2. Determinants of Human Behavior
All human beings are more or less like each other in physical
equipment
We vary in size, strength, color of skin, facial characteristics and
intelligence
Psychologists know that much of our behavior is shaped by events
that happened long before our earliest childhood memories
HOW CAN WE SEEM TO BE ALIKE AND YET SO DIFFERENT FROM EACH OTHER?
CAUSE OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
a. HEREDITY
b. ENVIRONMENT
3. HEREDITY
Is the process by which various
characteristics are transmitted to
the individual at the time of
fertilization
4. FERTILIZATION
• Also known as conception, fecundation and snaky
• Is the fusion of gametes to produce a new organism
• In animals, the process involves a sperm fusing with an
ovum, which eventually leads to the development of an
embryo
• Depending on the animal species, the process can occur
within the body of the female in internal fertilization, or
outside in the case of external fertilization
Procreation
The entire process of development of new individuals or the
act of species reproduction
5. A sperm cell fertilizing an ovum
Two living germ cells or gametes unite to produce new individual
Sperm Cell
Egg cell
LIFE
Within these are genetic materials consisting of chromosomes and genes
6. Gamete
• From Ancient Greek
translated
- gamete = wife
- gametes = husband
• Is a cell that fuses with another
gamete during fertilization or
conception in organisms that
reproduce sexually
7. ZYGOTE
Is a single cell, with a complete set of chromosomes, that normally
develops into an embryo.
A human ovum
8. CHROMOSOMES
What is Chromosomes?
- A structure which carried the hereditary units we
receive from our parents and transmit to our offspring
- Found in the nucleus of each cell in the body
- Body cell contain 46 chromosomes
- During conception, the human being receives 23
chromosomes from the father’s sperm and 23 chromosomes
from the mother’s ovum
- These 46 chromosomes form 23 pairs
- Duplicated every time the cell divide
10. GENES
Individual hereditary units composed
the chromosomes
A segment of DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic Acid), the actual
carrier of genetic information
11. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
Molecule which are looked like a twisted ladder
or a double stranded helix or spiral
All of which has the same chemical composition
It consist of a simple sugar or deoxyribose,
phosphate, and four bases
THE FOUR BASES: (A.G.T.C.)
- Adenine - Guanine
- Thyonine - Cytosine
12. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
• Is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in
the development and functioning of all known living organisms
and some viruses
• The main role of DNA molecules is the long-term storage of
information
• DNA is often compared to a set of blueprints or a recipe, or a
code, since it contains the instructions needed to construct
other components of cells, such as proteins and RNA
molecules
• The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are
called genes, but other DNA sequences have structural
purposes, or are involved in regulating the use of this genetic
information
13. • Its two strands consist of
sugar and phosphate
• Its strands are held apart
by pairs of bases
• A pairs with T, and G
pairs with C
• Occur in any sequence
along the strand and
constitute a genetic code
16. Chromosome Abnormality
• A chromosome anomaly (chromosome abnormality)
reflects an atypical number of chromosomes
(karyotype) or a structural abnormality in one or
more chromosomes
• Chromosome anomalies usually occur when there is
an error in cell division following meiosis or mitosis
• There are many types of chromosome anomalies
Two Basic Groups of Abnormalities
- numerical anomalies
- structural anomalies
17. Numerical Abnormalities
When an individual is missing either a
chromosome from a pair (monotony) or has
more than two chromosomes of a pair (tiresome,
tetras my, etc)
An example of a condition caused by a
numerical anomaly is Down Syndrome, also
known as Tiresome 21 (an individual with Down
Syndrome has three copies of chromosome 21,
rather than two)
Turner Syndrome is an example of a monotony
where the individual is born with only one sex
chromosome, an X
18. Structural abnormalities
When the chromosome's structure is altered. This can take several forms:
Deletions: A portion of the chromosome is missing or deleted. Known
disorders include Wolf-Hirsch Horn syndrome, which is caused by partial
deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4; and Jacobsen Syndrome,
also called the terminal 11q deletion disorder.
Duplications: A portion of the chromosome is duplicated, resulting in
extra genetic material. Known disorders include Chariot-Marie-Tooth
disease type 1A which may be caused by duplication of the gene
encoding peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) on chromosome 17.
Translocations: When a portion of one chromosome is transferred to
another chromosome. There are two main types of translocations. In a
reciprocal translocation, segments from two different chromosomes
have been exchanged. In a Robertson Ian Translocation, an entire
chromosome has attached to another at the Centro mere; these only
occur with chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22.
Inversions: A portion of the chromosome has broken off, turned upside
down and reattached, therefore the genetic material is inverted.
Rings: A portion of a chromosome has broken off and formed a circle or
ring. This can happen with or without loss of genetic material.
19. Chromosome abnormality
The three major single chromosome
mutations
1. deletion
2. duplication
3. inversion
The two major two chromosome
mutations
1. insertion
2. translocation
20. XYY syndrome
XYY Syndrome
- Is an aneuploidy of the
sex chromosomes in
which a human male
receives an extra Y
chromosome, giving a
total of 47 chromosomes
instead of the more usual
46
- This produces a 47,XYY
karyotype
Physical traits
Most often, the extra Y chromosome
causes no unusual physical features or
medical problems
47,XYY boys have an increased growth
velocity during earliest childhood, with an
average final height approximately 7 cm
above expected final height
Severe acne was noted in a very few
early case reports, but dermatologists
specializing in acne now doubt the
existence of a relationship with 47,XYY
Testosterone levels (prenatally and
postnatally) are normal in 47,XYY males
Most 47,XYY males have normal sexual
development and usually have normal
fertility
Since XYY is not characterized by
distinct physical features, the condition is
usually detected only during genetic
analysis for another reason.
21. XXY Chromosomes
the XXY chromosome
arrangement was Dr. Henry
Klinefelter
The presence of the extra X
may be called Klinefelter
Syndrome
Boys with the XXY structure
are referred to as XXY males
instead of describing their
differences as a syndrome
It is really important to
remember that boys with XXY
chromosomes may have all or
none of the features
associated with XXY males.
XXY males often benefit from
testosterone treatment during
puberty to help produce
adolescent development of adult
male features
Lack of this treatment does not
mean that sexual behavior in life
is impaired
Many XXY kids have normal
sexual lives in later life, though
some men may note slightly less
interest in sex
The XXY chromosome pattern
does not predispose men to be
“feminine” or to "develop"
homosexuality
Studies on this suggest
homosexuality is just as
common in men who have the
more common XY chromosome
arrangement.
22. In Vitro Fertilization
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
- Is a process by which egg cells
are fertilized by sperm outside
the womb, in vitro
- IVF is a major treatment in
infertility when other methods of
assisted reproductive
technology have failed
- The process involves
hormonally controlling the
ovulatory process, removing ova
(eggs) from the woman's ovaries
and letting sperm fertilize them
in a fluid medium
- The fertilized egg (zygote) is
then transferred to the patient's
uterus with the intent to
establish a successful
pregnancy
- The first "test tube baby",
Louise Brown, was born in 1978.
Naked" Egg
Test Tube Babies
Refers to the tube-shaped containers
of glass or plastic resin, called test
tubes, that are commonly used in
chemistry labs and biology labs.
However, in vitro fertilization is usually
performed in the shallower containers
called Petri dishes
23. Dolly
A female domestic sheep
remarkable in being the first
mammal to be cloned from an
adult somatic cell, using the
process of nuclear transfer
She was cloned by Ian Wilmot and
Keith Campbell colleagues at the
Roslin Institute in Edinburgh,
Scotland. She was born on July 5,
1996 and she lived until the age of
six, and was dubbed "the world's
most famous sheep" by Scientific
American
The cell used as the donor for the
cloning of Dolly was taken from a
mammary gland, and the
production of a healthy clone
therefore proved that a cell taken
from a specific part of the body
that could recreate a whole
individual. As Dolly was cloned
from part of a mammary gland,
she was named after the famously
busty country western singer Dolly
Parton
Dolly's remains are
exhibited at the
Royal Museum of
Scotland.
July 5, 1996 – February 14, 2003
24. Cloning
Cloning in biology is the
process of producing
populations of genetically-
identical individuals that occurs
in nature when organisms such
as bacteria, insects or plants
reproduce asexually
Cloning in biotechnology refers
to processes used to create
copies of DNA fragments
(molecular cloning), cells (cell
cloning), or organisms
More generally, the term refers
to the production of multiple
copies of a product such as
digital media or software
Cloning cell-line
colonies using
cloning rings
25. History and Ethical Implications
Although the possibility of cloning
human beings has been the subject
of speculation for much of the
twentieth century, scientitists and
policy makers began to take the
prospect seriously in the 1960s
Nobel Prize winning geneticist
Joshua Lederberg advocated for
cloning and genetic engineering in a
seminal article in the American
Naturalist in 1966 and again, the
following year, in the Washington
Post
He sparked a debate with
conservative bioethicist Leon Kass,
who wrote at the time that "the
programmed reproduction of man
will, in fact, dehumanize him."
Another Nobel Laureate, James
Watson, publicized the potential
and the perils of cloning in his
Atlantic Monthly essay, "Moving
Toward the Clonal Man", in 1971.
Advocates of human therapeutic
cloning believe the practice could
provide genetically identical cells for
regenerative medicine, and tissues
and organs
Both basic research and therapeutic
development for serious diseases
such as cancer, heart disease and
diabetes, as well as improvements
in burn treatment and reconstructive
and cosmetic surgery, are areas
that might benefit from such new
technology
New York University bioethicist
Jacob M. Appel has argued that
"children cloned for therapeutic
purposes" such as "to donate bone
marrow to a sibling with leukemia"
might someday be viewed as
heroes
Proponents claim that human
reproductive cloning also would
produce benefits. Severino
Antinori and Panos Zavos hope to
create a fertility treatment that
allows parents who are both infertile
to have children with at least some
of their DNA in their offspring.
26. Amniocentesis
Also referred to as amniotic fluid test or
AFT, is a medical procedure used in
prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal
abnormalities and fetal infections, in which
a small amount of amniotic fluid, which
contains fetal tissues, is extracted from the
amnion or amniotic sac surrounding a
developing fetus, and the fetal DNA is
examined for genetic abnormalities
27. Designer Baby
The colloquial term
"designer baby" refers to a
baby whose genetic
makeup has been
artificially selected by
genetic engineering
combined with in-vitro
fertilization to ensure the
presence or absence of
particular genes or
characteristics
The term is derived by
comparison with "designer
clothing". It implies the
ultimate commodification of
children and is therefore
usually used pejoratively to
signal opposition to such
use of reprogenetics
Ethics
A minority of bioethicists consider the
process of designing a baby, once the
reprogenetic technology is shown to be
safe, to be a responsible and justifiable
application of parental procreative liberty.
Some believe such selection should be
legally mandatory
The usage of reprogenetics on one's
offspring is said to be defensible as
procreative beneficence, the moral
obligation of parents to try to give their
children the healthiest, happiest lives
possible. Some futurists claim that it would
put the human species on a path to
participant evolution
A common objection: to the notion of using
reprogenetic technologies to create a
"designer baby" is based on the ethics of
human experimentation
Other objections to the idea of designer
babies include the termination of embryos
and how many disapprove of methods such
as these under moral and religious grounds.
For example, a group who believes in pro-
life would not approve of the termination of
preborn embryos. Also, the social standards
go much further. It can be projected that we
will breed a race of super humans who look
down on those humans without genetic
enhancements
28. Genetic engineering
Genetic engineering, recombinant
DNA technology, genetic
modification/manipulation (GM) and
gene splicing are terms that apply to
the direct manipulation of an
organism's genes
Different from traditional breeding,
where the organism's genes are
manipulated indirectly
Uses the techniques of molecular
cloning and transformation to alter the
structure and characteristics of genes
directly
Have found some successes in
numerous applications like: improving
crop technology and the manufacture
of synthetic human insulin through the
use of modified bacteria
The term "genetic engineering" was
coined in Jack Williamson's science
fiction novel Dragon's Island,
published in 1951, two years before
James Watson and Francis Crick
showed that DNA could be the
medium of transmission of genetic
information.
Ethics
The genetic engineering of humans
has raised many controversial ethical
issues
Human genetic engineering has been
widely debated
While negative genetic engineering
(gene therapy) does indeed raise a
debate, the use of genetic engineering
for human enhancement arouses the
strongest feelings on both sides.
Genetic engineering is tested on
animals, often including primates.
Some animal rights activists find this
inhumane
Genetic modification of embryos can
pose an ethical question about the
rights of the baby
One belief is that every fetus should
be free to not be genetically modified
Others believe that parents hold the
rights to change their unborn children
Still some believe that every child
should have the right to be born free
from preventable diseases.
29. SCIENCE vs. RELIGION
Genetic Engineering is certainly a means to improve human psychology if
used properly
It is only proper that practitioners in the field view it and apply it for purposes
that will not contrary to the natural law and order that has been predestined
by the great God who created everything for man to discover
Pres. Bill Clinton
Any discovery that touches upon human creation
is not simply a matter of scientific inquiry, it is a
matter of morality and spirituality
Albert Einstein
Science without religion is useless and religion
without science is ineffective
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