2. CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Swastik subham Pattnayak of class XI of Kendriya Vidyalaya,Boudh has
completed his BIOLOGY PROJECT under my supervision and has taken proper care
and displayed utmost sincerity in completion of this project.
His project is up to the standard both in respect of its contents as per CBSE norms and this is
his original work as per my knowledge.
Ms. Rajalaxmi Biswal
(Subject teacher)
Ms. Rajalaxmi Biswal
(Principal)
3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance and assistance from
many people and I am extremely privileged to have got this all along the completion of my
project. All that I have done is only due to such supervision and assistance and I would not
forget to thank them.
I respect and thank Rajalaxmi Biswal ma’am, for providing me an opportunity to do the
project work in Kendriya Vidyalaya,Boudh and giving me all support and guidance which
made me complete the project duly. I am extremely thankful to her for providing such a nice
support and guidance, although she had busy schedule.
5. MONERA
(INTRODUCTION)
▶ Oldest and most abundant organisms.
▶ Prokaryotic (“before a nucleus”).
▶ Unicellular & Microscopic.
▶ Undergo asexual reproduction.
▶ Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms. They are
the smallest, simplest organisms.
▶ The Monerans are unicellular organisms.
▶ They contain 70S ribosomes.
▶ The DNA is naked and is not bound by a nuclear
membrane.
▶ It lacks organelles like mitochondria, lysosomes,
plastids, Golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum,
centrosome, etc.
▶ They reproduce asexually by binary fission or
budding.
GENERAL FEATURES OF
MONERA
9. ▶ Archaebacteria are a type of single-cell organism which are so
different from other modern life-forms that they have challenged the
way scientists classify life.
▶ Until the advent of sophisticated genetic and molecular biology
studies allowed scientists to see the major biochemical differences
between Archaebacteria and “normal” bacteria, both were
considered to be part of the same kingdom of single-celled
organisms. “Kingdoms,” a way of organizing life forms based on
their cell structure, traditionally included Animalia, Plantae, Fungi,
Protista (for single-celled eukaryotes), and Monera (which was once
considered to hold all forms of prokaryotes).
10. lineage
1. Crenarchaeota – crenarchaeota are extremely heat-tolerant.
2. Euryarchaeota – are able to survive in very salty habitats.
3.Korarchaeota – are the least-understood, and thought to be the oldest
of archaebacteria.
TYPES OF
ARCHAEBACTERIA
11. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF
ARCHAEBACTERIA
Archaebacteria are a group of prokaryotes which live under very harsh and hostile
conditions. Since the enzymes from these organisms can survive harsh conditions
they have many industrial applications in biotechnology; Many of the thermo stable
enzymes used in the manipulation of DNA are derived from Archaebacteria,
Methanogens of the Archaebacteria are mainly involved in the biogas production.
12. EUBACTERIA
Is also called the true
bacteria.
Not classified according to
shape as coccus, bacillus
and spirillum but according
to chemical composition of
their cell walls and reaction
to Gram stain.
13.
14. Eubacteria, or “true” bacteria, are single-celled prokaryotic
microorganisms that have a range of characteristics and are found in
various conditions throughout all parts of the world. All types of
bacteria fall under this title, except for archaebacteria. Since eubacteria
is so common, it comprises one of the three domains of life; the three
domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
15. STRUCTURE
Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms. They do not have
nuclear membrane. The nucleus consists of double-stranded circular DNA.
They possess long filamentous flagella protruding through cell wall which
is used for locomotion. They also contain thin, short filaments called as
fimbriae or pili. Some bacteria posses capsule which is the outer covering
of cell wall. It is mainly made up of polysaccharide. Cell wall is the rigid
outer covering of the bacteria. It is made up of peptidoglycan. It gives a
particular shape to bacteria. They do not contain nuclear membrane, golgi
complex, cytoskeleton. They contain cytoplasmic membrane, mesosomes,
ribosomes and cytoplasmic inclusions.
17. MODE OF NUTRITION
Autotrophic
(prepare their own food)
Heterotrophic
(depend on others for
their food)
Photoautroph
(use light energy)
Chemoautotroph
(derive energy from
chemical reactions)
Saprophytic
(depend on dead
organisms)
Parasitic
(live or in other plants
and animals)
18. RESPIRATION
▶ Obligate aerobes require oxygen
(i.e. Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
▶ Facultative anaerobes can use oxygen
when available but do not require it
(i.e. Escherichia coli)
▶ Obligate anaerobes cannot grow in
the presence of oxygen
(i.e. Clostridium tetani)
21. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Bacteria have three mechanism for genetic information transfer without
undergoing reproduction. These are:
▶ Transformation- Take up free fragment of DNA floating in medium.
▶ Transduction- Transfer of DNA by a virus bacteriophage.
▶ Conjugation- Direct cell to cell transfer of DNA mediated by plasmid.
22.
23. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF
BACTERIA
Bacteria are economically important as these microorganisms are used by
humans for many purposes. The beneficial uses of bacteria include the
production of traditional foods such as yogurt, cheese, and vinegar.
Microbes are also important in agriculture for the compost and fertilizer
production.
