3. Map with the main voyages of the age of discoveries, 1482-1524
4. Age of Discovery: Overview
The Portuguese began systematically
exploring the Atlantic coast of Africa from
1418, under the sponsorship of Prince
Henry I
In 1488 Bartolomeu Dias reached the
Indian Ocean by this route.
In 1492, racing to find a trade route to
Asia, the Spanish monarchs funded
Christopher Columbus’s plan to sail west
to reach the Indies by crossing the
Atlantic. He landed on an uncharted
continent, then seen by Europeans as a
new world, America.
To prevent conflict between Portugal and
Spain, a treaty was signed dividing the
world into two regions of exploration,
where each had exclusive rights to claim
newly discovered lands.
In 1498, a Portuguese expedition
commanded by Vasco da Gama finally
achieved the dream of reaching India by
sailing around Africa, opening up direct
trade with Asia.
Soon, the Portuguese sailed further
eastward, to the valuable spice islands in
East and west exploration overlapped in
1522, when Portuguese navigator
Ferdinand Magellan led a Spanish
expedition West, achieving the first
circumnavigation of the world, while
Spanish conquistadors explored inland
Americas, and later, some of the South
Pacific islands.
Since 1495, the French and English
and, much later, the Dutch entered the
race of exploration after learning of
these exploits, defying the Iberian
monopoly on maritime trade by
searching for new routes, first to the
north, and into the Pacific Ocean around
South America, but eventually by
following the Portuguese around Africa
into the Indian Ocean, discovering
Australia in 1606,
New Zealand in 1642, and
Hawaii in 1778.
Meanwhile, from the 1580s to the 1640s
Russians explored and conquered
almost the whole of Siberia.
5. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS AND THE SPANISH EMPIRE
Prior to 1492 and Christopher Columbus' voyage to the
Americas, Spain's only possession of any consequence
outside Europe were the Canary Islands.
By the mid-sixteenth century, however, Spain would control
much of the Caribbean, large portions of the Americas and
parts of Africa.
This rapid acquisition of overseas possessions was
accompanied and aided by the establishment and
consolidation of hegemony in Europe through a series of
political marriages.
Instead of waging battles to spread its power and influence,
the prolific Habsburgs preferred to use the bonds of marriage
to link their household to others. This ensured that the
number of threats to Habsburg possessions in Europe would
remain at a minimum and would free Spanish resources to
conquer overseas territory.
Spain politically, socially, and economically dominated her
large empire and, unlike the Portuguese, who were limited to
coastal regions and tenuously held outposts, the Spaniards
were able to penetrate inland and establish much more
permanent settlements.
6. Portuguese trade routes (blue) since Vasco da Gama's 1498
journey and the Spanish Manila-Acapulco galleons trade routes
(white) established in 1568
7. Vasco da Gama's passage to
India
A 16th-
century
Portugues
ship used
in the
Indian
Ocean
trade
routes
8.
9.
10. INS Vikrant circa 1984 carrying a unique complement of Sea Harriers,
Sea Hawks, Allouette & Sea King helicopters and Alize ASW.jpg
11. INS Mysore on deployment in the Gulf of
Aden to check piracy
20. Indian Navy has shown interest in the Air Force's
Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft
21. AAI manages 126 airports, which include 11 international airports, 89 domestic airports
and 26 civil enclaves at Defense airfields.
All major air-routes over Indian landmass are Radar covered (24 Radar installations at 11
locations) along with VOR (Omnidirectional Radio Range) /DVOR (Doppler VOR)
coverage (72 installations) co-located with Distance Measuring Equipment (71
installations)
39 runways provided with ILS installations; Night Landing Facilities at 36 airports; and
Automatic Message Switching System at 15 airports.
Automatic Dependence Surveillance system, using indigenous technology, at Kolkata
and Chennai Air Traffic Control Centers, enabling effective Air Traffic Control over
oceanic areas using satellite communication.
Use of remote controlled VHF coverage, along with satellite communication links, has
given added strength to our Air Traffic Management System.
Linking of 80 locations by V-Sat installations vastly enhances Air Traffic Management
and safety of aircraft operations besides enabling administrative and operational control
over our extensive airport network.
22. Functions of AAI
Control and management of the Indian airspace extending beyond the territorial
limits of the country, as accepted by ICAO
Design, Development, Operation and Maintenance of International and Domestic
Airports and Civil Enclaves.
Construction, Modification and Management of Passenger Terminals
Development and Management of Cargo Terminals at International and Domestic
airports.
Provision of Passenger Facilities and Information System at the Passenger
Terminals at airports.
Expansion and strengthening of operation area viz. Runways, Aprons, Taxiway, etc.
Provision of visual aids.
Provision of Communication and Navigational aids viz. ILS, DVOR, DME, Radar,
etc.
23. Air Navigation Services
In tune with global approach to modernization of Air Navigation infrastructure for
seamless navigation across state and regional boundaries, AAI has plans for
transition to satellite based Communication, Navigation, Surveillance and Air Traffic
Management.
A number of co-operation agreements and Memoranda of Co-operation have been
signed with US Federal Aviation Administration, US Trade and Development Agency,
European Union, Air Services Australia and the French Government, co-operative
projects and studies initiated to gain from their experience.
Through these activities more and more executives of AAI are being exposed to
the latest technology, modern practices and procedures to improve the overall
performance of Airports and Air Navigation Services.
New and improved procedure have been adopted with induction of new
equipments. Some of the major initiatives in this direction are introduction of:
Reduced Vertical Separation Minima (RVSM) in Indian airspace to increase
airspace capacity and reduce congestion in the air and
implementation of GPS and Geo Augmented Navigation GAGAN jointly with
ISRO which, when in operation, would be one of the four such systems in the
world.
24. Precision Approaches and their Accuracies
Courtesy: Per Enge, Aircraft Landing Systems Based on GPS & GALILEO
25. Precision Landing Approaches with Local Area Augmentation System
(1 of 2)
GAGAN is a space-based augmentation system, in contrast with a
wide area augmentation system (WAAS) or local area augmentation
system (LAAS)
For precise landing approaches, the Local Area Augmentation System
(LAAS) is employed which works in a sequence depicted in the figures
below:
Courtesy: www.faa.gov
31. Use OF GAGAN and IRNSS for Position, Velocity,
and Time Determination
The GPS receivers on the ground stations receive the signals from four or
more GPS satellites.
The receivers comprehend the navigation data contained in the signals
and send a message to the Master Control Centre (MCC) where the
errors in the GPS signals are calculated.
A message containing the corrections in the received GPS signals is
generated at the MCC and is sent to the Land Uplink Stations, which
transmit these messages to the geostationary satellites.
The geostationary satellites broadcast these corrections in order that the
navigating vehicle, equipped with a GPS receiver, receives these
correction messages and corrects the GPS signals accordingly. In this
manner, the navigating vehicle can determine its position, velocity and
time with an increased accuracy.
The above technique uses the GPS signals. In future, after the
implementation of the IRNSS, the GPS satellite signals would be replaced
by the IRNSS signals.
32. An independent regional
navigation system covering
India and an area of about 500
Km around India
The system will consist of
seven satellites, 3
geostationary and 4
geosynchronous
The target position accuracy is
of less than 10 m over the
Indian subcontinent and within
20 m over the Indian Ocean
33. IRNSS Satellites: Three Geostationary and Four
Geosynchronous – A Nice Geometry for Navigation
34.
35. Global Navigation
System
Controlled by the
US Government
Medium Earth Orbit
Satellites
Regional
Navigation System
It will be under full
control of the
Government of
India
Geosynchronous
Orbit Satellites
IRNSS GPS
36. Inertial Measurements to Aid GPS Tracking
P = position, V = velocity, A = attitude, T = time,
rho = range, rho_dot = range rate, del_theta = incremental attitude,
del_v = incremental_velocity
Courtesy: Per Enge, Aircraft Landing Systems Based on GPS & GALILEO
37. Defence Research & Development Organization (DRDO)
Ministry of Defence, Gov’t of India
DRDO is a network of more than 50 laboratories deeply engaged in developing defense
technologies covering various disciplines such as aeronautics, armaments, electronics, combat
vehicles, engineering systems, instrumentation, missiles, advanced computing and simulation,
special materials, naval systems, life sciences, training, information systems and agriculture.
The Organization employs over 5000 scientists and about 25,000 other scientific, technical and
supporting personnel.
Several major projects for the development of missiles, armaments, light combat aircrafts,
radars, electronic warfare systems etc are on hand and significant achievements have been made
in several such technologies.
38. VISION
Make India prosperous by establishing world class science and
technology base and provide our Defence Services decisive edge by
equipping them with internationally competitive systems and solutions.
MISSION
Design, develop and lead to production state-of-the-art sensors,
weapon systems, platforms and allied equipment for our Defence
Services.
Provide technological solutions to the Services to optimise combat
effectiveness and to promote well-being of the troops.
Develop infrastructure and committed quality manpower and build
strong indigenous technology base.
39. AERONAUTICS
Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE), Bangalore
Aerial Delivery Research & Development Establishment (ADRDE), Agra
Centre for Air Borne Systems (CABS), Bangalore
Defence Avionics Research Establishment (DARE), Bangalore
Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE), Bangalore
Center for Military Airworthiness & Certification (CEMILAC), Bangalore
MISSILES
Defence Research & Development Laboratory (DRDL), Hyderabad
Institute of Systems Studies & Analyses (ISSA), Delhi
Integrated Test Range (ITR), Balasore
Research Center Imarat (RCI), Hyderabad
NAVAL
Naval Science & Technological Laboratory (NSTL), Vishakapatnam
Technology Clusters
40. Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL)
Defence Research Complex, Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad
Formerly directed by A.P.J. Abdul Kalam,
The main research center for the Integrated Missile Development Program
DRDL is responsible for the Integrated Guided Missile Program, which
includes five components:
Prithvi, a surface-to-surface battlefield missile;
Nag, an anti-tank missile (ATM);
Akash, a swift, medium-range surface-to-air missile (SAM);
Trishul, a quick-reaction SAM with a shorter range; and
Agni, an intermediate range ballistic missile.
45. Shourya lifts off from the Integrated Test Range
at Balasore, Orrissa, on November 12, 2008
The successful first test of the surface-to-
surface Shourya missile from the Integrated
Test Range at Chandipur-on-sea near
Balasore in Orissa on November 12
Shourya is a hypersonic missile; it can reach a
velocity of Mach 6 even at low altitudes.
On November 12, it reached
a velocity of Mach 5, heating up its surface to
700+ degree Celsius.
The missile performed an
ingenious maneuver of rolling to spread the heat
uniformly on its surface. Its high maneuverability
makes it less vulnerable to present-day anti-missile
defense systems.
Shourya can reach targets 700 km away, carrying both
conventional and nuclear warheads. It is 10 metres long and
74 cm in diameter and weighs 6.2 tonnes. It is a two-stage
missile and both its stages are powered by solid propellants.
Its flight time is 500 seconds to 700 seconds.
46. Shourya’s Navigation system uses ring-laser gyros and
accelerometers
In the estimate of V.K. Saraswat, Chief Controller, Missiles and Strategic Systems, DRDO,
Shourya is among the top 10 missiles in the world in its class, with its high-performance
navigation and guidance systems, efficient propulsion systems, state-of-the-art control
technologies and canisterised launch signature – it cannot be easily detected by
satellites – and makes its deployment easy.
Shourya was ejected from the canister by a gas generator, developed by the High Energy
Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL), Pune, and the ASL. The gas generator, located
at the bottom of the canister, fires for about a second and a half. It produces high
pressure gas, which expands and ejects the missile from the tube. The missile has six
motors; the first one is the motor in the gas generator.
The centerpiece of a host of new technologies incorporated in Shourya is its ring-laser
gyroscope and accelerometer. The ring-laser gyroscope, a sophisticated navigation and
guidance system made by the RCI, is highly classified technology. Advanced countries
have denied this technology to India. In Shourya’s flight, it functioned exceptionally well.
M. Natarajan, Scientific Adviser to the Defense Minister and Director-General of the
DRDO, praised the way the ring-laser gyroscope functioned in Shourya’s flight. “We flew
our own navigation system in this missile. It worked very well. This is an important step
forward for the country in the navigation of missiles, aircraft and spacecraft. No other
country will provide India this navigation system,” he said.
47. After the flawless launch of the surface-to-surface missile Shourya, the
DRDO is set to fire an interceptor missile.
Missile technologists of the DRDO are engaged in preparing for the launch of an
interceptor missile.
The launch, scheduled to take place in the second half of December, will feature two
missiles.
While the target missile, with a range of 1,500 km, will be fired from a ship in the Bay of
Bengal towards Wheeler Island, located off the Orissa coast, the interceptor missile,
which will be fired from the island, will engage an incoming “enemy missile” in the
terminal phase of its flight at an altitude of 80 km in the exo-atmosphere and decimate it.
The enemy missile will be a modified version of Dhanush.
Intense high-technology work at the Defence Research and Development Laboratory
(DRDL), the Advanced Systems Laboratory (ASL), and the Research Centre, Imarat (RCI),
all located on the serene DRDO campus.
Agni-V will have a range of 5,000 km. It will be launched in 2010.
The ASL is also preparing for a flight trial of Agni-IIIA in 2009. The missile will be an
advanced version of Agni-II, which has a range of more than 2,500 km.
48. On November 27 India carried out a successful ballistic
missile interception test.
The target vehicle was a modified Prithvi SRBM fired in a trajectory meant to
simulate the terminal phase maneuver of a longer range missile.
The interceptor was fired a minute after the target, and intercepted it an
altitude of 50km.
The interceptor is 10-12 metres long, and has two stages. It uses an active
seeker guidance system in its terminal phase.
49. India to Test Layered Missile Defense
Ref. Frontier India Strategic and Defence (Dec. 12, 2008)
India will test layered missile defence in December 2008. This test will
involve 2 Ballastic Missile interceptors intercepting a single modified
Prithvi Missile. The first interception will take place at an altitude of 80
km. The second interception will take place at the altitude of 30 kms.
The 80 Km or exo-atmospheric interceptor is expected to hit the
incoming missile and
the 30 Km or the endo-atmospheric interceptor will try to destroy the
largest surviving debris.
India has so far tested exo-atmospheric and endo-atmospheric
interceptors in stand alone modes.
On 6th December 2007 DRDO carried out the 2nd launch of a Single
Stage Interceptor Missile against an incoming ballistic missile target of
enemy represented by a modified Prithivi Missile. The Endo-
Atmospheric Interceptor (AAD) intercepted a modified Prithvi Missile at
15 km altitude. On 27 Nov 2006, exo atmospheric test, Prithvi Air
Defence Exercise (PADE), intercepted a modified Prithvi-II Missile at an
altitude of 50 km.
50. Agni-II Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile displayed at the Republic Day
Parade on New Delhi's Rajpath, January 26, 2004
51.
52. Agni-3 D2: ASL's A.Chander,
Defense MoS Pallam Raju,
with users
[Source: India Strategic]
53. .
V.K. Saraswat (left),
Chief Controller,
Research and
Development,
Missile and Strategic
Systems, with the
Shourya team led by
its programme
director
A.K. Chakrabarti
(right) and
P. Venugopalan,
DRDL Director.
In the backdrop
is the missile in a
canister
54. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) came into existence
on 1st October 1964. The Company was formed by the merger of Hindustan
Aircraft Limited with Aeronautics India Limited and Aircraft Manufacturing
Depot, Kanpur.
The Company traces its roots to the pioneering efforts of an industrialist with
extraordinary vision, the late Seth Walchand Hirachand, who set up Hindustan
Aircraft Limited at Bangalore in association with the erstwhile princely State
of Mysore in December 1940.
The Government of India became a shareholder in March 1941 and took over
the Management in 1942.
Today, HAL has 19 Production Units and 9 Research and Design Centres in 7
locations in India. The Company has an impressive product track record –
12 types of aircraft manufactured with in-house R & D and 14 types
produced under license.
over 3550 aircraft
3600 engines, and
overhauled over 8150 aircraft and 27300 engines.
HAL has been successful in numerous R & D programs developed for both
Defence and Civil Aviation sectors.
57. Chief of Air Staff Air Chief Marshal F.H. Major flew the Advanced Light Helicopter
(ALH) – Dhruv -- powered by the Shakthi engine in Bangalore
Air Chief Marshal F.H. Major, PVSM, AVSM, SC, VM, ADC, Chief of Air Staff
with Shri Ashok K Baweja, Chairman HAL with the weaponised Dhruv
helicopter (ALH) at Helicopter Division of HAL
58. HAL has made substantial progress in its current
projects :
Dhruv, which is Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH)
Tejas - Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)
Intermediate Jet Trainer (IJT)
Various military and civil upgrades.
HAL has played a significant role in India's space
programs by participating in the manufacture of
structures for Satellite Launch Vehicles like
PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle)
GSLV (Geo-synchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle)
IRS (Indian Remote Satellite)
INSAT (Indian National Satellite)
59. LIGHT COMBAT AIRCRAFT (LCA) TEST-FLOWN SUCCESSFULLY on 4
January, 2001
LCA is an advanced technology,
single seat, single engine,
supersonic, light-weight,
all-weather, multi-role,
air superiority fighter designed for
air-to-air, air-to-ground and
air-to-sea combat roles.
The purpose of flight test program was to validate a number of
advanced technologies incorporated in LCA. These include:
Unstable configuration,
quadruplex fly-by-wire digital flight control system,
integrated avionics with glass cockpit,
advanced composite materials for primary structure and
a novel utility systems management system.
61. Augmented Satellite launch Vehicle (ASLV)
ASLV is a five-stage vehicle
employing solid propellant
capable of placing 150 Kg class
satellites in near-circular orbit.
Successfully launched in May
1992 and May 1994, placing
SROSS Scientific Satellites in
orbit.
Weight (t): 39
Payload (kg): 150
Height (m): 23.5
Orbit :Low - earth orbit
62. Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)
Developmental flights completed with successful third
developmental launch in March 1996.
IRS-1D launched by PSLV-C1 on September 29, 1997.
Suitable for launching 1,000-1,200 kg class of remote sensing
satellites into polar sun-synchronous orbit.
IRS-P4 (OCEANSAT) and two piggy back small satellites –
Korean KITSAT-3 (Korean Institute of Technology) and
German TUBSAT (Technical University of Berlin)
launched by PSLV-C2 on May 26,1999.
Technology Experiment Satellite (TES) of ISRO, and
BIRD (a small satellite mission) of DLR Germany,
PROBA (Project for Onboard Autonomy) of Belgium –
into their intended orbits launched by PSLV-C3 on October 22,
2001.
The 1060 kg KALPANA-1 satellite - into a Geosynchronous
Transfer Orbit (GTO) launched by PSLV-C4 on September 12,
2002.
RESOURCESAT-1 (IRS-P6) satellite launched by PSLV-C5 on
October 17, 2003.
CARTOSAT-1 and HAMSAT satellites launched by PSLV-C6 on
Weight (t) : 294
Payload (kg) :
1000-1200
Height (m) : 44.43
Orbit : Polar orbit
63.
64.
65. INSAT 3A Mission: Launch, Deployment and Establishing
the Geostationary Orbit
69. Navigation Systems for Civil Aviation
Global positioning
Inertial reference systems,
ring laser and fiber optic gyro systems, and
Autonomous Integrity Monitored Extrapolation (AIME®)
technology for commercial aviation.
• LTN-92 Ring Laser Gyro
Inertial Navigation System
The LTN-92 uses three ring laser gyros,
force rebalanced accelerometers, and
three high-speed digital
microprocessors to provide an
advanced technology, all-attitude,
worldwide navigation system
70. LN-100G Inertial Navigation System with Embedded
GPS
By combining the Zero-lock™ Laser
Gyro, (ZLG™), with the latest
technology, electronics, and GPS,
the LN-100G represents the highest
quality INS/GPS in the world.
Embedded GPS inertial system
0.8 nmi/hr free inertial
Inertial, GPS, and hybrid navigation solutions
SPS, PPS, all-in-view, and GRAM/SAASM (?) GPS receivers available
Low power, lightweight
High MTBF (?)
Two dual 1553B data bus terminals
High integrity, endurance tested design
Validated Ada-based software
Nondithered RLG (No acoustic noise; no SAR jitter)
Ease of missionization, >70 applications to date
72. ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU)
Carries out development of inertial sensors and systems for satellites
and launch vehicles covering navigation systems, satellite inertial
systems, bearing and space tribology, and inertial systems integration
and simulation.
Facilities include precision fabrication, assembly, integration and
testing.
Achievements include development of inertial systems for ISRO
launch vehicles and satellites, solar array drive assemblies, scanning
mechanisms, etc.
Currently engaged in development of Inertial Navigation System for
PSLV, GSLV, INSAT and IRS satellites.
73. Additional Sources
Visit websites of Northrop Grumman, Honeywell,
Systron Donner,…. for much more details.
GPSoft toolboxes
GIPSY from Jet Propulsion Lab, Cal Tech, Pasadena
74. Three-Axis Motion Simulator for Gyro
Testing and Calibration
Courtesy: Zetatek;
http://www.zetatekindia.com/products_motinsimulators.htm
75. INS and Nav-Aids for Civil Aviation
Introduction to Civil Aviation
Specific references
Dead reckoning (that is, Inertial Navigation: rate of change
of lat, long; relative bearing, distance on great circle)
Nav Aids:
VHF Omni-directional range (VOR),
DME (distance measuring equipment),
Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN),
Instrument Landing System (ILS),
LORAN-C (Long Range Navigation),
OMEGA,
RADAR (Radio detection and ranging)
76. INS for Civil Aviation
Fundamental Principals of Inertial Navigation
1-d, 2-d strapdown navigation, 2-d rotating,
3-d strapdown navigation system: General Analysis
Navigation with respect to an inertial frame
Navigation with respect to a rotating frame, ECEF
Navigation in Local Geographic Navigation Frame, NED: Vector
equations and scalar equations
Terrestrial Navigation
Shape of the Earth: Ref. Ellipsoid, Geoid, WGS, geocentric and geodetic
latitudes; variation of g
Revised transport rate (rate of change of lat, lon) in geodetic frame
ECEF coordinates from lat-lon-height
Geodetic lat-lon-height from the ECEF coordinates using Newton-Raphson
technique (Prob. 4.2-4.3, Rogers)
77. Course AE 457 - Space Flight Navigation & Guidance
Navigation:
Fundamentals of Navigation
Stellar navigation
inertial navigation
radio and radar based navigation systems,
satellite based navigation systems, global positioning systems
(GPS)
Performance comparison of various types of navigation systems.
Guidance:
Fundamentals of Guidance, intercept geometry and collision
triangle,
proportional navigation and guidance,
concept of miss distance and line of sight.
Augmented proportional navigation and guidance,
command to LOS guidance and
beam rider guidance
Strategic consideration, pulsed guidance and Lambert guidance.
Concept of Kalman filters, fading memory filters and noise
78. AE 641 - Introduction to Navigation and Guidance
Navigation:
Fundamentals of Navigation,
Stellar Navigation,
Inertial Navigation,
Radio and Radar based Navigation Systems,
Global Positioning System,
Other Specialized Navigation Systems,
A Comparison of the various Navigational Aids,
Some Case Studies.
Guidance:
Fundamentals of guidance,
Concepts of Intercept Geometry,
Line of Sight and Collision Triangle,
Proportional Navigation & Guidance (PNG) and
Determination of Miss Distance,
Augmented PNG and its comparison with PNG,
Command to LOS & Beam Rider Guidance,
Pulsed and Lambert`s Guidance,
Tactical Vs. Strategic Considerations in Guidance,
Impact of Noise on Guidance, Target maneuver and Evasion
79. References
P. Zarchan, Tactical and Strategic Missile Guidance, AIAA Education Series, 5th Edition,
2010
Anderson, E.W., The Principles of Navigation, Hollis & Carter, London,
Kayton, M., and Fried Navigation : Avionics
Parkinson, B.E. & Spilker, J.J., Global Positioning System : Theory and Applications;
Vol.1-2, Progress In Aeronautics and Astronautics Series, Vol.163, AIAA
Publication,1996
Farrell, James L., Integrated Aircraft Navigation, Academic Press, 1976
Farrell, Jay A., Aided Navigation: GPS with High Rate Sensors, McGraw Hill, 2008
Titterton, D.H., and Weston, J.L., Strapdown Inertial Navigation Technology, 2nd Ed.,
2004
Zipfel, P.H., Modeling and Simulation of Aerospace Vehicle Dynamics, AIAA Education
Series, 2000
Grewal, M.S., Weill, L.R., and Andrews, A.P., Global Positioning Systems, Inertial
Navigation, and Integration, 2nd Ed., 2007
Grewal, M.S., Kalman Filtering,
Montenbruck, O., and Gill, E., Satellite Orbits: Models, Methods, Applications, Springer
2000
Noton, M., Spacecraft Navigation and Guidance, Springer 1998
Rogers, R.M., Applied Mathematics in Integrated Navigation Systems, 3rd Ed., AIAA
80. Weight distribution last
semester:
Assignment 20%
Midsem: 32%
Quiz 1: 3%
Quiz 2: 3%
Endsem: 42%
Rules and Guidelines of the Institute:
Relative weight for in-semester evaluations is typically between 50 and
60 per cent. This will consist of
one mid-semester test of two hours duration of about 25-30 per cent weight,
Two quizzes or one quiz and one test
assignments and viva-voce
may also include up to a maximum of 10 per cent of the in-semester marks for
active participation in the class and the initiatives shown by the student.
The semester–end examination’s relative weight would be 40 to 50 per
cent.
It is normally of 3 hours duration and will cover the full syllabus of the
course.
81. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
AE 308: Control Theory and AE 775: System Modeling Dynamics and Control: Final Grades
AA
AB
BB
BC
CC
CD
DD
av
Final Grades Last Semester
