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State nation and globalization
- 1. PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE Instructor: SURA J. AMILBAHAR
- 2. 2
- 3. THE STATE ▰ A state is a political structure of an organized community which is internationally recognized as an independent state, have a population, common language, defined territory and an established government. ▰ Related to but is not synonymous to government and country. ▰ In a broader sense, it consists of the agreements on how disputes are settled in the form of laws. 3
- 4. THE STATE ▰ An organization with legal purpose; to impose law and order to ensure the welfare and safety of its citizens. ▰ Embodied by the public officials, the police and armed forces, the government officers and workers. ▰ Represented by symbols, i.e. flag, national anthem, national animal, etc. 4
- 5. ELEMENTS OF THE STATE 5 POPULATION TERRITORY GOVERNMENT SOVEREIGNTY Refers to the people that compose the state.Refers to the place where the people are located, including the land, natural resources and air space located within it. The system that administers or controls the state; instrument through which the will of the state is made known and implemented. Refers to the ability of the state to govern itself without outside influence or interference. INTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY EXTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY Refers to the ability of the state to govern and control its people and territory Refers to the freedom of the state from external influences and foreign interventions.
- 6. SOVEREIGNTY AND LEGITIMACY ▰ Sovereignty is closely related to legitimacy. ▰ State attains legitimacy if it is recognized and respected by the people. ▰ When majority of the population recognizes the government and subsumes under its laws, then the state is considered legitimate. ▰ State’s legitimacy is also internationally recognized by other states or community of nations. 6
- 7. SOVEREIGNTY OF THE STATE ▰ A sovereign state should be able to freely pursue its goals and interests as well as uphold it objectives independently. ▰ A sovereign state is considered a unified, coherent and organized entity that is able to exercise legitimate power for the welfare of its citizens. 7 De jure StateDe facto State A state that has legitimacy but cannot exercise sovereignty. A state that has no legitimacy but has sovereignty. A state can be a member of international organizations and institutions. This also means that a sovereign state must abide by the laws, policies or regulations imposed by international agreements or conventions. Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by all members of UN in 1948 will need to abide and comply to the principles defined on the declaration.
- 8. NATION ▰ Nation – a large group of people who share common characteristics such as language, traditions and ethnicity, and share a history and culture (even if the group does not have a country of its own). ▰ Emerged as a social construct, based on the concepts of identity and ethnicity. ▰ “imagined communities” that see themselves as one due to notions of unity. 8 Tagalog Ilocano Hiligaynon Visayan Tausug Maranao Filipino
- 9. NATION-STATE ▰ A nation state is the idea of having a sovereign state with a homogenous population of people who share the same ethnicity, history, traditions and culture. ▰ A state may emerge from a nation, if a nation can define the elements that makes up a state. 9 STATE NATION NATION STATE National Language: Filipino Unified Ethnic Name: Tausug
- 10. GLOBALIZATION AND THE NATION STATE ▰ Globalization refers to the gradual process of political, economic and cultural integration brought about by increased exchange of products, ideas, and technology throughout the world. ▰ Has been going on since ancient times: from great empires to global empires during the age of colonialism and imperialism. 10 League of Nations United Nations ASEAN Rise of Supranational Organizations European Union ICC
- 11. ASPECTS OF GLOBALIZATION 11 Political Economic Cultural Political cooperation and dialogue among nations. Economic integration, treaties, and international policies among nations. Promotes cultural exchange among nations. Military matter and global security threats. Human trafficking, Illegal drug trade, Organized crime, etc. UN Security Council NATO Trade & financial relations among nations, removal of trade barriers. NAFTA APEC Spread of knowledge, ideas, content about other cultures & nations. Openness to diversity and understanding of other people’s culture & lives.
- 12. 12 See you in the next lesson!
- 13. CREDITS Special thanks to all the people who made and released these awesome resource: ▰ Presentation template by SlidesCarnival ▰ Photographs by Startup Stock Photos ▰ Philippine Politics and Governance by A.E. Joven, PhD (2017), C&E Publishing ▰ State, Nation and Globalization, by Shine Nunez, link: https://www.slideshare.net/ShineRelleNunez/state- nationsandglobalization21pptx1 Accessed: Sept. 18, 2020 ▰ State, The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, Encyclopaedia Britannica, link: https://www.britannica.com/topic/state-sovereign-political-entity Accessed: Sept. 18, 2020 ▰ De Jure, jrank.com, link: https://law.jrank.org/pages/5976/De-Jure.html Accessed: Sept. 19, 2020 ▰ Nation, National Geographic, link: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/nation/ Accessed: Sept. 19, 2020 ▰ State, Nation and Nation-State: Clarifying Misused Terminology, by Melissa Y. Rock, The Pennsylvania State University, link: https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog128/node/534 Accessed: Sept. 19, 2020 13
Editor's Notes
- State, nation, and globalization. The objective of this lesson is for the learners to analyze the relationship among nations and states in the context of globalization. The state. A state is a political structure of an organized community which is internationally recognized as an independent state, have a population, common language, defined territory and a established government. The state is related to but is not synonymous to government and country. The state, in a broader sense, consists of the agreements of the individuals on how disputes are settled in the form of laws.
- The state is primarily an organization with legal purpose, which is to impose law and order to ensure the welfare, and safety of its citizens. Since the state mainly focuses on the importance of law and order, public service to its citizens is one of the defining feature of the state. It is also embodied by the public officials, the members of the police and armed forces, the government officers and workers and others who have state functions. It is represented by symbols such as the flag, national anthem, national animal, and others.
- Elements of the state. As was stated on the first lesson, there are 4 elements that composes the state. Population, refers to the people that compose the state. A state is a human political institution, there should be a population to begin with in order to have some rules and others to be ruled. Territory, the place where the people of the state are located or the place they inhabit. including the land, territorial waters, natural resources, and air space located within it. This also refers to the geographic region of the state. Any interference with rights or ownership of one state to another may lead to conflict or war. Government, is the institution that governs and enacts the will of the state. Sovereignty is the ability of the state to conduct its state functions and affairs without the interference of outside parties or forces. Sovereignty has two aspects. Internal sovereignty, refers to the ability of the state to govern and control its people and territory. It has authority to enact laws and exercise power on its citizens and territory. External sovereignty refers to the freedom of the state from external influences and foreign interventions. That is why a state can enforce laws on their territory, without needing the approval of other states. Basically, this means that the state is independent of other states.
- Sovereignty and legitimacy. The state’s sovereignty is closely related to legitimacy. The state attains legitimacy if it is recognized and respected by the people. We can see this in the government’s actions and the citizen’s reaction to it. When majority of the population recognizes the government and subsumes under its laws, then the state is considered to be legitimate. However, when there is a huge portion of the population who oppose the government, then instability can ensue. There may come a time when this portion will move a power revolt against the government and assert their own independence. The state’s legitimacy is also internationally recognized by other states or community of nations. This means that all states participating in regional and international relations are on equal footing when they relate to each other.
- A sovereign state should be able to freely pursue its goals and interests as well as uphold it objectives independently. Undue influence and intervention from other states cannot be forced onto a sovereign state. A sovereign state is considered a unified, coherent and organized entity that is able to exercise legitimate power for the welfare of its citizens. If the country experiences political upheavals such as civil war, power revolt, or if the government is considered illegitimate by the international community, the sovereignty of the state may be questioned by foreign states and this may affect its standing in international affairs. The state can also be classified according to the legitimacy of its exercise of power. A de jure state is one that has legitimacy but cannot exercise sovereignty. It is the legal, legitimate government, so recognized by other states but is withheld from exercising sovereignty due to various reasons. A de facto state on the other hand is a state that has no legitimacy but has sovereignty. For example, if a group overthrows the established government and forms their own government, they might have sovereignty and can exercise power over the people, but if other nations refuse to accept their existence, then they are considered a de facto state. A state can be a member of international organizations and institutions. Some example are the United Nations, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trades, or the World Trade Organization. This also means that a sovereign state must abide by the laws, policies or regulations imposed by international agreements or conventions. For example, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which all the members of the U N in 1948 needs adopted, defines the standards on the recognition oh human rights for all states. The Philippines, being a member and among those who ratified the Declaration, is bound to abide and comply to the principles outlined by it.
- Nation. A nation refers to a large group of people who share common characteristics such as language, traditions and ethnicity, and also share a history and culture. This group can be identified as a nation even if they don’t have a country of their own. Nations emerged as a social construct, primarily based on the concept of identity and ethnicity. According to the historian Benedict Anderson, nations can be thought of as “imagined communities” that see themselves as coherent and cohesive due to notions of unity. Nations often ignore political boundaries. For example, in the Philippines, many communities come together to form large ethnolinguistic groups such as Tagalog, Ilocano, Hilligaynon, Visayan, Tausug, or Maranao. A Filipino usually identifies himself of herself based on ethnicity and he or she feels a sense of belongingness to this group. Through long years of shared experience, thoughts, aspirations and struggles, we have now identified ourselves as a nation of Filipinos.
- If the state is the independent, sovereign government, that governs its citizens within a defined territory, and nation is a group of people bound together by ethnicity, culture, traditions, language and other characteristics, what then is a nation state? A nation state is the idea of having a sovereign state with a homogenous population of people who share the same ethnicity, history, traditions and culture. This is quite hard to attain. For example, in the Philippines itself, even though we think of ourselves as a nation of Filipinos, ethnic background is still quite strong. A person still feels strongly and deeply towards another person from the same ethnicity. However, it is not entirely impossible. A state may emerge from a nation, if a nation can define the elements that makes up a state. One of the ways to unify various ethnic tribes onto a single nation is creating a commonality among them. For example, in the Philippines, ethnic tribes have their own dialects. But, in 1937, President Manuel Quezon decided to create a national language to be used by all the citizens. This created better communication among the citizens which resulted to greater bonds. Another example is when the Sultanate of Sulu unified the different subgroups in the Sulu Archipelago, such as Tau-Look, Tau-Maimbung, Tau-Parang, Tau-Tapul, Tau-Lugus, and many others, under one banner of Tausug.
- Globalization and the nation state. Globalization refers to the gradual process of political, economic and cultural integration brought about by increased exchange of products, ideas, and technology throughout the world. This process is believed to has been going on since ancient times. From the conquest of super powers of accumulating nations and integrating them into empires, such as the Roman Empire or the Persian Empire, to the emergence of global empires during the age of colonialism and imperialism such as the British colony and the Imperialism of Japan. During the twentieth century, globalization advanced further due to different political movements across the world. In 1920s, European nations and the rest of the world, wanted to promote peace and security. Western governments spearheaded the formation of the League of Nations as a forum for diplomatic negotiations. Nearing the end of the second world war, members of the Allied forces organized a global union of nation states, with the aim of preventing another global conflict. United Nations was founded in 1948, with the goal of promoting peace, cooperation, and dialogue among different nations. As a member of the U N, some degree of power should be surrendered to the higher authorities. Philippines is one of the countries who ratified the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Philippines also belong to the Association of South east Asian nations or Asean. Other examples of supranational organizations are the European Union or E U and International Criminal Court or I C C.
- Aspects of Globalization. In modern times, there are some various aspects to globalization. Political, Economic, and Cultural. Political globalization. includes the political cooperation and dialogue among nations. This is also concerned with security and military matters. Security threats, such as terrorism, have reached a global scope which affects several state throughout the world. There are also threats that operate in multiple countries and defy borders, such as human trafficking, illegal drug trade, organized crime and syndicate, human organ buying and selling, which sometimes involve kidnapping unsuspecting citizens or taking advantage of the poor by taking their organs, then paying them a small sum of money. Military and armed conflicts between states is also a concern since its effects can be regional or even international. All of these needs higher authorities to be addressed properly and effectively. Institutions such as U N Security Council is formed to primarily maintain global peace and security. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO, composed of European nations and the United States, was established to defend against communism during the Cold War. Currently, NATO focuses on security concerns in Europe. Economic globalization. Involves economic integration, treaties and international policies among nations. This aspect is evident due to growing trade and financial relations among countries, and the reduction and removal of trade barriers such as tariffs and quotas. Free trade, regional trade blocs, common markets are promoted to offer a wider scope and reach for local, regional and international businesses. Examples of these initiatives are, the North American Free Trade Agreement or NAFTA, which established the North American trade bloc and free trade area that includes Canada, U S A and Mexico. The Asia-Pacific Economic Corporation or APEC, is a regional trade forum participated by 21 countries located in the Pacific Rim. And, cultural globalization. Promotes cultural exchange among various nations. One of the example for this is the student exchange programs across different countries which sends student representatives to other countries to learn and exchange not just knowledge, but also culture to other nationalities. Technology has played a vital role in rapid spread of knowledge, ideas and content that exposed different communities to other culture and communities. People are now more educated about other cultures, race and nations that racism, stereotypes and misconceptions are slowly diminishing. Although national pride is still very strong, cultural globalization has led people to become open to diversity and more understanding of other people’s culture and lives. Globalization has made way for more opportunities for nations to grow and coexist with each other. The complexity of relations among nations has led to some negative effects and various challenges. However, if global interests is carefully balanced with national interests, we can work towards resolving our differences and other global concerns. We just have to respect one another. Remember, respect everything and everyone. Fear Allah wherever you are, and follow up a bad deed with a good deed and behave well towards the people. Thank you for watching. In the next lesson, we will be talking about the evolution of politics and governance in the Philippines. See you there.