA of India on Maize
industry
Ÿ Maize production has
increased from 10 MMT in
the 90's to 27 MMT in
recent years.
Ÿ Due to increased demand,
since the last two years
India became a net
importer.
Ÿ Indian poultry industry,
employing more than 3
million small and medium
scale farmers, requires 25-
26 MMT poultry feed
which uses 12.8-13 MMT of
Maize which is poised to
reach 16 MMT by 2025.
Ÿ Indian dairy sector uses
~45 MMT of maize
including fodder and silage
usage.
Ÿ Starch industry uses 5
MMT which is expected to
reach ~8 MMT by 2025.
Ÿ Government intent to
replace at least 20% of
petroleum with ethanol by
2025 might bring another
challenge to the feed
industry.
Nalin Rawal, CEO, NCML
AGCON on Maize and
Soybean outlook
Maize
Ÿ Maize acreages are lower
by current Rabi season by
4.2% & production of
Maize during the current
Rabi season is lower by
9.5% in comparison to Rabi
2019-20.
Ÿ Rainfall activity is subdued
during the second
fortnight of June resulting
in lower sown acreages.
Ÿ Soybean acreages are 42%
lower in comparison to last
year during the same time
period, however under
normal rains, total acreages
are expected to be higher
by 10-15% in comparison
to last year.
Ÿ Maize sowed ahead by
16% vis-à-vis last year as
on date however planting
is expected to be lower by
5-10% during Kharif.
Soyabean
Ÿ Poultry industry is
adversely affected by the
rates of soybean.
Ÿ Better crops can be
expected if monsoon
conditions remain in favor.
Ÿ Industry opting for
alternate proteins like
cotton DOC, Groundnut
DOC etc.
Ÿ Demand is expected to
remain subdued for the
next 3 months for soy
DOC.
Suresh Akkineni, Assistant
AVP, Commodity Research,
NCML AGCON on Global
Soybean
Ÿ Global soybean end stock
2021-22 season is 4.45
MMT (as per USA,
Brazilian, Argentina and
Chinese front).
Ÿ Global Soymeal end stock
2021-22 shall increase
marginally by 0.11 MMT.
Ÿ Soybean prices are likely to
be subdued around Rs
8000 levels and ease lower
towards Rs 6500-6000
levels.
Sreedhar Nandam, Head
Research & Consulting,
NCML AGCON on Global
Maize
Ÿ Initially, the global
production was estimated
to be 1180 MMT which
presently is estimated at
1125 MMT.
Ÿ 63 MMT downward
revision in production
estimates primarily due to
La-Niña in the previous
year.
Ÿ Ending stocks for global
corn 281 MMT in 2020-21.
Ÿ High probability of La-Niña
resurfacing in November
Maize & Soybean Market Driving
Factors & Price Outlook 2021

13
2021 and lower corn
production is expected in
the US and Argentina.
Ÿ 40% of the US corn crop is
exposed to drought.
Ÿ Game changers in corn
trade may include push of
green fuel mandates,
export tax increase, COVID
impact, Asian Swine Flu.
Ÿ Global demand to grow by
4% while opening stocks to
decline by 17%.
Ÿ Maize acreages lower by
4.2% and production in the
current rabi crop is lower
by 9.5%.
Ÿ In 2019-20, the corn
demand from Indian feed
industry was 16.5 MMT
which is expected to be
17.3 MMT in 2021-22.
Ÿ As per the present ethanol
policy, in 2020-21, 332 Cr
litre of Ethanol is expected
to be consumed in
blending at 8.5% of
blending.
Ÿ Corn price is expected to
reach Rs 2050-2100 in
coming months which
would be followed by a
correction of Rs 1700-1750.
A. Jankiramana, GM, Soya
Business, Suguna Foods on
Soybean and Indian poultry
industry
Ÿ Due to the export of
soybeans, tight supply is
seen in the next three
months.
Ÿ Better prices might result in
more acreage of soybean
but looking at the
monsoon we might end-
up with the same acreage.
Ÿ If the monsoon remains in
good condition, a good
crop is expected.
Ÿ Present rate of soybean is
hurting the poultry
industry.
Gaurav Mittal, Head, Central
Buying Organization, GAVL
on Indian feed industry
Ÿ For broilers, the input
prices of maize is increased
by 30% and soybean is
increased by 75-80%.
Ÿ Weather will bring extreme
volatility in terms of input
prices.
Ÿ Till February, most of the
industry focused on
demand-side but in the
next quarter supply side is
the most critical element in
the balance sheet.
Ÿ Chinese demand was a key
driver in 3rd and 4th
quarter of last fiscal year
and is expected to be a key
price driver in the global
market.
Sandip Guha, Chief
Procurement Officer,
Noveltech Group on feed
crops
Ÿ COVID related disruption is
continued to impact the
supply and demand
situations.
Ÿ Volatility and uncertainty
seen in global trade
creating the imbalance in
the future markets will
remain there.
Ÿ Weather related events will
continue to impact in terms
of crop production. Like
erratic rains in various
areas impacting the crop
and there may be a shift
to soybean from maize
due to better pricing.
Ÿ In terms of demand
drivers, poultry meat and
eggs would be doing
pretty well, starch
continues in sweet spot,
attractive export
programme for maize and
soybean, with rising milk
production and milk
prices it would further
support the demand.
Ÿ From a global point of
view, China is to be looked
at closely and also the
weather in the US will
impact the crop
production.
Ÿ For maize, SnD will be tight
and prices will remain
much higher than last few
years and for soybean, SnD
will be tight and prices will
remain firm.
Ÿ Way forward is to mitigate
risk, develop better market
linkages, have multiple
formulations for
challenging times, proper
capital allocation, need for
scientific forecasting for
better procurement etc.
Mr. Amit Sachdev, Regional
Consultant – South Asia
(Bangladesh, India, Nepal,
Sri Lanka), U S Grains
Council on maize in India
and globe
Ÿ India may not be able to
export much due to dollar
value.
Ÿ Indian maize prices may

14
move up depending on the
alternate grain option
available, and quantity that
industry can replace.
Ÿ Prices of Indian corn to
remain high.
Mr. Jason John, Team Lead -
India at U.S. Soybean Export
Council (USSEC) on global
soybean
Ÿ Last year, Indian couldn't
fetch grain from South
Africa, Ukraine or Myanmar
or from any other non-GM
producing country.
Ÿ This year, India may get a
good supply from South
Africa as the strategic plan
of China is to sell off their
products.
Ÿ India is stagnant with 10
MMT production while the
demand is increasing on a
y-o-y basis.
Ÿ There will be some
supply pressure from
South Africa in coming
years.
Ÿ If prices remain this high,
then people would prefer
to import feed instead of
manufacturing it in India.
The webinar was moderated
by Dr. Vijay Makhija, Managing
Committee Member, CLFMA
of India and concluded by
Suresh Deora, Hon. Secretary,
CLFMA OF INDIA
The Uttar Pradesh
government has made a
commitment to usher in a
new Blue Revolution by
strengthening fish
production as it is creating
employment opportunities
thereby increasing the rural
economy.
“The fish farming business,
which was considered a loss
deal in the previous
governments, has given
employment opportunities
to thousands of youths in
their villages. In the last four
years, a total of 7.46 lakh
metric tons of fish was
produced in the state, which
is 1.28 lakh metric tons more
than during the five-year
regime of the Samajwadi
Party government,”
government spokesman
Sidharth Nath Singh said.
He said due to the effective
schemes of the Yogi
government, fish production
had started spreading rapidly
in UP.
“Youth are more inclined to
adopt new technologies and
techniques and are joining
this business. The record
production of 7.46 lakh
metric tons of fish in UP is
proof of this. During the five-
year tenure of the SP
government, a total of 6.18
lakh metric tons of fish was
produced,” he said.
The present government
provided loans amounting to
nearly Rs 6,972.08 lakh to
7,883 fish farmers through
Kisan Credit Card whereas in
the previous government not
even a single fish farmer was
given the benefit of the
credit card scheme. The Yogi-
led UP government has
allotted 2,821 houses to
fishermen in the state in the
last four years.
Besides, in the last four years,
3,392.74 lakh metric tons of
fish seed was produced in
the state. The government
has made a provision of Rs
243 crore in the budget for
the Pradhan Mantri Matsya
Sampada Yojana started by
the Central government. In
order to provide financial
security to the fishing
community, two lakh
fishermen will be covered
with free insurance in the
financial year 2021-2022.
Last year, UP was selected as
the best state of north India
for successful operation of
fish farming schemes and
production. The
Recirculating Aquaculture
System (RAS) system of fish
farmers of Barabanki district
has been implemented
across the country. Most of
the fish consumed in UP
comes from Andhra Pradesh
and therefore there was
immense scope of local
production in this sector.
Source: dailypioneer
UP government paves the
way for Blue Revolution
WEBINAR COVERAGE
INDUSTRY
NEWS

16
Creatine (Cr) is an important component of
animal tissue. Cr and its phosphorylated form,
Phosphocreatine (PCr) play a dynamic role in
cellular energy metabolism of animals. The Cr /
PCr system functions as a backup to adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) / adenosine di - phosphate
(ADP) system in order to store and mobilize energy when required on an immediate
need, particularly in muscle cells. Readily available PCr and ATP molecules improve
the efficiency of various biological processes in cells that require energy in the form
of ATP.
Endogenous synthesis of Creatine
The metabolism of Cr involves a series of enzymatic reaction as illustrated in Figure
1. Cr is synthesized in the liver from guanidino acetic acid (GAA) formed mainly in
the kidney from glycine and arginine. GAA is transported via bloodstream to the
liver, where most of GAA is methylated to Cr (Mousavi et al., 2013). Cr synthesized in
liver is largely transported to muscle cells. Once Cr enters the muscle cell, it is
phosphorylated to PCr by Creatine kinase (CK) through a reversible metabolic
pathway. Part of this Cr pool (1.6–1.8 % per day) is irreversibly lost and excreted as
creatinine (Lemme et al. , 2007) . This rapid turnover of Cr indicates the need to
by Dr. Balachandar Jayaraman and Dr. Pradeep Krishnan
Evonik (SEA) Pte Ltd, Singapore
GUANIDINO ACETIC ACID
IMPROVED PERFORMANCE
AND CARCASS QUALITY
IN MODERN BROILERS
Dr. Balachandar Jayaraman
ARTICLE

17
provided by dietary
supplementation. Cr is only
present in feed ingredients
of animal origin like fish meal
(-1100 800 mg/kg), meat and
bone meal and poultry by
product meal (PBP) (-200 1
107 mg / Kg) while plant -
based ingredients are devoid
of Cr (Khajali et al., 2020).
However, contribution from
animal by products to
dietary Cr would
be rather marginal
explaining why
there is a need for
supplemental Cr
in fast growing
broilers. Inclusion
level of 5 %
fishmeal in the
diet would
contribute <10
mg Cr/ day at 150 g daily
feed intake (50 kg fish meal
per Mt*1.11 g Cr/kg
fishmeal*150 g feed intake).
The daily Cr requirement of a
1 Kg and 2 Kg broiler is
estimated to be 210 mg and
295 mg respectively, of which
approximately 140 mg and
195 mg can be
endogenously synthesized
(66 %). This creates a gap of
70 - 100 mg in daily Cr
requirement for the birds
weighing 1 and 2 Kg
respectively.
Creatine is a conditionally
essential nutrient for
broilers
Based on the above facts, Cr
can be defined as a
conditionally essential
nutrient. In contrast to
humans where Cr accretion
happens over a long period
of time, feeding studies in
broilers demonstrated that
dietary supplementation of
GAA reflected in a spike in
the metabolic pool of Cr in
muscle tissue within weeks
(CCL Research Netherlands,
2007). Studies on
digestibility and utilization of
metabolic intermediates
clearly provide evidence that
bird's metabolism
determines the supplemental
sources of Cr like other
nutrient sources with
digestibility co - efficient of
99% and utilization efficiency
of 76.2 % (Tossenberger et
al., 2016). GAA is the natural
precursor of Cr. From an
application perspective, it
turned out that Cr
monohydrate is not stable in
feed processing while GAA
Kidney
L-Arginine
Glycine
L-Ornithine
GAA
Guanidinoacetic
acid
GAA
Liver
SAM
Creatine
Muscle
ADP
CreatineP
Creatine
Creatinine
ATP
Urine Blood
Adenosine
triphosphate
S-Adenosyl-
L-homocysteine
S-Adenosyl-
L-methionine
Adenosine
diphosphate
Guanidinoacetic
acid
SAH
GAMT
CK
Guanidinoacetate
methyltransferase
L-Arginine-Glycine
amidinotransferase
Creatine
kinase
AGAT
Fig 1. Biochemical pathway of Creatine
steadily replenish Cr pool
either by de - novo synthesis
or by dietary intake
especially in fast growing
broilers.
Fast growing broilers have
a requirement for Creatine
It is estimated that about
two third of daily Cr
requirement would be met
by de novo synthesis while
the other one third must be
Dr. Pradeep Krishnan

18
ARTICLE
has been shown to be
thermally stable (Baker,
2009). From an economic
perspective,
supplementation of Cr in the
form of GAA is more cost
efficient compared to Cr
monohydrate.
GAA is heat stable during
feed production process
Heat stability is an essential
criterion for any feed
additive used in commercial
broiler feed production
conditions. In recent review
article on GAA applications,
the heat stability of GAA over
Cr is well discussed (Khajali
et al., 2020). At 0.15 % GAA
supplementation under
simulated extrusion process
(130°C), GAA recovery was
close to 100% , whereas Cr
monohydrate recovery
differed widely (Fig 2). Thus,
it clearly elucidates the
guaranteed heat stability of
GAA as it is processed into
compound broiler feeds.
Previous GAA trials showed
consistent improvement in
broiler performance
Previous studies conducted
in broilers on GAA
supplementation under
normal and heat stressed

19
conditions covering all
modern broiler strains
showed consistent
improvement in growth
performance. Very often,
feed conversion ratio (FCR)
was improved by 5 points,
body weight gain by 50 g
with an added breast meat
yield of 15 g.
Recent GAA study in
broilers
In Asia South, it is customary
to include animal by-
products (ABPs) in broiler
diets as a source of dietary
crude protein, calcium and
phosphorus. Growth
performance is highly
inconstant in broilers fed
ABP due to inherent variation
in nutrient composition and
product quality of ABPs.
Inclusion level of 5 % PBP in
broiler diet would contribute
<2 mg Cr/ day at 150 g daily
feed intake. This is far below
the exogenous Cr
requirement of 70 - 100 mg
on a daily-basis. Thus, a
study was conducted to
evaluate the effects of GAA
supplementation in broilers
fed corn-soy based diets
with and without poultry by-
products (PBP) on
performance and carcass
quality. Dietary treatments
consisted of the inclusion of
PBP in the diets at 0 % and
5%, and either without GAA
or on top supplementation
of GAA at 600 g / ton.
A total of 1280 male Ross
708 chicks were placed in 64
floor pens with 20 birds /
pen. Response criteria
measured include
performance [(body weight
gain (BWG), feed intake and
feed conversion ratio (FCR)]
and carcass characteristics
(Carcass yield and breast
meat yield were measured
on day 56). Data were
analyzed as a randomized
complete block design in a 2
x 2 factorial arrangement
with PBP inclusion and GAA
supplementation as main
effects.
Results
I. Growth performance
Broilers that were fed diets
without PBP had improved (P
< 0.05) BWG and FCR
compared to those fed diets
with PBP (Table 1). GAA
supplemented birds had
better (P < 0.05) FCRadj
compared to those without
GAA supplementation.
II. Carcass characteristics
GAA supplemented diets had
higher (P < 0.05) carcass
weight (3,950 g) compared
to those (3,867 g) fed
without GAA (Table 1). Birds
fed diets with PBP was not
different (P > 0.05) from that
fed without PBP.
Take home messages
GAA serves as the direct
precursor for Cr synthesis
which is important for
energy metabolism in
muscles. Cr PO4, the muscle
creatine is a major source of
energy for skeletal muscle
fiber. Daily creatine need for
broilers can be partly met by
de novo synthesis; however,
remaining Cr must be
supplied via the feed. There
is a supply-demand gap of
Cr in muscle tissue and
application of GAA has
demonstrated to bridge this
gap. GAA as a novel feed
additive improved growth
performance and carcass
quality in broilers at inclusion
levels of 600 g / MT of feed.

20
The demand for animal feed
additives has increased
significantly in recent years,
an achievement that can be
attributable to the growing
global consumption of meat
and poultry food items.
According to a study by
Grand View Research, the
growth of the market as
mentioned earlier is
anticipated to propel the
global market size to around
USD 50 billion by 2027.
Furthermore, the market saw
a huge decline owing to the
recent COVID-19 outbreak
where numerous reports
suggested the virus outbreak
was due to animal
derivatives. However, the
market is expected to rise
substantially in the coming
years as the pandemic
weakens.
Some of the most
important trendsobserved
in the industry in the Pre
COVID-19 Era and in the
present times:
In March 2019, BASF SE
introduced phytase
Natuphos E in Indonesia. An
enzyme that enhances
animal health when added to
feed.
The rising demand and
consumption oflivestock
MARKET PROJECTION
FUTURE ROAD MAP FOR
ANIMAL FEED ADDITIVES
INDUSTRY
By Grand Review Research
consumables, such as dairy-
based products, is expected
to boostmarket growth in
the coming years.
In January 2021, Cargill, one
of the leading agribusiness
players announced the
opening of its new animal
feed plant in Ohio. The
220,000 square foot facility is
up and ready to deploy
advanced technology to
meet the rising demand for
animal feed.
The Asia Pacific region
dominated the global market
on the account of strong
economic growth in the
region along with rising
demand for nutrition-rich
animal food.
In December 2020, US-based
agribusiness giant Land
O'Lakes and Netherlands-
based Royal Agrifirm Group
announced their partnership
to develop and expand its
next-generation swine and
poultry products throughout
Europe, Latin America, and
Asia.
In May 2021, Eastman
Chemical Company
announced its acquisition of
a Spanish Feed additives
company, 3F Feed & Food.
In March 2021, Britain's
leading animal feed
manufacturer ABN
announced to build an
animal feed mill in England
to meet the rising demand
for animal feed in the
country.
Impact on Animal Feed
Additives Industry
Pre-COVID-19 Era —
According to a report by
Grand View Research, amino
acids contributed more than
33.6% of the overall market
in 2019 in terms of revenue.
Furthermore, in 2019, pre-
COVID-19 era, poultry
dominated as the largest
livestock segment in the
global market with USD
13.92 billion due to the
upsurge in diseases such as
bird flu and strict
government laws.
In October 2018, European
Union approved a new law
to ban the use of antibiotics
which were used to prevent
diseases.
COVID-19 Impact —
Although, due to the supply
chain disruption in several
parts of the world due to the
COVID-19 induced
lockdown, the U.S. animal
feed additives market size
grew from 4.2 billion to 4.5
billion from 2019 to 2020.
The growth was attributed to

21
the sudden demand and
panic buying of animal feed
additives by farmers in the
anticipation of lockdown.
In 2020 during the beginning
of the pandemic, Romania
banned the export of animal
feed to Non-European
countries creating a
demand-supply disruption in
the market. On the other
hand, the Indian government
closed international ports in
the wake of the
pandemicthat created supply
disruptions in the country.
Furthermore, fish and meat
consumption decreased
dramatically throughout the
world in 2020. As a result,
demand for Grain and
Oilseed (G&O)decreased
significantly due to which
analysts have predicted a 6%
decrease in soybean, corn,
and wheat demand for
animal feed in several
countries such as Vietnam,
Thailand, and Malaysia.
Post-Pandemic Outlook —
The Grand View Research
data suggests that the global
market size will reach around
USD 50 billion by 2027 due
to the rising demand for
quality and nutritious food
for animals since animal feed
has a direct impact on food
production system for
humans.
Future Road Map for
Animal Feed Additives
Market
The usage of feed additives
in animal feed has been
proven to be more helpful to
farm animal's health. This
trend is expected to
continue to rise, which
would benefit the market
for animal feed additives.
Moreover, meat quality has
become a topic of concern
U.S. animal feed additives market size, by product, 2016-2027 (USD Billion)
6.36 6.59
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027
Antibiotics Vitamins Antioxidants Amino Acids Feed Enzymes
Feed Acidifiers Others
Source: www.grandviewresearch.com

22
INTERVIEW
Since the starting of pandemic COVID-19, the Indian poultry
sector has seen various disruptions which resulted in reduced
consumption. Still, the industry has shown resilience and is
expected to further grow in coming years. In an e-interview with
Think Grain Think Feed, Ricky Thaper, Treasurer, Poultry
Federation of India shares the sector is well poised to gear
up to future challenges along with ensuring supplies of
quality meat to consumers. Please read the excerpts below:
India, one of the lowest cost producers of broiler meat,
faced a lot of disruption in terms of increasing feed cost,
demand fluctuations etc. Would you please update our
readers about the present status of Indian Poultry industry?
Indian broiler meat industry has been experiencing growth
driven by increase in per capita consumption. The rising
demand of the protein rich food along with economic growth &
rise in purchasing power of the consumer have resulted in the
significant growth in the consumption of poultry meat.
Poultry, which includes the broiler as well as egg sector, is
one of the fastest growing segments of the agricultural
sector in the country. In the last decade, the annual growth
rate for crop production remained 1.5-2% whereas for eggs
and broilers segment it has been 8-10% annually. According
to Basic Animal Husbandry statistics, 2019 released by the
Department of Animal Husbandry, the poultry meat
production was reported by 4.06 million tones, which is an
increase of 7.8% from the previous year.
The poultry sector is valued at Rs 89,856 crore in 2019-20 while
it was valued at Rs 60,066 crore in 2015-16 as per the National
Accounts Statistics, 2021.
You have been working in Poultry industry for more than
three and a half decades (36 years) now, would you please
share how Indian poultry sector has developed in these
years and also, how the integration model is supporting
small farmers?
The robust growth in the broiler meat industry has been
because of technological breakthroughs in breeding, feeding
and health, and largely driven by investment by the private
sector.
Ricky Thaper,
Treasurer, Poultry Federation of India
The Indian poultry sector
in next five years
The Indian poultry sector
in next five years

23
The broiler meat industry is
witnessing growth because of
adoption of the backward
integration system. Major
companies who are
integrators, have hatcheries,
feed mills, and primary
processing facilities. The
integration model ensures that
farmers are protected against
fluctuations in prices as
under the contract they
remain assured of getting
predetermined fixed prices.
Directly and indirectly this
sector provides employment
to over six million small and
medium farmers. Despite
several challenges faced, the
integration model followed
by the poultry industry has
ensured that farmers are
assured of remunerative
prices despite volatility in
market prices.
Many media reports suggest
that lockdowns have
resulted in better demand
from online retail for home
consumption of chicken.
What has been its impact on
the processing industry? Do
you think it has increased
from pre-COVID era?
In last 15 months or so, one of
the key segments which has
witnessed growth is the ‘online
models’ where consumers
preference for broiler meat
and products home delivery
has increased, as a large
segment of population is
staying at home because of
restrictions imposed to
control COVID-19 and
companies opting for Work
from Home (WFH) mode.
Various players in the ‘online
or home delivery’ segment
are witnessing growth as
consumers’ preference has
shifted to the home delivery
model instead of visiting wet
markets. To cater to this
change in consumer
behavior, even the wet
market retailers are providing
home delivery services. This
new segment is expected to
drive consumption of broilers
in coming months.
Meat alternatives is still a
niche market but it is
catching up worldwide. How
do you see its impact on the
poultry industry?
The impact of these products
on the poultry industry is still
negligible and these products
are at the nascent stage of
development. It would take a
few more decades to actually
assess these meat alternatives
viability.
You have been Treasurer for
Poultry Federation of India
(PFI) which has played an
effective role in representing
industry issues to the
government bodies. Please
share more, especially last one-
year activities.
To bring back the poultry
sector into normal operations
following the lockdown
announced last year, PFI jointly
with other major Poultry
Associations like All India
Poultry Breeders Association,
in collaboration with both the
Central as well as the State
Government ensured that
supplies of poultry meat was
not disrupted and thus
ensuring that consumers get
access to safe and healthy
products.
The government at the Centre
as well as the States also
provided policy support
through declaring supply of
livestock and poultry products
under essential services,
ensuring huddle-free interstate
transport of livestock and
poultry produce. The demand
for broilers and eggs which
went down because of bird
flu scare bounded back
immediately because of
prompt government actions
in containment of the
disease. We need to work
more with the government
for ensuring sustainable
supplies of feed raw material.
How do you see the Indian
Poultry and Feed industry
developing in coming years?
The demand for broiler meat is
rising steadily because of a
spike in demand from protein
rich food. Thus, in the next 5
years, Indian poultry industry
would witness robust growth
rate as there is still a large
segment of population who
may shift to eggs and broiler
meat for meeting their
protein requirement.
The Feed Industry would
witness a similar growth rate in
tandem with growth in the egg
and broiler meat sector. The
government as well as the
private sector must work
together to ensure that raw
materials of feed including
soybean meal, maize and

With corn (maize) prices ruling
higher than wheat for the
first time in a decade,
demand for the latter has
increased in the domestic
and export markets,
according to trade and
industry experts.
India has begun exporting
wheat for feed to countries
such as Indonesia, while
enquiries are coming in from
Vietnam. This will help India
maintain wheat exports at
last fiscal's level of two
million tonnes (mt)
Wheat for poultry feed
In India, corn is delivered at Rs
22,000 a tonne at Namakkal,
the poultry industry hub, and
wheat costs Rs 19,500, said
Vangili Subramanian,
President, Tamil Nadu Egg
Poultry Farmers Marketing
Society (PFMS).
At the same time, the poultry
industry in Tamil Nadu is
looking to buy corn from
Uttar Pradesh and Bihar at Rs
20,000 a tonne farm
delivered. Subramanian said
wheat would have to be
cheaper by at least Rs 2,000
than corn for the poultry
sector. “Corn provides more
energy to the birds than
wheat. The latter provides
more protein,” he said.
“The domestic feed industry is
buying wheat as it costs less
than corn. Even average
quality corn costs Rs 19,000
a tonne. Therefore, the feed
sector is looking to buy
wheat under the open
market sale scheme (OMSS)
at a lower price,” said Khalid
Hussain Khan, Head –
Commodities and Supply
Chain, ITC Ltd – Agri-
Business Division.
'One nation, one market'
Khan was addressing the
business session of the
three-day ninth International
Wheat Seminar held virtually
on “Wheat market and
price”.
Under OMSS, the Food
Corporation of India (FCI) is
offering wheat, whose
specifications are relaxed, to
industrial users and flour
mills at Rs 18,000 a tonne for
the 2019-20 crop. Wheat
from the 2020-21 crop is
24
other agricultural produce are
supplied at reasonable prices
as feed cost constitutes a
major component of broiler
meat production. Sharp rise
in the feed costs, especially
rise in prices of soybean
meal, maize and other
supplements in the last one
year has pushed up the cost
of the production of poultry
meat as well as eggs. As feed
cost constitutes a major
portion of cost of the
production, the industry has
to look for sustainable and
stable supplies of feed to
avoid a spike in the prices.
The future growth would
depend on creating
infrastructure for sustainable
supplies of feed at
remunerative prices and
curbing price fluctuations.
The industry has to find a
mechanism for creating
awareness about the safety of
broiler meat through social
media campaigns similar to
what was carried out by the
National Egg Coordination
Committee (NECC) for
boosting egg consumption.
The government must also
step in to provide support to
farmer farmers in automation
as well as creation of silos for
feed storage from the Rs
15,000 crore Animal
Husbandry Infrastructure
Development Fund
announced in June 2020.
The industry in collaboration
with the government must
ensure quality meat supplies
which means ensuring the
health and safety of broiler
birds from farm to retailers.
Adherence to biosafety
protocol would result in better
consumer confidence in
livestock products.
INTERVIEW
Wheat replacing corn in animal
feed due to price disparity
INDUSTRY
NEWS

25
offered at Rs 20,000 a tonne,
while fair average quality of
the grain stored from
previous years is offered at
Rs 21,000. Wheat from this
year's crop is offered at Rs
21,500 a tonne.
“Indian wheat will be
competitive for exports to
Bangladesh. It can also go to
Indonesia and Malaysia,
where a lot will be bought
for feed,” said Khan. The high
rates in the global freight
market matter and it will
help India.
Currently, Indian wheat is
quoted at $260-265 (Rs
19,450-19,800) a tonne free-
on-board (FOB) compared
with Black Sea-origin wheat
offered at $240 (Rs 17,950).
Record production
Akshay Yadav, Trading
Manager – Grains, Louis
Dreyfus Company India Pvt
Ltd, told that India could
easily export 1.2 MT of wheat
to Bangladesh and Nepal.
“India has had a back-to-back
record wheat production.
Since the monsoon has been
erratic this year, any spike in
the price of corn will see
demand switching to wheat,”
he said.
This year, India is estimated to
have produced a record
108.75 MT of wheat
compared with 107.86 MT
last year. Corn production is
also a record 30.24 MT
against 28.77 MT a year ago.
Imports costlier
The domestic milling industry,
too, will be looking to
procure more wheat from
the domestic market as the
landed price of the foodgrain
even at zero customs duty
would be Rs 26,000 a tonne.
“At the current duty level of
40 per cent, wheat imports
will be around Rs 35,000,” he
said, adding that wheat from
Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
could find their way into
Bangladesh.
While 1.8 MT of wheat stocks
would go towards suppl
under the Prime Minister
Garib Kalyan Yojana (PMGKY)
as Covid-19 relief every
month for seven months,
OMSS sale could be 5-7 MT.
“Comfortably, OMSS sale will
be six mt,” he said, adding
that it will result in 26.77 MT
wheat carryover stocks by
April 1 next year.
“The Government has a
strategy in place with
another high procurement
and it will also get the
inventories cut,” Khan said.
Favourable weather
Corn and wheat prices in the
global market have, in fact,
dropped by nearly seven per
cent in the past month. This
is on the back of favourable
weather outlook in the US.
Corn acreage is estimated to
increase by two per cent,
while area under wheat
could increase five per cent
from last year. However,
China, which had driven up
commodity prices by buying
huge quantities of wheat,
corn and soyabean from the
global market, is likely to
import 20 MT of corn, six mt
lower than last year.
Also, wheat continues to be
used as substitute for feed in
China, the US Department of
Agriculture said.
Source: businessline
Image
Source:
World
Grain

ARTICLE
26
INTRODUCTION
Poultry industry has groomed since the last decade and it would be growing
further as the protein requirement would increase with the growing population.
by Dr Pooja Rawal, Dr Amitabh Pandey, Optima Life Sciences
Bird health
Purchase of chick
Others managerial
functions
Nutrition
PRODUCTION COST
OPTIMUM SOLUTION
WITH MULTI ENZYME
DOWNPLAYS THE LOSSES
DUE TO HIKE IN PRICES

27
Poultry farming requires an
investment of capital that
diverges for buying of chicks,
land, health and of course
feeding. Feeding is the major
aspect of poultry
farming,contributing around
70% of the investment.
Therefore, it becomes
imperative to know ins and
outs, of poultry feeding, as it
becomes the major driver to
extract the profitabilityout of
poultry farming.
WHAT DRIVES THE
PROFITABILITY OUT OF
POULTRY NUTRITION?
Feed comprises mainly
ofenergy, followed by that of
protein sources. Due to high
demand, fluctuation in
climate, Prices of energy and
protein ingredients tends to
increase.
Following is the change in
pattern of prices of prime
raw materials
Limited number of suppliers,
and variation in climate leads
to less availability of raw
materials andisaccompanied
bytheir increase in prices.
This shows that the prices
are gradually increasing and
decrease the complete
reliance on Conventional
energy and protein sources
such as Maize and Soybean
respectively.The cons that
come with Alternative
resources are its limitation to
usage that is further divided
would tend to increase
further because of the
limited
resources.Hence,itleads to
increase in investment and in
turn decreases the
profitability.
To maximize the profit, there
is a need to combat the hike
in prices.
SOLUTION TO CURB THE
LOSSES DUE TO HIKE IN
PRICES
To get the best out of
anything, a way has to be
generated. It becomes a
mandate approach that a
way is found which meets
out the bird's requirement as
well as helps the farmer to
get the profit as well.
Following are the two
solutions:
· Use of alternative feed
ingredients
· Feeding management
using enzymes that helps
in availability of protein
and energy.
Use of Alternative Feed
ingredients
Alternative feed ingredients
for energy and protein are
being used in order to
Following is the change in pattern of prices of prime
raw materials
S.No Feed Ingredient 2019 2020 2021
1. Maize 19.00 INR 15.00 INR 17.00 INR
2. Wheat 20.00 INR 17.00 INR 20.00 INR
3. Barley 18.00 INR 15.00 INR 18.00 INR
4. Soybean meal 35.00 INR 33.00 INR 70.00 INR
5. Fishmeal (65%) 105 INR 109 INR 111 INR
Source- NCDEX-June 2021
Technical aspects
· Seasonal and unreliable supply
· Bulkiness, physical
characteristics
· Need for processing (drying,
detoxification)
· Limited research about nutrient
composition and inclusion
levels
· Predicted availability of
ingredient in long term
Nutritional aspects
· High fibre content
· Essential amino acid balance
· Presence of anti-nutritional
factor(s) such as tannins and
enzyme
· Variability (lack of consistency)
in nutrient quality
· Presence of pathogen and
need of supplementation
Fig. 1. Limitation of Using Alternative raw material
Source- Alternative sources of protein for poultry nutrition
into Nutritional and Technical
aspects
Due to the above-mentioned
nutritional and technical
aspect, opting the second
solution along becomes an
indispensable approach.
Feeding management
using enzymes that helps
in availability of protein
and energy.
Enzymes are biomolecule
that catalyses a chemical
reaction by interacting with a
substrate and converting it
into a product. Commercially
enzymes that are being
marketed for poultry feed
are of two types-
Along with conventional,
ENZYMES
MONO ENZYME MULTY ENZYME

28
CONCLUSION
With increase in population,
there will be increase in
demand of protein andthus,
poultry production will also
increase. To drive the profit
out of poultry production,
complete reliance on the
conventional raw material
has to be dropped off.
Alternate raw materials are
definitely the solution, but to
curb the nutrient losses due
to the anti-nutritional factors
present in those alternate
raw materials, Enzyme usage
becomes an indispensable
step. Bigger picture is to see
that complex feed material
contains these complex
substrates that if taken care
by individual enzyme would
not be economically feasible.
Hence, here comes the multi
enzyme system that
synergistically handles the
Antinutritional factors and
leads to out and out
utilization of nutrients.
References are available upon request.
alternate sources of energy
and protein contains
residues. These residues trap
valuable nutrients and are
indigestible due to lack of
endogenous enzymes
WHY MULTI- ENZYME?
Mono enzymes when added
in the feed takes care of only
one substrate at a time.
There is only partial
digestion of feed, the need
for complete utilization of
feed is unmet.
Poultry feed includes
complex substrate that
requires more than one
enzyme activity for a
complete solution. A
customized blend of
substrate specific enzymes
has a greater potential to
unlock these trapped
nutrients such as Energy,
Crude protein, Amino acid,
Available Phosphorus.
Moreover, it takes care of the
antinutritional factors that
would increases gut viscosity,
impairs gut health and many
more other problems that
are associated with poultry
feeding.
Multi enzyme preparation
improves the nutritive value
of ration that may
complement the genetic
exploitation of the poultry
birds. It is important for the
improvement in carcass
quality, production efficiency
and processing capacity of
poultry products. Increase in
body weight gain was also
observed with administration
of multi enzyme due to
uniform availability of multi
enzymes resulting in
improved nutrient
digestibility.Enzymes when
added in combination, were
observed to show a
synergistic effect on growth
performance. It is suggested
that specifically both
Xylanase and phytase
potentiate eachother's
function. Xylanase releases
the entrapped nutrients in
the cell wall matrix and
makes phytase accessible to
its substrate that is Phytate.
(Source-- N.M. Gupta et al)
The addition of Phytase and
a cocktail of enzyme
improved the performance
of chicken fed a corn- SBM
based diet that was
marginally deficient in
energy and Phosphorus
(Oluyinka A Olukosi et al-)
ARTICLE
Fig. 2 Uptrend benefits of using Enzyme in combination

30
INDUSTRY NEWS
The area under soybean
planting is likely to increase
by 5-7% across the country
this kharif season despite
speculation in the market
over the shortage of seeds.
In the 2020 kharif season,
soybean cultivation took
place on 120 lakh hectares
and the yield was about 105
lakh tonne. Record high
prices for the oilseed could
prompt some to switch from
cultivating competing
commodities such as cotton
and pulses, industry officials
said. Soybean prices jumped
to a record high of Rs 8,100
on the National Commodity
and Derivatives Exchange a
couple months ago and are
currently trading at Rs 7,620
per quintal.
D N Pathak, executive
director, Soybean Processors
Association of India (SOPA)
said that the area under
cultivation could see an
increase by 5-7% subject to
the fact it rains in the next
five to six days. There has
been shortage of certified
seeds and they have been
selling at high prices, but
farmers have prepared their
own seeds and there no real
shortage in the market, he
said.
Pathak said that the area
under soybean cultivation
will definitely increase in
Maharashtra and Rajasthan
but is likely to go down to
some extent in Madhya
Pradesh (MP).
Several soybean farmers in
Madhya Pradesh have said
that the sowing of the kharif
crop has not even begun in
60% area even two months
after the beginning of the
season due to shortage of
certified seeds, provided by
the government. Madhya
Pradesh is the largest
soybean producer in the
country and soybean seeds
are either not available or
selling at exorbitant prices
(between Rs 10,000-12,000
per quintal). MP agriculture
minister Kamal Patel advised
farmers not to grow loss-
making crop. In the current
kharif season, the
government has set a target
of sowing soybean in 63.74
lakh hectares.
In Maharashtra, the
government has claimed that
there was no shortage of
soybean seeds and sowing
was in full swing. Senior
officials from the
Department of Agriculture
said that they have not
received any complaints
regarding re-sowing
although there has been a
lull in the monsoon.
Maharashtra cultivates
soybean on approximately
40 lakh hectares.
Ajit Mulay, president,
Maharashtra State Seeds
Association, revealed there
was a shortage but
companies supplied seeds as
per production plan. The
state requires at least 32 lakh
quintals of soybean for seed
purposes annually. The
private sector accounts for
more than 80% of the seeds
sold in the market. This time,
the government asked
companies to furnish details
of their stocks to ensure that
there is no black-marketing,
officials said. Madhya
Pradesh and Maharashtra
constitute almost 89% of the
country's soybean
production.
Source: financialexpress
Soybean cultivation
area might increase 5-7%
across India
Image
Source:
The
Western
Producer

Think Grain Think Feed July 2021

Think Grain Think Feed July 2021

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