This document defines key concepts related to states and governments. It discusses that a state is a community of people occupying a territory with their own government. The four main elements of a state are the people, territory, government, and sovereignty. It also examines different theories on the origin of states, forms of government, ideologies, and the functions and necessity of the state.

2. MEANING of STATE
STATE
• Is a community of persons
more or less numerous,
permanently occupying a
definite portion of territory,
having a government of their
own to which the great body
of inhabitants render
obedience, and enjoying
freedom from external
control

3. The state alone has the
right to use force
It is inclusive, for all
departments of life within
its area are under its
control
Entry into it is compulsory
for everybody and
everyone everywhere
must be a citizen of some
state
It has complete
independence and
sovereignty over its area
THE STATE IS UNIQUE OF
ALL HUMAN INSTITUTIONS
BECAUSE OF THE
FOLLOWING REASONS

4. ELEMENTS
OF STATE
PEOPLE
TERRITORY
GOVERNMENT
SOVEREIGNTY

5. PEOPLE TERRITORY GOVERNMENT SOVEREIGNTY
•Refers to the
inhabitants of the
state
•If there is no people
there can be no
functionaries to
govern and no
subjects to be
governed
•There is no
requirement as to
the number of its
population
•Most populated
•CHINA
•Less populated
•VATICAN CITY
•PHILIPPINE
population
•90,000,000 as of
2009
•Refers to the fixed
portion of the earth
surface inhabited by
the people
•As stated in ARTICLE
I-The National
Territory
•Largest territory
•CANADA
•Smallest territory
•VATICAN CITY
•Refers to the agency
through which the
will of the state is
formulated,
expressed, and
carried out
•Sometimes used to
refer to the person
or aggregate of those
persons in whose
hands placed for the
time being the
function of political
control
•This “body of men”
is usually spoken of
as “administration
•Ordinary citizen is
not part of the
government
Refers to the
supreme power of
the state to
command and
enforce obedience to
its will from the
people within its
jurisdiction and
corollary, to have
freedom from
foreign control

6. TWO MANIFESTATION
OF SOVEREIGNTY
INTERNAL
The power of the state
to rule within its
territory
EXTERNAL
The freedom of the
state to carry out its
activities without
subjection to or
control by other states
OFTEN REFERRED
TO AS
INDEPENDENCE

7. PERMANENT
EXCLUSIVE
COMPREHENSIVE
ABSOLUTE
INDIVISIBLE
INALIENABLE
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
SOVEREIGNTY
lasting forever or for a very long
time, especially without
undergoing significant change
including everything, so as to be
complete
complete and in no way
conditional on any future
evidence or behavior
not capable of being separated
into parts
not able to be transferred or
taken away
only available to or used by one
person, group, or organization

8. ORIGIN OF STATES
DIVINE RIGHT THEORY
• It holds that the state is of divine
creation and the ruler is ordained by
God to govern the people
NECESSITY OR FORCE THEORY
• It maintains that the states must have
been created through force, by some
great warriors who imposed their will
upon the weak
PATERNALISTIC THEORY
• It attributes the origin of states to the
enlargement of the family which
remained under the authority of the
father or mother
• STAGES
1. Clan 2. Tribe
3. Nation 4.state
SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY
• It asserts that the early states must
have been formed by deliberate and
voluntary compact among the people
to form a society and organize
government for their common good
• It justifies the right of the people to
revolt against a bad ruler

9. ADVOCATES OF DIVINE RIGHT THEORY
Sir Robert Fillmer
Bishop Bossuet
Dante
Marsiglo of Padua
St. Thomas Aquinas
ST. PAUL the APOSTLE
(Romans 13:1-2)

10. ADVOCATES OF FORCE THEORY
Bluntshli
David
Hume
Gen. Von
Bernhardi
“ might is the supreme right”

11. ADVOCATES OF SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY

12. DUTY
OF THE
STATE
Peace and
Order
National
Security
Political
Harmony
Enactment of
Good Laws
Social Justice
Economic
Development

13. STRICTLYSYNONIMOUS
WITHPEOPLE
STATE
It is a political concept
Group of people bound
together by political
aspirations
Not subject to any
external control
A single state may consist
of one or more nations or
people
NATION
It is an ethnical concept
Group of people bound
together by certain
characteristics such as origin,
language, customs, and
traditions
May or may not be
independent of external
control
A single nation may be
made up of several states
STATE
DISTINGUISHED
FROM
NATION

14. STATE
DISTINGUISHED
FROM
GOVERNMENT
STATE
It is a comprehensive
political concept
It cannot exist
without a
government
There is no state
when it is under
foreign domination
It will never change as
long as its essential
elements are present
GOVERNMENT
It is the political
machinery of the
state
Serves as the agency
through which the
state expresses its will
It can exist without a
state
Its form may change

15. ADVANCEMENT
OF THE
PUBLIC WELFARE
• Necessary for the protection of society and its members
• Necessary for the security of persons and property
• Necessary for the administration of justice
• Necessary for the preservation of the state from external
danger
• Necessary for the advancement of the physical,
economic, social and cultural well-being of the people
CONSEQUENCE
OF
ABSENCE
• Anarchy, and disorder , and a general feeling of
fear and insecurity will prevail in society
• Progress and development will not be possible
• Values like truth, justice freedom, equality, rule
of law, and human dignity can never be enjoyed
PURPOSE AND NECESSITY
OF GOVERNMENT

16. FORMS OF GOVERNMENT
• MONARCHY
• Absolute
• Limited
• ARISTOCRACY
• DEMOCRACY
• Direct or Pure
• Indirect, Representative or Republican
As to number of
persons exercising
sovereign powers
•UNITARY
•FEDERAL
As to the extent of
powers exercised by
the central or
national government
•PARLIAMENTARY
•PRESIDENTIAL
As to the relationship
between the
executive and the
legislative branches
of the government

17. MONARCHY
The supreme and final
authority is in the hands of a
single person without regard to
the source of election or
duration of tenure
ABSOLUTE
One which the ruler rules
by divine right
LIMITED
One which the ruler rules
in accordance with a
constitution

18. ARISTOCRACY
•One which political power is
exercised by a few privileged
class which is know as an
aristocrats
•It is also referred to as
OLIGARCHY

19. DEMOCRACY
One in which the political
power is exercised by a
majority of the people
DIRECT or PURE
One which the will of the state is
formulated or expressed directly and
immediately through the people in a
mass meeting or primary assembly
rather than through delegates
INDIRECT,
REPRESENTATIVE, or
REPUBLICAN
One which the will of the state is
formulated and expressed through
the agency of a relatively small and
select body of persons chosen by the
people

20. ADVANTAGES and DISADVANTAGES of DEMOCRACY
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
1. It minimizes the danger of
revolution through peaceful and
legitimate means
2. It encourages all citizens to take
an interest in the affairs of the
government
3. It educates the people in the
science of politics
4. It inculcates a sense of
responsibility among the people
regarding the success or failure of
the government
5. It safeguards the rights and
liberties of the people
1. It may lead to the “rule of
ignorance” according to Plato
2. Corrupt and dishonest politicians
are elected to the public office
3. It pay too much attention to the
quantity and not to the quality of
things
4. Real talents and brilliant minds
are seldom elected and seldom
given proper recognition
5. There is no permanence in
government policies because it
changes when a reigning party
replaces by another one, “to the
victors belong the spoils” system

21. UNITARY
•One in which the control
of national and local
affairs is exercised by the
central or national
government

22. FEDERAL
•One in which the powers or
government are divided
between two sets of organs,
one for national affairs and the
other for local affairs, each
organ being supreme within its
own sphere

23. BRIEF
PICTURE
OF A
FEDERAL
GOVERNMENT
One national flag+
separate local
flags
Different official
languages
Local government
remits only few
taxes to the
national
government
Different laws on
education,
taxation, customs
dues, labor
marriage etc
Separate
constitutions and
legislatures, chief
executives and
judicial systems

24. PARLIAMENTARY
•One which the state confers upon the
legislature the power to terminate the
tenure of office of the real executive.
•The Cabinet or ministry is immediately and
legally responsible to the legislature and
immediately or politically responsible to the
electorate
•The titular or nominal executive or the chief
of state occupies a position of irresponsibility

25. PRESIDENTIAL
•One which the state makes the executive
continually independent of the
legislature as regards his tenure and to a
large extent as regards his policies and
acts, and furnishes him with sufficient
powers to prevent the legislature from
trenching upon the sphere marked out
by the constitution as executive
independence and prerogative

26. FORMS OF GOVERNMENT ACCORDING TO ARISTOTLE

27. • Is one that has the legal
recognition of the family of
nations
• Constituted or founded in
accordance with the existing
constitution of the state
DE JURE
GOVERNMENT
• Not constituted or founded but has
general support of the people and
effective control of the territory over
which it exercises its powers
• It can acquires a de jure status when it
gains wide acceptance from the people
and recognition from the community of
nations
DE FACTO
GOVERNMENT

28. CAPITALISM
Occurs in a democratic form of
government
Its essential characteristics are;
private ownership, freedom of
enterprise, pursuit of private
profit as the motive of economic
activity and minimal
government interference
SOCIALISM
Occurs in a communistic form
of government
It is the economic policy which
seeks to place collective
ownership of the means of
production and government
management over a large part
of the country’s economic
activity

29. Election
Resignation of the
Chief Executive
Impeachment
Natural Death of
the Leader
Assassination
Coup d'état
Civil War
Revolution
WAYS OF
CHANGING A
GOVERNMENT

30. IDEOLOGY
Defined as a political
philosophy which seeks to
gain adherents and
perpetuate itself as the
government in various
states
LEFT
COMMUNISM
ANARCHISM
DEMOCRATIC
SOCIALISM
CENTER
MIXED
CAPITALISM
RIGHT
CLASSICAL
CAPITALISM
FASCISM
NAZISM
KINDS OF IDEOLOGIES
those political parties
or the section of a
party holding views
that are neither left-
wing nor right-wing
the advocating of
liberal, socialist, or
communist political
and social change or
reform
favoring or relating to
political conservatism
the political theory or
system in which all property
and wealth is owned in a
classless society by all the
members of that society
an economy in which some
industries and businesses
are government-owned and
some are privately owned
distribution of wealth is
most efficiently
accomplished through free
trade without government
interference.
ideology that favors dictatorial
government, centralized
control of private enterprise,
repression of all opposition,
and extreme nationalism
the philosophy of the
German National Socialist
Party under the leadership
of Adolf Hitler
political ideology incorporating a
degree of socialism but including
such values as private property
and representative government
an ideology that rejects
the need for a system of
government in society and
proposes its abolition

31. DISMISS!

32. QUIZ NOV. 30. 2010
1. Defined as a political philosophy which seeks to gain adherents and perpetuate itself as the
government in various states
2. A community of persons, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, having a
government of their own, and enjoying freedom from external control
3. An economic system occurs in a communistic form of government
4. This “body of men” is usually spoken of as “administration
5. A government which is not constituted or founded but has general support of the people and
effective control of the territory over which it exercises its powers
6. Characteristic of sovereignty which means not able to be transferred or taken away
7. In this type of government, the chief of state occupies only a position of irresponsibility
8. It asserts that the early states must have been formed by deliberate and voluntary compact
among the people
9. He postulated that “Might is the supreme right”
10. Group of people bound together by certain characteristics such as origin, language, customs, and
traditions
11. One which political power is exercised by a few privileged class
12. Type of democratic government which the will of the state is formulated or expressed directly
through the people in a primary assembly rather than through delegates
13. The power of the state to rule within its territory
14. According to Aristotle, this situation or scenario will happen in a democratic form of government
15. ideology that favors dictatorial government, centralized control of private enterprise, repression
of all opposition, and extreme nationalism
1. Ideology
2. State
3. Socialism
4. Government
5. De Facto Government
6. Inalienable
7. Parliamentary
8. Social Contract Theory
9. Gen. Von Bernhard
10. Nation
11. Aristocracy
12. Direct or Pure Democracy
13. Internal Sovereignty
14. Mobocracy
15. Fascism