Spacecraft with life in space

1. SPACECRAFT
TANU SINGH SISODIA
M.PHIL.
IBS KHANDARI AGRA

2. contents
Introduction
Types of Spacecraft
Spacecraft sub-system
Launching of Spacecraft
Life in Space
Re-entry of Spacecraft

3. Spacecraft
A spacecraft is any piloted or unpiloted
vehicle designed for travel in space. The
systems and instruments a spacecraft
must carry depends upon the data it will
gather and the functions it will carry out.

4. Types of Spacecraft
Manned spacecraft
Orbiter spacecraft
Atmospheric spacecraft
Lander spacecraft
Observatory spacecraft

5. Manned spacecraft
A piloted spacecraft designed to carry astronauts into space.
The first manned spacecraft was Vostok 1 which
carried Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin into space
in 1961

6. The second manned spacecraft was named
Freedom 7 in 1961 carrying American
astronaut Alan Shepard

7. Orbiter spacecraft
A spacecraft designed to travel to a distant planet and enter into
orbit, it must carry with it a substantial propulsive capability to
decelerate it at the right moment to achieve orbit insertion. Our prime
example of the orbiter spacecraft category is Galileo which entered
orbit about Jupiter in 1995 to carry out a highly successful study of
the Jovian system.
Examples: Mariner 9 (Mars Orbiter)

8. Atmospheric spacecraft
Atmospheric spacecraft are designed for a
relatively short mission to collect data about
the atmosphere of a planet or satellite.
Examples: Vega 1 Venus Balloon, Galileo
Atmospheric Probe

9. Lander spacecraft
Lander spacecraft are designed to reach the
surface of a planet and survive long enough to
telemeter data back to Earth.
Examples: Viking Mars Landers, Mars Pathfinder

10. Observatory spacecraft
An observatory spacecraft does not travel to a
destination to explore it. Instead, it occupies an
Earth orbit or a solar orbit from where it can
observe distant targets free of the obscuring
and blurring effects of Earth's atmosphere.

11. Spacecraft sub-system
Power supply system
Attitude and orbit control system (AOCS)
Telemetry, Tracking and Command (TT&C)
Communication subsystem
Antennas

12. Power supply system
Electrical energy required to run the
spacecraft
This sub-system divided into three parts
1.solar cells
2.battery
3.power supply control circuit

13. Attitude and orbit control
system (AOCS)
It is used to control the orbit of the spacecraft and
helping to maintain stabilization and its position
This sub-system consist of :
1.Propulsion system
2.Attitude control
3.Orbit control

14. Telemetry, Tracking and
Command (TT&C)
It is the only way to observe and to control the
spacecraft’s functions and condition from the
ground
Main function of TT&C are:
1. Measurement of angle and range
2. Status of spacecraft to the ground control
system
3. Receiving and transmitting command

15. Communication subsystem
Communication system provides the only link
between an operational vehicle and the ground
control station
Major categories of communication system
1. near earth communication
2. long range data relay

16. Antennas
An antenna is simply a means for radiating
or receiving the radio waves.
Antenna used in spacecraft
1.wire antenna
2.horn antenna
3.reflector antenna

17. Launch Configuration
how the spacecraft looked when leaving Earth
Because the spacecraft had to fit within the nose
cone, or payload fairing, during launch, large
parts like the high-gain antenna and the solar
arrays were designed to be folded up. As soon
as the launch vehicle put the spacecraft on
course to leave Earth orbit for its journey, it
disconnected itself from the spacecraft.

18. What occurred during launch ?
There are several steps during launch phase
Step 1. countdown and systems checks
Step 2. lift off through atlas stage1 booster, which
accelerated the spacecraft to supersonic speed of about
4,500 meters per second(10,000 miles per hour )
Step 3. booster engine cut off for the atlas stage1 booster
Step 4. atlas stage 1 separation from the centaur stage II.
Atlas fell back to Earth into the Atlantic Ocean
Step 5. Main engine start of the centaur stage II

19. Step 6. centaur first burn phase, boosted the spacecraft
into a “parking orbit”
Step 7. payload fairing which fell back to earth into the
Atlantic Ocean.
Step 8. main engine cut off for the centaur first burn
Step 9. centaur second burn phase, which accelerated the
spacecraft out of the Earth orbit and set it on its way
Step10. Main Engine separation of the centaur stage II
The launch phase ended, spacecraft continued
in its cruise phase

20. Cruise Configuration
how the spacecraft looked on its journey
As soon as the spacecraft was clear of the
launch vehicle, the orbiter deployed its solar
arrays to begin producing power. The high-
gain antenna was also deployed at this point.
The high-gain antenna moved to track the
Earth, while the solar panels remained fixed.

22. Problem faced by astronauts in space
Microgravity
When exposed to a microgravity environment
humans experience many side effects.
1.Headward fluid shift or “puffy face” is the first
effect noticed as the absence of gravity allows
blood to move from the lower body to the upper
body .
2. Microgravity environment cause a rapid loss of
bone density
3. Decreased physical work capacity

25. Astronauts are exposed to ionizing radiation from
the sun.
The effects of radiation are separated into two
categories: acute and long term.
Acute effect of radiation
The acute effects of radiation exposure are those that
are immediately seen:
Nausea
Vomiting
Skin-reddening
Dehydration
Radiation

26. Long term effect of radiation
The long term effects of
radiation exposure are much
more dangerous to
astronauts.
Most dangerous is the non-
lethal mutation of DNA
molecules which can lead to
cancer.

27. Re-entry of spacecraft
When an object enters the Earth's atmosphere, it
experiences a few forces, including gravity and
drag. Gravity will naturally pull an object back to
earth. But gravity alone would cause the object to
fall dangerously fast. Luckily, the Earth's
atmosphere contains particles of air. As the object
falls, it hits and rubs against these particles,
creating friction. This friction causes the object to
experience drag, or air resistance, which slows the
object down to a safer entry speed

28. Is all about attitude control, astronauts must
calculate the angle at which the spacecraft flies,
they slow the ship down from the orbit speed by
flying backwards for a period of time. Then after is
safe on the orbit, the spacecraft enters the
atmosphere belly down to take advantage of drag.
Once is low enough from land, it deploys a
parachute to slow it down.
SPACE ELEVATOR : . This is basically a giant lift,
Which is help in slow down speed of spacecraft

29. What happens when the astronaut returns to Earth?
• The heart is smaller and weaker
Body fluids are diminished
Muscles have atrophied
Bones have weakened
astronauts return to Earth and the human body has to readjust to
the relentless pull of gravity
Most space adaptations appear to be reversible, but the rebuilding
process is not necessarily an easy one
Blood volume is typically restored in a few days
Astronauts get thirsty when they return because their body tells
them they don’t have enough blood in their blood vessels and
sends the signal to drink more

30. Most muscle mass comes back within a
month or two, although it may take longer to
recover completely
Bone recovery is very problematic
For a 3 to 6 month space flight it may require
2 to 3 years to regain lost bone
You really have to exercise a lot both in space
and after returning to Earth

31. Planned future programs
NASA is developing a plan to land humans on Mars by the
2030s.
Several other countries and space agencies have
announced and begun human spaceflight programs by
their own technology, Japan (JAXA), Iran (ISA) and
Malaysia (MNSA).
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has
begun work on pre-project. The objective is to carry a crew
of two to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and return them safely to a
predefined destination on Earth.

32. THANK YOU