2. This class is conducted as a business environment. Therefore, you
are expected to adhere to the following workplace policies:
1. You are responsible for the workstation assigned to you during your
allocated time.
2. Come to class on time, be prepared to learn, and stay on task
3. Eating and drinking or gum are NOT allowed in the lab at any time
4. You are considered tardy if you are not seated at your assigned
workstation when the tardy bell rings.
5. Students will take care of personal needs prior to or after class.
6. Respect peers and the authority of all teachers and staff at all
times.
7. No profanity or offensive comments or behavior
8. Cell phones, pagers, iPods, etc (Electronic Devices)…are NOT to be
used during class time.
9. Talking, Singing, or walking around during class is prohibited unless
authorized by the instructor.
10. No sleeping during class.
11. No student will leave the lab not until the instructor told you to go.
Consequence:
1. Verbal Warning
2. Conference with student and reassign seat + Call to parent
3. Refer to Counselor
4. Referral to Administrator
3. A computer is normally considered to
be a calculation device which can
perform the arithmetic operations very
speedily.
A computer may be defined as a device
which operates upon the data.
Data can be in the form of numbers,
letters, symbols, size etc. And it comes
in various shapes & sizes depending
upon the type of computer application.
A computer can store, process &
retrieve data as and when we desired.
The fact that computer process data is
so fundamental that many people have
started calling as “Data Processor”.
A computer first it gets the Data, does
Process on it and then produces
Information.
The word “computer”
comes from the word
“TO COMPUTE”
means to calculate.
WHAT IS
COMPUTER?
4. ADVANTAGES OF
COMPUTER
High Speed
Computer is a very fast device.
It is capable of performing calculation of very
large amount of data.
The computer has units of speed in
microsecond, nanosecond, and even the
picosecond.
It can perform millions of calculations in a
few seconds as compared to man who will
spend many months to perform the same
task.
5. ADVANTAGES OF
COMPUTER
Accuracy
In addition to being very fast,
computers are very accurate.
The calculations are 100% error free.
Computers perform all jobs with 100%
accuracy provided that the input is
correct.
6. ADVANTAGES OF
COMPUTER
Storage Capability
Memory is a very important
characteristic of computers.
A computer has much more storage
capacity than human beings.
It can store large amount of data.
It can store any type of data such as
images, videos, text, audio, etc.
7. ADVANTAGES OF
COMPUTER
Diligence
Unlike human beings, a computer is
free from monotony, tiredness, and
lack of concentration.
It can work continuously without any
error and boredom.
It can perform repeated tasks with the
same speed and accuracy.
8. ADVANTAGES OF
COMPUTER
Versatility
A computer is a very versatile machine.
A computer is very flexible in performing
the jobs to be done.
This machine can be used to solve the
problems related to various fields. At
one instance, it may be solving a
complex scientific problem and the very
next moment it may be playing a card
game.
9. ADVANTAGES OF
COMPUTER
Reliability
A computer is a reliable machine.
Modern electronic components have
long lives.
Computers are designed to make
maintenance easy.
10. ADVANTAGES OF
COMPUTER
Automation
Computer is an automatic machine.
Automation is the ability to perform a
given task automatically. Once the
computer receives a program i.e., the
program is stored in the computer
memory, then the program and
instruction can control the program
execution without human interaction.
11. ADVANTAGES OF
COMPUTER
Reduction in Paper Work and
Cost
The use of computers for data processing in
an organization leads to reduction in paper
work and results in speeding up the process.
As data in electronic files can be retrieved as
and when required, the problem of
maintenance of large number of paper files
gets reduced.
Though the initial investment for installing a
computer is high, it substantially reduces the
cost of each of its transaction.
12. DISADVANTAGES OF
COMPUTER
No I.Q.
A computer is a machine that has no
intelligence to perform any task.
Each instruction has to be given to
the computer.
A computer cannot take any decision
on its own.
15. DISADVANTAGES OF
COMPUTER
No Feeling
Computers have no feelings or
emotions.
It cannot make judgment based on
feeling, taste, experience, and
knowledge unlike humans
17. EXPLAIN THE DATA
PROCESSING CYCLE OF
COMPUTER
The computer Data Processing is any
process that a computer program does to
enter data & summarize, analyze or
convert data into useable information.
The process may be automated & run on
a computer.
It involves recording, analyzing, storing,
summarizing & storing data.
Because data are most useful when it is
well presented & informative.
18. EXPLAIN THE DATA
PROCESSING CYCLE OF
COMPUTER
The Data Processing Cycle:
Data Processing cycle described all activities which are
common to all data processing systems from manual to
electronic systems.
These activities can be grouped in four functional categories,
viz., data input, data processing, data output and storage,
constituting what is known as a data processing cycle.
The main aim of data processing cycle is to convert the data
into meaningful information.
Data processing system are often referred to as Information
System.
The Information System typically take raw Data as Input to
produce Information as Output.
The data processing cycle contains main four functions:
o Data input o Data process
o Data storage o Data output
19. EXPLAIN THE DATA
PROCESSING CYCLE OF
COMPUTER
DATA INPUT
o The term input refers to the activities required to record data.
o It’s a process to entered data in to computer system.
o So before we input any data, it is necessary to check or verify the data context.
DATA PROCESSING
o The term processing includes the activities like classifying, storing,
calculating, comparing or summarizing the data.
o The processing means to use techniques to convert the data into meaningful
information.
DATA OUTPUT
o It’s a communication function which transmits the information to the outside
world. o After completed the process the data are converted into the
meaningful in
o Sometimes the output also includes the decoding activity which converts the
electronically generated information into human readable form.
DATA STORAGE
o It involves the filling of data & information for future use.
20.
21. EXPLAIN THE CLASSIFICATION OF
THE COMPUTER BY DATA
PROCESSED
The computers are divided mainly three
types based on data processed:
1. Analog computers
2. Digital computers
3. Hybrid computers
22. ANALOG COMPUTERS
In Analog Computers, data is represented as
continuously varying voltage and operate
essentially by measuring rather counting.
As the data is continuously variable, the results
obtained are estimated and not exactly
repeatable.
It can able to perform multiple tasks
simultaneously and also capable to work
effectively with the irrational number. E.g. 1/8 =
0.125 and 1/6=0.1666
Voltage, temperature and pressure are
measured using analog devices like voltmeters,
thermometers and barometers.
23. DIGITAL COMPUTERS
The digit computer is a machine based on
digital technology which represents
information by numerical digit.
In Digital Computers data is represented as
discrete units of electrical pulses. The data is
measured in quantities represented as either
the ‘on’ or ‘off’ state.
Therefore, the results obtained from a digital
computer are accurate.
Virtually all of today’s computers are based
on digital computers.
24. HYBRID COMPUTERS
It combines the good features of both
analog & digital computers.
It has a speed of analog computer &
accuracy of digital computer.
Hybrid Computers accept data in analog
form and present output also in digitally.
The data however is processed digitally.
Therefore, hybrid computers require
analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog
converters for output.
25. Computer Fundamentals ─
Generations
Generation in computer terminology is a change in
technology a computer is/was being used. Initially,
the generation term was used to distinguish between
varying hardware technologies. Nowadays, generation
includes both hardware and software, which together
make up an entire computer system.
There are five computer generations known till date.
Each generation has been discussed in detail along
with their time period and characteristics. In the
following table, approximate dates against each
generation has been mentioned, which are normally
accepted.
Following are the main five generations of computers:
26.
27. The period of first generation was
from 1946-1959. The computers of
first generation used vacuum tubes
as the basic components for
memory and circuitry for CPU
(Central Processing Unit). These
tubes, like electric bulbs, produced
a lot of heat and the installations
used to fuse frequently. Therefore,
they were very expensive and only
large organizations were able to
afford it.
In this generation, mainly batch
processing operating system was
used. Punch cards, paper tape, and
magnetic tape was used as input
and output devices. The computers
in this generation used machine
code as the programming language.
The main
features of the
first generation
are:
Vacuum tube
technology
Unreliable
Supported
machine language
only
Very costly
Generated a lot
of heat
Slow input and
output devices
Huge size
Need of AC
Non-portable
Consumed a lot
of electricity
First
Generation
Computers
Some computers of this generation were:
ENIAC EDVAC UNIVAC
IBM-701 IBM-650
28. The period of second generation
was from 1959-1965. In this
generation, transistors were used
that were cheaper, consumed less
power, more compact in size, more
reliable and faster than the first
generation machines made of
vacuum tubes.
In this generation, magnetic cores
were used as the primary memory
and magnetic tape and magnetic
disks as secondary storage devices.
In this generation, assembly
language and high-level
programming languages like
FORTRAN, COBOL were used. The
computers used batch processing
and multiprogramming operating
system.
The main features of
second generation
are:
Use of transistors
Reliable in
comparison to first
generation computers
Smaller size as
compared to first
generation computers
Generated less heat
as compared to first
generation computers
Consumed less
electricity as
compared to first
generation computers
Faster than first
generation computers
Still very costly
AC required
Supported machine
and assembly
languages
Second
Generation
Computers
Some computers of this generation were:
IBM 1620 IBM 7094 CDC 1604
CDC 3600 UNIVAC 1108
29. The period of third generation was
from 1965-1971. The computers of
third generation used Integrated
Circuits (ICs) in place of
transistors. A single IC has many
transistors, resistors, and
capacitors along with the
associated circuitry.
The IC was invented by Jack Kilby.
This development made computers
smaller in size, reliable, and
efficient. In this generation remote
processing, time-sharing, multi-
programming operating system
were used. High-level languages
(FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL,
PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68
etc.) were used during this
generation.
The main
features of third
generation are:
IC used
More reliable in
comparison to
previous two
generations
Smaller size
Generated less
heat
Faster
Lesser
maintenance
Costly
AC required
Consumed
lesser electricity
Supported high-
level language
Third Generation
Computers
Some computers of this generation were:
IBM-360 series Honeywell-6000 series
PDP (Personal Data Processor)
IBM-370/168 TDC-316
30. The period of fourth generation was
from 1971-1980. Computers of
fourth generation used Very Large
Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI
circuits having about 5000
transistors and 18 other circuit
elements with their associated
circuits on a single chip made it
possible to have microcomputers of
fourth generation. Fourth generation
computers became more powerful,
compact, reliable, and affordable. As
a result, it gave rise to Personal
Computer (PC) revolution. In this
generation, time sharing, real time
networks, distributed operating
system were used. All the high-level
languages like C, C++, DBASE etc.,
were used in this generation.
The main
features of fourth
generation are:
VLSI technology
used
Very cheap
Portable and
reliable
Use of PCs
Very small size
Pipeline
processing
No AC required
Concept of
internet was
introduced
Great
developments in
the fields of
networks
Computers
became easily
available
Fourth
Generation
Computers
Some computers of this generation were:
DEC 10 19 STAR 1000 PDP 11
CRAY-1(Super Computer)
CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)
31. The period of fifth generation is 1980-
till date. In the fifth generation, VLSI
technology became ULSI (Ultra Large
Scale Integration) technology, resulting
in the production of microprocessor
chips having ten million electronic
components.
This generation is based on parallel
processing hardware and AI (Artificial
Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging
branch in computer science, which
interprets the means and method of
making computers think like human
beings. All the high-level languages like
C and C++, Java, .Net etc., are used in
this generation.
AI includes:
Robotics Neural Networks Game Playing
Development of expert systems to make
decisions in real-life situations Natural
language understanding and generation
The main
features of fifth
generation are:
ULSI technology
Development of
true artificial
intelligence
Development of
Natural language
processing
Advancement in
Parallel Processing
Advancement in
Superconductor
technology
More user-
friendly interfaces
with multimedia
features
Availability of
very powerful and
compact
computers at
cheaper rates
Fifth Generation
Computers
Some computer types of this generation are:
Desktop Laptop NoteBook
UltraBook ChromeBook
