This document summarizes the history and evolution of Intel processors from 1971 to the present. It describes each major Intel CPU from the 4004 (the first microprocessor) through modern processors like the Core i7. For each processor, it provides the release year, key characteristics like transistor count, frequency, and architecture details. It explains how Intel's processors incorporated more advanced features over time like larger caches, multicore designs, and power efficiency improvements.

1. NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT
************
: Computer Organization and
Architecture
LECTURER: TRY SOCHEAT
HOMEWORK
1. History of Intel Processors
2. Translation of Computer
: SOM SAVAT
Email: somsavat99@gmail.com
2013 -2014
1. History Of Intel Processors
- CPU (Central Processing Unit)
CPU Microprocessor
CPU

2. Silicon
- Intel 4004 – 4Bit (1971)
First microprocessor (Nov 15, 1971)
o For Busicom calculator
Characteristics
o 10um process
o PMOS
o 2300 transistors
o 400- 800 kHz
o 4-bit work size
o 16-pin DIP package
- Intel 8008 – 8Bit (1972)
8-bit follow-on (Apr 1, 1972)
o Dumb teminals
Characteristics
o 10 um process
o Enhancement load PMOS logic
o 3500 – 800 kHz transistors
o 8-bit word size
o 18-pin DIP package
Note 8-bit data paths
o Individual transistors visible
8-bit follow-on (Apr 1, 1972)
- Intel 8080 – 8 Bit (1974)
16-bit address bus (Apr 1, 1974)

3. o Used in Altair computer
o Traffic light controller
o Cruise missile
Characteristics
o 6 um process
o Enhancement load PMOS logic
o 6000 transistors
o 2MHz
o 8-bit word size
o 40-pin DIP package
o 10x the performance of the 8008
- Intel 8086/8088 PC XT – 16Bit (20Bit) (1979)
16-bit processor (June, 1978-1979)
o IBM PC and PC XT
o Revolutionary products
o Introduced x86 ISA
Characteristics
o 3 um process
o 29k transistors
o 5-10 MHz
o 16-bit word size
o 40-pin DIP package
10x the performance of 8080
- Intel 80286 (1982)
Virtual memory (Feb 1, 1982)
o IBM PC-AT

4. Characteristics
o 1.5 um process
o 134k transistors
o 6-12 MHz
o 16-bit word size
Regular data-paths and ROMs
ROMs
Bit-slices clearly visible
3-6X the performance of the 8086
- Intel 80386 Microprocessor
32-bit processor (Oct 17, 1985 )
o Modem x86 ISA
Characteristics
o 1 um process
o 275k transistors
o 16-33 MHz
o 32-bit worda size
o 100-pin PGA(Pin Grid Array)
32-bit data-path
Microcode ROM, synthesized control
- Intel 80486 Microprocessor
Pipelining (Apr 10,1989)
o Floating point unit

5. o 8 KB cache
Characteristics
o 1-0.6 mm process
o 1.2M transistors
o 25-100 MHz
o 32-bit word size
o 168-pin PGA
Cache, Integer datapath,
FPU, microcode,
Synthesized control
50X performance of the 8088
- Pentium
Superscalar architecture (Mar 22, 1993)
o 2 instructions per cycle
o Separate 8KB I$ & D$
Characteristics
o 0.8-0.35 mm process
o 3.2M transistors
o 60-300 MHz
o 32-bit word size
o 296-pin PGA
Caches, datapath,
FPU, control
Runs on 5 volts
- Pentium Pro / II / III
Dynamic execution (Nov 1995-9)
o 3 micro-ops / cycle
o Out of order execution
o 16-32 KB I$ & D$

6. o Multimedia instructions
o PIII adds 256+ KB L2$
Characteristics
o 0.6-0.18 mm process
o 5.5M-28M transistors
o 166-1000 MHz
o 32-bit word size
- Pentium 4
Deep pipeline (Nov 20,2000)
o Very fast clock
o 256-1024 KB L2$
Characteristics
o 180 – 65 nm process
o 42-125M transistors
o 1.4-3.4 GHz
o Up to 160 W
o 32/64-bit word size
o 478-pin PGA
Units start to become
Invisible on this scale
- Pentium M
Pentium III derivative (2002)
o Better power efficiency
o 1-2 MB L2$
Characteristics

7. o 130 – 90 nm process
o 140M transistors
o 0.9-2.3 GHz
o 6-25 W
o 32-bit word size
o 478-pin PGA
Cache dominates chip area
- Intel 2005-Present
Core2 Duo
Dual core (July 27,2006)
o 1-2 MB L2$ / core
Characteristics
o 65-45 nm process
o 291M transistors
o 1.6-3+ GHz
o 65 W
o 32/64 bit word size
o 775 pin LGA
Much better performance/power efficiency
- Core I7
Quad core (& more) (Nov 17,2008)
o Refinement of Core architecture
o 2 MB L3$ / core

8. Characteristics
o 45-32 nm process
o 731M transistors
o 2.66-3.33+ GHz
o Up to 130 W
o 32/64 bit word size
o 1366-pin LGA
o Multithreading
On-die memory controller
- Atom
Low power CPU for netbooks
o Pentium-style architecture
o 512KB+ L2$
Characteristics
o 45-32 nm process
o 47M transistors
o 0.8-1.8+ GHz
o 1.4-13 W
o 32/64-bit word size
o 441-pin FCBGA
Low voltage (0.7 – 1.1 V) operation
o Excellent performance/power