AUDIO - VISUAL AIDS

1. WELCOME

2. INSTRUCTIONAL
MEDIA IN
NURSING
EDUCATION
PREPARED BY –
SUHEL KHAN
M.SC. NSG.
(MSN)

4. Audio-visual aids, audio-visual material,
audio-visual media, communication
technology, educational instructional
media; and learning resources-all these
terms, broadly speaking, means the same
thing. Earlier the term used was audio-
visual aids in education.
Audio Visual aids are methods of
communicating with people. Audio aids
communicate ideas through the ears to the
mind. There are varieties of audiovisual
aids which can be used. The aids include
films, slides, videos, overhead projection,
books, photographs, models and charts.

6. “Audio- Visual Aids can be any
device which can use to make the
learning experience more concrete,
more realistic and dynamic”.
- Kinder S James
“Audio- Visual Aids are those
sensory objects or images which
initiate or stimulate and reinforce
learning”.
- Burton.

7. •Improve and make teaching effective.
•Enable the audience to look listening and
learn.
•Make learning interesting and profitable.
•Quicken the phase of learning.
•Economics teacher’s effort.
•Develop the knowledge.
•Add newness & Variety to the lesson,
provides vicarious experience.
•Bring expected behavioral changes
among the learners.
• Stimulate curiosity.

8. •Increase and sustain attention
and concentration.
•Save time and energy.
•Stimulate thinking and
motivation.
•Change attitude or point of
learners.
•Develop quantity of thought.
•Contribute to growth or clear
understanding increases
vocabulary development.
CONTI…..

9. •They should be meaningful &
purposeful.
•They should be accurate in every
respect.
•They should be simple.
•They should be cheap.
•As far as possible, they should be
improvised.
•They should be large enough to be
properly seen by the students for
whom they are meant.

10. •Aid must be easy to see and
understand.
•Simple and direct.
•Easy to handle and transport
•Emphasizes the key point
•Good working condition
•Accurate
•Conveys up to date ideas
•Encourage the viewers to eye
your ideas.

11. •Avoid over-writing
•Letters should be neat, clear, easy to
hold, visible, simple words, leave the
space between letters give gaps
between words to word.
•By seeing the visual aids, the learner
should get interest, positive attitude.
•Select the colors which are natural of
related items, appealable, attractive,
clear and visible,
appropriate to the picture.
CONTI…..

12. •PRINCIPLE OF SELECTION
•PRINCIPLE OF
PREPERATION
•PRINCIPLE OF
PRESENTATION
•PRINCIPLE OF RESPONSE
•PRINCIPLE OF EVALUATION
•PRINCIPLE OF
PRESERVATION

13. AUDIO AIDS
VISUAL AIDS
AUDIO VISUAL AIDS
ACTIVITY AIDS

14. VISUAL AIDS
NON-
PROJECTED
AIDS
PROJECTED
AIDS

15. AUDIO AIDS
These are also an effective aid, usually radios,
recorders, gram phones come under this
category.
•Radio
•Tape recorder
•Gramophone
•Voice mail

16. Project
ed Aids
Non Projected Aids
Graphic
Aids
Display
Boards
3
Dimensional
aids
Audio Aids Activity Aids
1. Films
2. Film strips
3. Opaque
Projector
4. Over Head
Projector
5. Slider
1. Cartoons
2. Charts
3. Comics
4.Diagrams
5. Flash Cards
6. Graphs
7. Maps
8. Photo
graphs
9. Pictures
10. Posters
1. Black
Boards
2. Bulletin
3. Flannel
Board
4. Magnetic
Board
5. Peg Board
1. Diagrams
2. Models
3. Mockups
4. Objects
5. Puppets
6. Specimens
1. Radio
2. Tape recorder
3. Gramophone
4. Voice mail
1. Computer
assisted
instruction
2. Demonstration
3. Dramatic
4. Experimentation
5. Field trips
6. Programmmed
Instruction
7. Teaching
Machines
VISUAL AIDS:
PROJECTED AND NON PROJECTED AIDS-

17. VISUAL AIDS
PROJECTED AIDS
DEFINITION :
Projected visual aids are pictures shown upon a screen by
use of a certain type of machine such as a filmstrip
projector, slide projector, overhead projector or TV/VCR.
VALUES OF PROJECTED VISUALS
•Provides greater enjoyment in learning
•Stimulates more rapid learning
•Makes teaching situation adaptable to wider range
•Compels attention
•Enlarges or reduces actual size of objects
•Brings distant past and the present into the classroom
•Provides an easily reproduced record of an event
•Influences and changes attitudes

18. PROJECTED A.V. AIDS

19. 1.OVER HEAD PROJECTOR:
The over head projector is a device for
projecting a matter, which is written or
drawn on transparent sheet of acetate
on to a screen.
An OHP consists of a metal box with a
1000 watt bulb and a concave reflector,
a condenser lens illuminates the
transparency placed on the glass sheet
on the top of the box.

21. METHOD OF PREPARING TRASPARENCY:-
Various methods are used to prepare a
transparency. They include:
•Hand drawn transparency: as the name include,
using marker pens the required material is either
hand drawn or written. The marker pens are
available in water soluble forms or permanent form.
Permanent link can be erased by using spirit such
as after shave, whereas soluble link needs only a
wipe with a damp cloth.
•Photographic transparency: employing reflex
printing, negative or reflex printing paper can be
made, where some complicated drawing is pictured.
With these negatives, positives can be printed on
sensitized positive acetate.

22. PREPARATION OF OHP TRANSPARENCIES
•Transparencies should be simple , preferably
expressing a single concept on one sheet
•Letters should not be less than 6 mm in size.
Simple lettering style should be used for writing
•Figures and diagrams are to be relevant to the
content
•Only key messages should be emphasized;
overcrowding should be avoided
•Using different colors may attract student’s
attention
•There should be no more than 6 words in each line
and no more than 8 lines in each transparency.
•Leave margin at each end of the acetate

23. PRECAUTIONS
1. Do not keep the bulb on for a long time,
it can overheat the projector and
damage the acetate transparencies as
well as the bulb. Switch off the bulb
after every 5- 10 min of use of the
projector keeping the blower for some
time.
2. Do not shift the overhead projector when
the bulb is on as the filament of the bulb
may break due to jerks during shifting.
3. Do not keep the OHP too low, as it will
make the image distorted.

24. ADVANTAGES
a) It permits the teacher to stand in front of the class while
using the projector, thus enabling her to point out
features appearing on the screen by pointing to the
materials at the projector itself and at the same time, to
observe the students reactions to her discussion.
b) Gains attention of the student.
c) The use of OHP can be quite cheap as transparencies
can be used repeatedly.
d) With an OHP, the teacher is always facing the students
keeping on eye contact which is not possible with other
projection equipments.
e) Save time and energy.
f) Transparencies is less pollutant and less strenuous than
using a chalkboard.

25. DISADVANTAGES
•Non-availability of teaching material.
•It is difficult to transport.
•It is not possible to use outside the
classroom.
•When the projector is not in use it should be
covered so that no dust gets disposed on its
lenses and bulb which will make image on
screen dull.
•Do not keep the bulb on for a long time, it
can overheat the projector and damage the
transparencies as well as the bulb switch off
the bulb after every 5 to 10 minutes of use of
the projector.

26. AFTERCARE OF THE EQUIPMENT
a) Collect the transparencies and
preserve them for further use.
b) Nerve moves the machine,
while the lamp is still hot.
c) Clean the lens with a moist pad
detergent cleaner .
d) Cover the OHP and keep it
safely.

27. OVER HEAD TRANSPERENCIES
Transparencies are
popular instructional
medium. They are
simple to prepare and
easy to prepare and
easy to operate with the
over head projector
which is light weight.

28. 2.THE OPAQUE
PROJECTOR
The projection of real magnified
images on a screen directly from
pictures and drawings on paper is
called opaque projections. Opaque
projector is the only projector on
which you can project a variety of
materials ex: - book pages, objects,
coins, postcards, or any other similar
flat material that is non-transparent.

29. The opaque projector will
project and simultaneously
enlarge, directly from the
originals, printed matter, all
kinds of written or pictorial
matter in any sequence derived
by the teacher. It requires a dark
room, as projector is large and
not reality movables.

31. ADVANTAGES
•Stimulates attention and arouses interest.
•Can project a wide range of materials like stamps, coins,
specimen, when one copy is available.
•Can be used for enlarging drawings, pictures and maps.
•Does not require any written or typed materials, hand-written
material can be used.
•Helps students to retain knowledge for longer period.
•Flat specimen like coins, cloth pieces, leaves etc can also be
projected during lessons.
•Because of possibilities of enlargement, the opaque projector can
be seen conveniently by a large number of students.
•Review instructional problems.
•Test knowledge and ability.
•Simple operation.

32. DISADVANTAGES
•Costly equipment.
•Needs to use it with
care.
•Need a dark room for
projection.

33. 3. SLIDE PROJECTOR
A slide is a small piece of
transparent material on which a
single pictorial image or scene or
graphic image has been
photographed or reproduced
otherwise. Slides are a form of
projected media that are easy to
prepare.

35. ADVANTAGES
•Requires only filming,
processing and mounting by
self or laboratory.
•Results in colorful, realistic,
reproduction original subject.
•Preparation with any 35mm
camera for most uses.
•Easy to revise and up-date.
•Easily handled, stored and re-
arranged for various uses.

36. 4. FILMSTRIPS
Film strips are sequence of
transparent still pictures with
individual frames on 35mm film. A
tap recorded narration can be
synchronized with film strip.
Each strip contains from 12 to 18
or more pictures. It is a fixed
sequence of related stills on a roll of
35mm film or 8mm film.

38. TYPES OF FILMSTRIP:-
•Discussion filmstrip: It is
continuous strip of film consisting
of individual frames arranged in
sequence usually with explanatory
titles.
•Sound slide film: It is similar to
filmstrip but instead of explanatory
titles or spoken discussion recorded
explanation is audible, which is
synchronized with the pictures.

39. ADVANTAGES:
•Are compact, easily handled and
always in proper sequence.
•Can be supplemented with
recordings.
•Are inexpensive when quantity
reproduction is required.
•Are useful for group or individual
study at projection rate are
controlled by instructor or user.

40. 5.LCD PROJECTOR
An LCD (liquid-crystal display)
projector is a type of video
projector for displaying video,
images or computer data on a
screen or other flat surface. The
LCD projected used in a variety of
situation for numerous different
purpose.

42. ADVANTAGES
•LCD technology is designed
to project bright, clear and
vivid image.
•LCD projector faithfully
reproduce the visible color
spectrum to deliver a true
expression of color, with
smooth gradations in the
dark and light areas.

43. DISADVANTAGES
•Clarity and visibility of the projected images
are reduced when used in well-lit
environment.
•Smooth, white, flat surface is required to
project.
•Projectors do not have self- playing capacity.
It requires input from the computer.
•Expensive.
•Technical knowledge and skill is essential to
use the projector effectively.
•Video output alone presented and requires
audio supplementation by the presenter.

44. NON-PROJECTEDA.V. AIDS

45. NON-PROJECTED AIDS
Non projected aids are those that do not require the use
of audiovisual equipment such as a projector and
screen. Included in this category are charts, graphs,
maps, illustrations, photographs, brochures, and
handouts. They are all much the same except that study
prints are mounted and curriculum oriented.
USES OF NON-PROJECTED AIDS
•Educators, scholars and students may use or display
non projected images in connection with lectures or
presentations in their field.
•It motivates the students.
•It presents matter symbolically.
•It presents abstract , ideas in visual forms.
•It creates problems and stimulates thinking

46. •CHARTS
Presenting factual information by teachers in the form of
charts also develops learner’s. Ability to comprehend given
ideas and information. Preparing a chart may reduce chalk-
board activities. Charts are the graphic teaching materials, it
can be defined as illustrative visual media for depicting a
logical relationship between main ideas and supporting facts.

47. TYPES OF CHARTS
•Tree chart
•Chain chart Stream chart
•Tabular chart
•Flow chart
•Organization chart
•Genology chart
•Narrative chart
•Time chart

48. •Flip Charts
A set of chart related to specific topic have been
tagged together and hang on a supporting
stand. The individual charts will carry a series
of related materials or messages or sequence.
The salient points of specific topic will
be presented.

49. •CHALK BOARD
The most commonly available aid in the classroom
situation is the blackboard. Now since boards are
available in many colors, such as green, white etc, we
can call them chalk-boards. These can be used for
writing words and summaries or drawing pictures,
diagrams, maps, etc. They can be used again and again,
as they can be easily cleaned
with a duster.

51. •MAGNETICBOARD
A magnetic chalk board is a framed iron sheet
carrying porcelain coating in some dark color
generally black or green. A magnetic chalk board can
be used in:
•To write with chalk sticks, glass marking crayons
and pencils.
•To display pictures, cut-outs and light objects with
disc magnets or magnetic holders.

52. •BULLETIN BOARDS
A bulletin board is the display board which shows
the visual learning materials in specific subject. It is
usually in the form of a framed soft board, or cork-
board with the help of thumb tacks. Bulletin boards
have a blue blazer cloth to work as the back- drop
and their most recommended size is 1.5mx 2m.

53. •POSTERS
Posters are the graphic aids with short quick and
typical messages with attention capturing
paintings. A poster may be used for-
•Advertising an event and products
•Campaigning for a cause
•Giving a directive
•Popularization a slogan
Drawing attention towards desirable actions and
values .

55. •HANDOUT / HANDBILL----
The briefing of a session in a single sheet. Use
simple, clear language with short sentences. If
needed sketches graphs should be drawn and
labeled. Give title or subtitle, underlines the
keywords. Handout may be given well in
advance to orient interested group about the
purpose, aims and objectives of the
presentation or after completion of
presentation to leave a record of lesson and
follow up.

56. •NEWSPAPERS –
The newspaper furnishes
many examples which can be
used to introduce lessons.
Health messages can be
published in local languages
which can reach to the public
easily. The information is
available in low cost, easy to
read in local languages.

57. •PAMPHLETS ---
Paper can be folded into two or
three or five, the matter will be
printed either single sides or both
sides.

58. •LEAFLETS—
Single sheet of
paper to make a
full page of printed
matter on single
side.

59. •FLASHCARDS
•Small compact cards which flash before the
class to bring ant ideas.
•10-12 inches or 20-28 inches in size.
•Used to small group not over 30.
•Provides variety and activity in the class.
•The message can be in brief, it may be simple
line drawing photographs of cartoons and the
content will be written in few lines at the back
of each flashcard.
•10-12 cards for one talk can be used
•Prepare a picture for each idea.
•It can be used either individually or in
combination with other charts.

61. •GRAPHS----
Graphs are the visual teaching
aids for presenting statistical
information and contrasting the
trends or changes of certain
attributes. Graphs make
presentation of quantitative data
interpretable and readily
understood.

62. TYPES OF GRAPH:
-BAR GRAPH
-LINE GRAPH
-PIE GRAPH
-PICTORIAL GRAPH

63. The three dimensional Aids
• Globes –
They are three dimensional
representation of the earth in a
spherical manner. We can see
the physical unity of the world,
the relation of one part to all rest
and the direction of one part of
the world relative to another.

64. Dioramas ----
It is a three dimensional
arrangement of related objects
models and cutouts to illustrate
central theme or concept. The
objects are generally places in a big
box or a showcase with a glass
covering and a background painted
with a shade or a classroom for
students to have a close look at it in
relation to an instructional
segment.

65. Cartoons ----
It is the metaphorical presentation of
reality. The logic of cartoon lies in
implication. It is simple clear which
tells the stories without too much
explanation the symbol used should
be familiar and represent an idea. A
cartoon is a figurative and subtitle
graphic add.

66. Puppets ------
One of the old and popular arts in
Indian villages have been puppetry.
Puppets can serve as an effective add
to learning. They can be made to
illustrate lessons. Events of tales in an
interesting and vivid manner, if they
are accompanied by effective
narratives. It is necessary to have a
great deal of action in puppetry as
well as plenty of dancing.

67. Comic Strip-
A comic strip is the graphic depiction
in a series of picture or sketches of
some character and events full of
action. This medium of
communication is found very
interesting and exiting by children.
For telling stories, historical events,
life histories, scientific process etc.

69. ABSTRACT
Statement:
Effectiveness of Audio-Visual Aids in Medical
Education.
Background:
The advancement of various audio-visual (AV) aids in
the present era has led to progressive changes in
education. Uses of AV aids play a key role in medical
education to learn and understand a particular topic.
As the subject of anatomy involves more of
illustrations and demonstrations, AV aids become
essential in conveying the necessary information.
Therefore the present study aims to assess the
students’ perspective about the use of AV aids in
teaching anatomy.

70. Material and methods:
The present cross sectional study was carried
out involving 189 first year MBBS students. The
students were asked to put forth their
preferences for the different AV tools that would
help them to understand the subject better. A
questionnaire was therefore constructed
accordingly and was distributed to the students
at the end of the academic year 2013-14. The
responses ranged from strongly disagree to
strongly agree with a score of 1-5. The results
were expressed in percentages and were
tabulated.

71. Results and conclusion:
The most common AV aid preferred
was PowerPoint but the combination of
aids was also suggested that would
make an impact in effective learning.
The present study not only assesses
the effectiveness of the AV aids used in
teaching Anatomy but also highlights
the students’ valuable opinions and
ideas which could be implemented in
future for active learning.