Cellular standars gprs edge cdma in mobile communication

GPRS, EDGE & CDMA
PAUL PETER
BE. ISNE
SJUCET
2016
paulpeter460@gmail.com

HISTORY
 In 1st G AMPS(Advanced Mobile system) developed
in U.S in 1983
 In 2nd G there was introduction of CDMA,TDMA and
GSM
 In 2nd there was introduction of GPRS
 In 2.5th there was an introduction EDGE
TECHNOLOGY
 In 3rd and 3.75th there was UMTS, HSPA, H+
 4TH G is now LTE

What is GPRS
General Packet Radio Service
• General -> not restricted to GSM use (DECT ?, 3rd
generation systems ?)
• Packet Radio -> enables packet mode communication
over air
• Service, not System -> existing BSS (partially also NSS)
infrastructure is used
Main benefits
• Resources are reserved only when needed and charged accordingly
• Connection setup times are reduced
• Enables new service opportunities

GPRS Characteristics
GPRS uses packet switched resource allocation
• resources allocated only when data is to be sent/received
Flexible channel allocation
• one to eight time slots
• available resources shared by active users
• up and down link channels reserved separately
• GPRS and circuit switched GSM services can use same time slots alternatively
• GPRS is based on a modulation technique known as Gaussian minimum-shift
keying (GMSK)
Traffic characteristics suitable for GPRS
• Intermittent, burst data transmissions
• Frequent transmissions of small volumes of data
• Infrequent transmission of larger volumes of data
• Offered speeds up to 114 Kbps.
• 1GB downloaded in 165 hrs
• 1GB uploaded in 165 hrs

GPRS ARCHITECHTURE

GPRS Architecture..
 Uses gsm architecture+ gsn(gprs support nodes)
Sgsn (servicing gsn)
Ggsn ( gateway gsn)
 Uses packet switching
 Faster than gsm and cdma
 Enable simultaneous transmission of packets
 SGSN and GGSN will be explain in next slide

GPRS support nodes
 There are two network nodes use to offer packet data
service called GPRS support nodes
1) Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
2) Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)

Serving GPRS Support Node(SGSN)
Serving GPRS Support Node(SGSN) is one of the GPRS
support node
 Routing the packet switched data to and from the ms
 Mobility management
 Location management
 Authentication and charging for calls
 Stores the location information of the user
 User’s profile

Gateway GPRS Support Node(GGSN)
 Provide a gateway b/w gprs & pdn
 Convert data from sgsn to pdp format( packet data
protocol)
 Store the current sgsn address
 Stores the location of user in its location register
 Perform authentication & charging functions

HAVING 4 SUBSYSTEMS
GPRS
BSS
NSS
RSS
GSS

Base Station System(BSS)
 BSS system needs to enhancement to recognize and
send packet data.
 BSS includes BTS and MS.
Network Subsystem(NSS)
 It consist of a number of sgsns
 Also consist of a number of msc
 helps in – authentication, operation & maintenance of
subsystems

SIM
ME
BTS
BTS
BSC
BSC
HLR HLR
HLR HLR
MSC SGSN GGSN
PSTN,
ISDN,
PSPDN
CSPD
N
BSS NSS

RADIO STATION SUBSYSTEM
 Consist of a number of ms, bts & bsc’s
 Ms having gprs capability
 Stores a cksn( cipher key sequence number – a logical
identity)
GATEWAY SUBSYSTEM
 Consist of sgsn & ggsn
 Provide connections to other networks & pda
 Pda – public data network

GPRS INTERFACES
 UM – ERROR CORRECTION / ERROR DETECTION
 BTS-BSC – CHANNEL ALLOCATION,POWER
MEASUREMENT
 Gb – CONNECT BSC TO SGSN
 Gn – TO MOVE USER PROFILE WHEN THE USER
MOVES FROM ONE SGSN TO OTHER
 Gp – USER PROFILE AND SIGNALLING
INFORMATION B/W SGSN & GGSN OF OTHER
AREA

 Gf – USED TO REGISTER THE MS IN THE
NETWORK
 Gr – B/W SGSN & HLR , USED TO GET THE USER
PROFILE
 GC – B/W GGSN& HLR , USED BY GGSN TO QUERY
USER’S LOCATION & PROFILE TO UPDATE ITS
LOCATION REGISTER
 Gi – CONNECTS GGSV TO EXTERNAL PDN
 Gd – USED TO EXCHANGE SHORT MESSAGES

GPRS other components
 Home Location Register(HLR): registers user profile
and responds to queries from GSNs .
 Mobile Station(MS): it is the mobile phone or device
 SMS Nodes: used for sms transmission via the SGSN

Acronyms
 GPRS – GENERAL PACKET RADIO SERVICE
 MS – MOBILE STATION
 BTS – BASE TRANCEIVER STATION
 BSC – BASE STATION CONTROLLER
 MSC – MOBILE SERVICES SWITCHING CENTER
 HLR – HOME LOCATION REGISTER
 AUC – AUTHENTICATION CENTER
 EIR – EQUIPMENT IDENTITY REGISTER
 VLR – VISITOR LOCATION REGISTER

Introduction
 Enhanced data for global evolution(EDGE) is a high
speed mobile data standard, intended to enable
second generation global system for mobile
communication (GSM) and time division multiple
access(TDMA).
 Transmits data at up to 384 kilobits per second(Kbps)
 1GB downloaded in 44 hrs
 1GB uploaded in 89 hrs

EDGE Technology
 EDGE – Enhanced Data GSM Environment.
 Developed to increase the bandwidth of GPRS
technology.
 EDGE increased the bandwidth of GSM from 144 Kbps
to 384 Kbps.
 Migration towards 3G technology started.
 Modulation Technique is Eight Phase shift keying (8
PSK)

EDGE benefits
 Short-term benefits –
 EDGE triples the capacity of GPRS.
 Boosts performance of existing application and
enables services such as multimedia…..
 Enables transceiver to carry more voice/data
traffic.

EDGE benefits
 Mid-term benefits – Complementary Technology
 EDGE and WCDMA are complementary technology.
 EDGE is designed to integrate into the existing network
– base not replaced or installed from scratch making
implementation seamless.
 With EDGE, operators can offer more wireless data
applications, including wireless multimedia, e-mail, web
infotainment and positioning services, for both
consumer and business users.

EDGE benefits
 Long term benefits – Harmonization with WCDMA
 EDGE can be seen as a foundation toward one seamless
GSM and WCDMA network with a combined core
network and different access methods that are
transparent to the end user.
 Subscribers will be able to browse the Internet on their
mobile phones, personal digital assistants or laptops at
the same speed as on stationary personal computers.

• A digital multiple access technique specified by
the Telecommunications Industry Association
(TIA) as "IS-95.“
• One of the unique aspect of CDMA is that while
there are certainly limits to the number of phone
calls that can be handled by a carrier, this is not
a fixed number .
• Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a
digital air interface standard, claiming eight to
fifteen times the capacity of analog.

CDMA
 Unique code to differentiate all users
 Sequence used for spreading have low cross-
correlations
 Allow many users to occupy all the
frequency/bandwidth allocations at that same time
 Processing gain is the system capacity
 How many users the system can support

• Multiple Access in CDMA:
• Each user is assigned a unique PN code.
• Each user transmits its information by spreading with
unique code.
• Direct Sequence spread spectrum is used.
• Users are separated by code not by time slot and freq
slot.

• Classification of CDMA Systems
CDMA
one
CDMA
2000
IS95 IS95B JSTD 008
Narrow Band
Wide Band
CDMA SYSTEMS

2G: IS-95A (1995) Known as CDMAOne
 Chip rate at 1.25Mbps
 Convolutional codes, Viterbi Decoding
 Downlink (Base station to mobile):
 Walsh code 64-bit for channel separation
 M-sequence 215 for cell separation
 Uplink (Mobile to base station):
 M-sequence 241 for channel and user separation

2G: IS-95A (1995)
Standard IS-95, ANSI J-STD-008
Multiple Access CDMA
Uplink Frequency 869-894 MHz
Downlink Frequency 824-849 MHz
Channel Separation 1.25 MHz
Modulation Scheme BPSK/QPSK
Number of Channel 64
Channel Bit Rate 1.25 Mbps (chip rate)
Speech Rate 8~13 kbps
Data Rate Up to 14.4 kbps
Maximum Tx Power 600 mW

2.5G: IS-95B (1998)
 Increased data rate for internet applications
 Up to 115 kbps (8 times that of 2G)
 Support web browser format language
 Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)

3G Technology
 Ability to receive live music, interactive web sessions,
voice and data with multimedia features
 Global Standard IMT-2000
 CDMA 2000, proposed by TIA
 W-CDMA, proposed by ARIB/ETSI
 Issued by ITU (International Telecommunication
Union)

3G Specficiations
 Excellent voice quality
 Data rate
 144 kbps in high mobility
 384 kbps in limited mobility
 2 Mbps in door
 Frequency Band 1885-2025 MHz
 Convolutional Codes
 Turbo Codes for high data rates

3G: CDMA2000 (2000)
 CDMA 1xEV-DO
 peak data rate 2.4 Mbps
 supports mp3 transfer and video conferencing
 CDMA 1xEV-DV
 Integrated voice and high-speed data multimedia service up
to 3.1 Mbps
 Channel Bandwidth:
 1.25, 5, 10, 15 or 20 MHz
 Chip rate at 3.6864 Mbps
 Modulation Scheme
 QPSK in downlink
 BPSK in uplink

3G: CDMA2000 Spreading Codes
 Downlink
 Variable length orthogonal Walsh sequences for channel
separation
 M-sequences 3x215 for cell separation (different phase
shifts)
 Uplink
 Variable length orthogonal Walsh sequences for channel
separation
 M-sequences 241 for user separation (different phase
shifts)

3G: W-CDMA (2000)
 Stands for “wideband” CDMA
 Channel Bandwidth:
 5, 10 or 20 MHz
 Chip rate at 4.096 Mbps
 Modulation Scheme
 QPSK in downlink
 BPSK in uplink

3G: W-CDMA Spreading Codes
 Downlink
 Variable length orthogonal sequences for channel
separation
 Gold sequences 218 for cell separation
 Uplink
 Variable length orthogonal sequences for channel
separation
 Gold sequences 241 for user separation

4G Technology (2010)
 High data rates => 100 Mbps
 Multimedia data up to ~102 Mbps
 IP-oriented network => Internet
 MIMO using Multiple Antennas
 Spreading code
 Non-binary sequences
 Multiple Access Technique
 MC-CDMA

References
 Mobile Computing by Ashoke k Talukder
 http://www.tutorialspoint.com/gprs/gprs_architectur
e.html
 Mobile Communications by Jochen Schiller

Cellular standars gprs edge cdma in mobile communication

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