This document discusses the history and modern practices of ship routing. It begins by describing early Phoenician navigation using stars and primitive charts. Modern routing uses electronic tools like radar, satellite navigation, and vessel traffic services to increase safety and efficiency. Factors like weather, currents, and traffic patterns are considered to determine optimal routes. Common software used for routing includes Netpas, QGIS, and ArcGIS, which provide forecasting, digitized weather data, and port distance tables to aid route planning. The goal of routing is to safely and economically guide ships from hazards while minimizing time and fuel costs.

1. by-
DEVENDRA JHAJHRA
MBA-ITL SECOND YEAR
Reg no. 1703305009

2. HISTORY OF SHIP ROUTING
 The first western civilization of navigation at sea
were the Phoenicians about 4,000 year ago (2,000
B.C.E).
 Phoenician sailors accomplished navigation by
using primitive charts and observation of the sun
and stars to determine direction.
 In the stone age itself people started their
navigation through ocean in search of food and
also for travelling.

3. Cont.
 Maps , compasses, astrolabes, and callipers are
among the early tool used by ocean navigation.
 In modern era, these tools have been largely
replaced by the electronic and technological
equipment.

4. Objective of Routing Service
1) To provide the safety of the ship.
2) To provides the safety to the crew members and
to the cargo.
3) To avoid the collision of the ship in the sea.
4) To predetermined weather forecast and minimize
transit in fog. And avoid ice.
5) To reduce the burden of master’s of the ship.

5. Advantage of modern routing services
1. Helpful in avoiding accidents and risk of the crew.
2. Helpful in saving the time,cost,and fuel. Of the ship.
3. Helpful in minimizing the bunker consumption
during the voyage.
4. It helps in reducing mechanical injuries.
5. It brings more efficiency in working style due to the
use of modern software.

6. Early ship routing tools
1. Mariner’s compass:
One of the earliest human- made navigation tool used to aid
mariners was the form of magnetic compass.
2. Nautical charts:
during the mid –thirteenth century mariners began realizing that
maps could be helpful in navigation and began keeping detailed
records of their voyages.
3. Astrolabe, sextant , and chip log :
these tools were used for calculating speed, time, and angles for
navigation in the sea.
4. Longitude and the Chronometer:
these tools were used for calculating the time and the distance of the
ship .

8. Electronic navigation tools
1. Radio navigation:
Radio navigation uses radio waves to determine
position of the ship by either radio direction finding
systems or hyperbolic system such as Decca, omega.
2. Radar navigation:
Radar navigation uses radar to determine the
distance from or bearing of objects whose position is
known. It is used to avoid the collision of the ship.
3. Satellite navigation :
It uses artificial earth satellite system such as GPS, to
determine position.

9. Methods of ship routing
A. Standard optimum ship routing service.
B. Weather data system.
C. Satellite imaging.

10. METHODS OF HANDLING SHIPS IN HIGH
TRAFFIC
a) Vessel traffic service (VTS) :
Vessel traffic service (VTS) is for identifying and
locating vessels by electronically exchanging data
with other nearby ships.
b) Traffic separation scheme:
A traffic separation scheme (TSS) is a traffic –
management route- system ruled by the international
maritime organization (IMO). TSS are used to regulate
the traffic at busy confined waterways or around
capes.

11. E-navigation
 The main aim of e-navigation is to enhance
navigation safety of the ships.
 It also helps in reducing the burden of navigational
officer.
 A well coordinated and a systematic system under
e-navigation can considerably increase the
efficiency of the ship not at the sea but also at
port.
 Standardization of such system would reduce
complexity in ship’s operational and substantially
improve safety at the sea.

13. Equipment's used in E-navigation
a) Automatic identification system (ATS).
b) Navigational text messages (NAVTEX).
c) GMDSS (Global maritime distress and safety
system.
d) Radar and ARPA.

14. Cont.
e) Electronic chart display information
system (ECDIS).
f) IBS (integrated Bridge System.)
g) LRIT (Long Range Identification and tracking.)

15. Effects of environmental factors on
routing services.
A. Effects of wind.
B. Effects of wave.
C. Effects of fog.
D. Effects of ocean currents.
E. Effects of Ice
F. Effect of latitude.

16. Software that are used for routing
services.
1.Netpas.
2. QGIS.
3. Arc GIS.

17. 1.Netpas
 This software is developed by the Seafuture Inc.
Company.
 Netpas is port distance table providing 12,000
ports and 0.1 billion distance data.
 It also provides the function of weather
forecasting and privacy alert.
 Netpas use the wind and pressure data obtained
from the national oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA).

19. 2. QGIS
 QGIS is a cross- platform free and open – source
desktop geographic information system (GIS)
application that provides data viewing, editing, and
analysis capabilities.
 This software gets the weather data from fleet
weather, passage weather ocean weather Inc. and
INCOIS.
 A weather data information for the Indian sea
provided by INCOIS is also shown here as forecast
data that can be used for planning ship weather.

21. 3. Arc GIS
 Arc GIS is used in order to prepare the ship
weather route.
 Wave height, wind speed, wind direction and
surface pressure are the parameters that we can
digitized using Arc GIS.

23. THANKU