5. “Teaching aids are those sensory objects
or images which initiate, stimulate and
reinforce learning”
- Burton
6.
7.
8.
9. PURPOSES
• Improve and make teaching effective
• Enable the audience to look ,listen
and learn
• Make learning interesting and
profitable
• Foster the knowledge.
• Stimulate curiosity
• Use of maximum senses
10. • The student acquires clear, accurate
and vivid image during the process
of learning.
• Increase and sustain attention
and concentration.
• Save time and energy
• Stimulate thinking and motivate
action.
11. PRINCIPL
ES
1.Principles of selection
Av aids should suit the teaching
objectives, according to the group
of learners
True representative of real
things It should stimulate
interest and motivation.
12. 2.Principles of
preparation
Locally available materials should
be used.
The teachers should receive some
training in the preparation of aids.
Students may be associated in
the preparation of aids.
13. 3. Principles of Handling
Arrangement of keeping aids safely
and also to facilitate their lending to
the teachers for use.
14. 4.Principles of
presentation
Carefully visualize the used of teaching
aid before their actual presentation.
Adequate handling of aid to
prevent damaging.
They should fully
acquaint . Display
properly
49. CHARTS
•
Charts are the graphic aids
depicting information in the form of
tables, pictures, graphic and
diagram.
- Kinder
50. PURPOSES
• To motivate the students.
• To show continuity in the process
• To stimulate thinking.
• To present abstract ideas in visual
forms.
51. GUIDELINES
• The size of letters for captions and
tables be 2-3 cm
• Colour should be in contrast with
the background.
• Too many details should be avoid.
• It should be neat and tidy
• Strong paper should be used.
• One chart should be used for
displaying information about one
subjects only.
52.
53.
54. 2. Chain chart- arrangement of facts
and ideas for expressing cycles.
59. 7.Flip chart- a
set of charts
related to
some
specific topic
have been
tagged
together and
hanged on a
supporting
stand
60. ADVANTAGES
• It can be prepared in advance.
• It is easy to carry or transport.
• It stimulates audience involvement.
• It can be hang on the wall.
• It attracts student’s interest.
• It is very cost effective.
• It can be kept for the further
reference.
61. LIMITATIONS
• It can be destroyed by the
contact of water and fire.
• It is more time consuming
for preparation.
• It cannot be shown to a large
number of audiences.
• One chart contains regarding a
specific subject topic.
62. GRAPH
• Graphs are the visual teaching aids
for presenting statistical information
and contrasting the trends of
changes of certain attributes.
63. PRINCIPLES
• -avoid fancy formatting
• -skip the unnecessary chart junk.
• -format large numbers where
possible.
• -make effective use of chart titles.
• Sort your data before charting.
64. TYPES
• BAR GRAPH:-A
Bar graph consists
of the bars
arranged either
horizontally or
vertically from an
origin base. Two
perpendicular lines
from a point (called
origin) work as the
reference lines
65. • 2. PIE GRAPH: -This is also known
as distribution graph. Pie diagram
or circle diagram. The data are
presented through the sections of
portions of a circle.
66. 3. PICTORIAL GRAPH: -A pictorial graph
consists of pictures of the same type but
of different sizes. Pictures are used for
the expression of ideas they are more
attractive and easily understood
67. 4. LINE GRAPH:A free hand smooth line
through various points indicating the
instantaneous values of two variables at
various points is called line graph
68.
69. POSTER
• Poster may be a method of
communicating information and
knowledge and educating the public
and professional peers.
70.
71. PURPOSE
• Popularizing a slogan
• Giving direction
• Propaganda
• To make instant speech
• To convey single ideas
72. PRINCIPLES
Message conveyed should
be consised
• BREVITY :
• SIMPLICITY: Message should be
easily understandable.
• CONCEPT: Should be based on a single
or
Should be simple and
attractive
relevant idea.
• LAYOUT:
• COLOUR: Should be attractive and
eye catching with suitable colours .
73. GUIDELINES
• Headings should be written in
bold letters
• Language should be easy and
simple
• Attractive colour should be used.
74. ADVANTAGES
• Complex ideas and concepts can
be conveyed more easily through
posters .
• Posters are very attractive and
hence they convey the message
more quickly.
• Posters promote student skills
in creativity.
• They can stand alone and
self explanatory.
77. INTRODUCTION
• Flash cards are a set of compact, pictured,
paper cards of the same size, that are flashed
one by one in a logical sequence. They can be
self made & are made up of chart paper,
drawing paper, plain paper using colors or
painting.
78. PREPARATION
• The card should be prepared in such a
manner, that they are simple, attractive,
& colorful.
• Bold lettering& illustration should be
used on the cards.
• The number should be cards not be
more than 15 or 20.
• The presenter should be thorough with
the content of the flash cards.
79.
80.
81.
82. PRESENTATION
• The presenter should give a brief
introduction to the audience.
• She should hold the card at the chest
level with both the hands to facilitate
visualization by the learners.
• She should flash the card in front of the
learners, just for a very short period.
83. ADVANTAGES
• They can be used easily for
illiterate groups.
• They & convey messages
quickly.
• They are easy to prepare, portable
& economic.
• They can be used to introduce,
present & review a topic
84. LIMITATIONS
• These are time consuming
• Not suitable for all topics
• Not effective for large
groups.
85. FLANNEL GRAPH
• A Flannel board is a display board
made of wood, cardboard or straw
board covered with colored flannel
or woollen cloth and propped up on
easel.
86.
87. • Display material like the cut-outs,
pictures, drawing and light objects
will stick to the flannel board
temporarily.
88.
89.
90.
91. GUIDELINES
• The materials should be displayed
in an attractive manner.
• It should be clearly visible by all
the person.
• Size of pictures should be
appropriate.
• Overcrowding on the board should
be avoided.
• It should be neat and orderly.
92. ADVANTAGES
• Permits the development of a
complete story.
• Permits the use of either chart or
small pieces of material.
• Materials can be packed and
transferred easily.
• Permits use of various colours,
which may be used for specific
purposes.
93. LIMITATIONS
• Materials must be attractively
prepared.
• Presentation is limited.
• Time consuming.
• It cant be used for large groups.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108. CHARACTERISTICS OF
CARTOONS
•Cartoons should be of appropriate size so that everyone can
see them and understand the message appropriately.
•Cartoons must be drawn according to the age and educational
level of the learners to ensure their appropriateness for the
target group.
•The symbols used in cartoons must be clear and
understandable.
•Use of text must be minimal and should be meaningful.
•Cartoons should be self explanatory and instructive.
•Cartoons should be funny, interesting and humorous.
114. • Planning of the specimen display should
be such that simple and direct
visualization of specimen is possible by
all the learners with a great level of ease.
• Ask question from the students to elicit
more details and feature of specimen
under observation.
115. • The teacher must provides details of the
structure of an specimen under display and
of her clarification when and where
needed.
• Teacher must ensure feedback and
further practice so that students can
learn the specimen thoroughly under
observation.
116. ADVANTAGES
• Collection of specimens by the students
requires interaction with others leading to
the development of social skills and
values.
• Develops observational skills.
• Makes classroom teaching lively.
• Student can get the first hand
experience.
• Arouse student’s interest in learning.
118. DEFINITION :
• Models may be defined as three
dimensional representations of a real thing.
They reduce large objects to assize
convenient for observation and produce
interior view of the objects.
119. MATERIAL USED IN THE PREPERATION
OF THE MODEL
• Cardboard
• Plastic
• Plaster of paris
• Wax
• Wood
• Clay
• Thermocol
120. CLASSIFICATION OF MODELS
1. SCALE MODELS:- In order to form
a correct idea of an object, scale
model are used. For example model
of organ of human body.
121. 2.WORKING MODELS:-
such models are used to
demonstrate in a simple way, an
operation or process.
For example the working model of
human heart.
123. ADVANTAGES:
• They help in stimulating a real
stimulation
• It gives the learners visuals, tactic and
oral stimuli which increase the learning
experience.It can explain concept,
structure and working of parts.
• Working model will secure immediate
attentions and serve as motivation to
learn.
124. DISADVANTAGES :
• The models are quite costly.
• Needs more storage space.
• They are useful only teaching
small groups.
• Require skill and talent to
prepare.
125. PUPPETS
DEFINITION
• A movable model of a person or
animal that is typically moved
either by strings controlled from
above or by a hand inside it.
130. SHADOW PUPPETS-;
• These are a special type of flat
pictures in which the shadow is
seen through a translucent screen.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135. PAMPHLETS
• A pamphlet is an
unbound booklet (that
is, without a hard
cover or binding). It
may consist of a
single sheet of paper
that is printed on
both sides and
folded in half, in
thirds, or in fourths
(called a leaflet), or it
may consist of a few
pages that are folded.
136. PURPOSES
• It is an economical vehicle for the
broad distribution of information.
• Pamphlets may be given orientation
about the presentation topic to the
learner.
• Give clear and brief image about the
topic.
• Spread of education in mass scale.
137. ADVANTAGES
• Flexible and portable .
• Facilitatesindividualized learning .
• Can be reproduced in any
language .
• Information can be reached to a
large group.
• They are cost effective.
• Used as health educatory
material in community
138. LIMITATION
• Presentation is very important if
not found to be attractive will be
easily thrown out.
• It cannot beused for illiterates & It
cannot be presented for a longer
time.
139. LEAFLETS
• A leaflet is simple sheet carrying
helpful information on useful
themes. it is a Single sheet of paper
folded to make a full page of printed
matter.
140. A LEAFLET SHOULD BE :
• attractive
• colourful
• Illustrated with pictures
• Simple and precise
• Useful
• Self- explanatory
• Informative
141. ADVANTAGES
• Information can be reached to a
large group
• Within a short time.
• They are highly economic.
• Flexible and portable .
• Can be reproduced in any
language .
142. DISADVANTAGES
• Presentation is very important if
not found to be attractive will be
easily thrown out.
• It cannot beused for illiterates.
• It cannot be presented for a
longer time.
143. SLIDES
• A slide is a small piece of
transparent material on which a
single pictorial image or scene or
graphic image has been
photographed.
146. ADVANTAGES
– Easy to revise and update.
– Easily handled, stored and
rearranged for various uses.
– Arouse interest.
– They attract attention.
– Easier Note Taking
– Better Use of Class Time
147. DISADVANTAGES
• Only diagrams, pictures,
photographs and abbreviated text
can be presented.
• This method requires a
significant amount of
imaginative and creative skills.
148. OVER HEAD PROJECTOR
• The over head projector is a very
vital teaching aid which has made
projections so simple and easy that
it has replaced a chalk board
completely in many class rooms.
149.
150. PREPARING YOUR OWN
TRANSPARENCIES:-
• Transparency layout:-The most important
basic principle in presentation is
simplicity.
• Use a few well-chosen words, or
sentences and drive the message
• No more than 8 words per line.
• No more than 8 lines per transparency
• No more than 25 words per transparency
• 8mm is the minimum letter height.
152. ADVANTAGES
• The use of over head projector can be
quite cheap as transparencies can be
used repeatedly.
• With an over head projector the
teacher is always facing the students
keeping an eye contact which is not
possible with other projection
equipments.
• An over head projector can be used
in a normally lighted room.
153. FILMS
• Film strip is a
series of
sequence slides
on a piece of film
covering a large
portion of a
lesson.
154. ADVANTAGES:
• Are compact, easily handled &
always in proper sequence.
• Can be supplemented with
recordings.
• useful for group or individual study
at projection rate controlled by
instructor or user.
• projected with simple light
weight equipment.
156. TELEVISION
• Television is a powerful medium of
communication that calls for the use
of auditory as well as visual sense
of the learners in receiving
education
157. ADVANTAGES
• Television program are well planned and
presented is thus providing higher quality
of instruction.
• They are attractive thereby
holding attention of the students.
• It reduces dependency on teacher.
• Television provides in-service training for
teacher to improve their teaching skills
and methods.
158. LIMITATION
• Television is a one-way
communication device and as such
it does not provide for interaction.
• Teaching through television
is expensive.
• The learner remains as passive
spectator and not an active
participant
159. VCR/VCD
• The video cassette recorder
helps to enhance the
educational and entertainment
values of television.
• Effectiveness
• Duplicated for use
• Played back
160.
161. LCD(Liquid Crystal Display)
• An LCD projector is a type of video
projector for displaying video images or
computer data on a screen.
• LCD projector are increasingly being
used in meeting ,training session,
classroom education and visual
entertainment.
162. ADVANTAGES
• It is considered very interesting
and visually attractive for the
audience.
• Large image
• Light weight
• Class control
163. LIMITATION
• It is quite an expensive electronic
gadget that not easy to afford.
• Teacher and faculty require technical
skills of computer and PowerPoint
presentation while using LCD
projector.
• In case of power failure or technical
failure, it may cause a lot of problem,
which are very difficult to manage at
the last minute.
164. TAPE RECORDER
• Tape recorder is a useful auditory aid
at the service of the teacher. it is an
effective recording instrument that
can be successfully used for
teaching. It calls for the use of
auditory senses to convey the
educational message to the learner
165.
166. PUBLIC ADDRESS
SYSTEM
• A PAS is an electronic system
comprising microphones, amplifiers,
loud speakers and related equipment.
• It increases the apparent volume
of a human voice ,musical
instrument
• PAsystem are used in any public venue
that requires an announcer, performer
etc & is sufficient audible at a distance
or over a large area.
