The Sardar Sarovar Project on the Narmada River has faced over 56 years of controversy regarding its construction and impacts. The project began in 1946 and aims to provide hydroelectric power, irrigation, and drinking water. However, its construction has faced disputes around resettlement of project-affected families and environmental impacts. Over 127,000 people were displaced, and project costs ballooned. While it provides benefits, the project's impacts require careful management and mitigation efforts.
2. 222
` Abhilash Pakhmode
Hrishikesh Jadhav
Siddhesh Patil
Tarsem Chauhan
Team
Members
Source: http://www.hydroresearch.se/en/about-us/fantastic-dam-water-flow-scenery-
wallpaper/
3. 3
Background
of the Project
• .
1946
1961
1987
2017
Initiation of Narmada Valley Development Project
(NVDP) to utilise the Narmada River for Irrigation
First Prime minister Hon’ble
Jawaharlal Nehru initiated the
SSP.
Current Prime Minister Hon’ble Narendra
Modi inaugurated the SSP
Initiation of the
construction of the SSP
5. 5
About the Project
•
30%
36%
34%
37,533 ha
Agricultural
Forest
River & Water Bed
Acquired Land
88.14%
1.7%
10.16%
Catchment Area
Madhya Pradesh
Mahrashtra
Gujarat
97,410
sq.km
57%
27%
16%
Funds Raised for Power generation
Madhya Pradesh
Mahrashtra
Gujarat
97,410
sq.km
6. 6
Purpose
of the Project
Hydroelectricity
• Capacity of the Power Generation is 1,450
MW
• The Project will generate between 856 to
1,007 Million Units per year via cheap and
eco-friendly indigenous hydropower.
Irrigation
• Aim of the Project is to irrigated 18,000 sq.km mostly in
Drought Prone Area
• Capacity of Head Regulator 1,133 cu.m/s having 534 km
in Length which is largest irrigation canal in the world.
• Tribal area in Maharashtra and Drought Prone Area in
Rajasthan will also get irrigation benefits.
• Decrease in the Suicidal rate of Farmers
Sources: - http://misriote.com/sardarsarovarnarmadadam.html
http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/no-water-
7. 7
Purpose
of the Project
Drinking Water
• Supply of 3571 MLD of Drinking Water (2900 MLD for
Domestic Consumption and 671 MLD of Industrial
Consumption) for 8215 villages and 135 Towns.
• Provision of Safe Drinking Water for 30 Million People
Other Benefits
• Fishery Development
• Source of Tourism
• Agroindustry Development
• Conserved Forest
• Recreational FacilitiesSource: - https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/us-govts-opic-commits-12-5-mn-loan-for-clean-
drinking-water-in-india-2536723.html
https://www.tripadvisor.in/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g2009278-d2008993-i53468240-Sardar_Sarovar_Dam-
Songadh_Tapi_District_Gujarat.html
http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2017/02/13/the-sardar-sarovar-dam-drowning-out-citizens-but-who-benefits/
9. 9
Impacts Analysis Pre Construction StagePoliticalImpact
• Dispute between States for Water
Distribution
• Dispute to finalize the Height of the
Dam
86%
11.5%
2.5%
Water Distribution between States
Gujarat Rajasthan Maharashtra
21.28
Lac Ha
Problem Solution
• Proper Planning of Height of the Dam
including benefit to PAF
0
50
100
150
200
Change in Height
10. 10
Impacts Analysis Pre Construction Stage
SocialImpact
• Improper Rehabilitation and
Resettlements
14.12%
70.45%
15.43%
Population Affected Due to
submergence
Gujarat Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra
1,27,446
Problem Solution
• Provision of 1.25 times of the
existing submerged land of
Families by Government
• 450 sq.m of residential plot are
provided free of cost per family
• Rs 45,000 are provided to the
PAF who were not interested in
land
11. 11
Impacts Analysis Construction Stage
EnvironmentalImpact
Problem
• Mobilisation of Vehicles
• Combustion of Fuel
• Dumping of
Construction Materials
Solution
• Installation of Air Quality
Sensor Module
• Usage of Plastic Cover
while Dumping
Air pollution Land Pollution
Problem
• Sewage and Waste Generation
from Labour Camp.
• Impact due to runoff from
construction site causing water
logging and soil erosion
Solution
• Provision of mobile toilet and
different types of dustbins
• Substantial usage of water should
be carried out
Wildlife Impact
Problem
• Arising problem of Endangered
Species
• Adverse Effect on Plants and
Trees
Solution
• Wildlife Sanctuaries in Different
Forestry Land should be
provided
• Provision of 9 times the
Plantation and Mangrove
Afforestation.
12. 12
Impacts Analysis Construction Stage
Economical&SocialImpact
Problem
• Stoppage of Funding by
stakeholder
• Cost Overrun
Solution
• Proper Per-Construction Planning
and Stakeholder Management
and DPR should be made
Economical Impact Social Impact
Problem
• Health Problems
• Problem faced by Rehabilitated People
due to New Culture and Habits
Solution
• Pesticides film on water to avoid Mosquito
generation
• Provision of Healthcare Centre
• Provision of Basic Facilities like School,
Proper connectivity
13. 13
Impacts Analysis Operation Stage
Environmental Impact
• Accumulation of Earth Mass at point
• Seismic Effect on Reservoir
• Water Logging And Salination
Social Impact
• Increase in Job Opportunity
• Tourism
14. 1414
Resettlement & Rehabilitation
Made comprehensive plan for that
high power committee made
Flood Control
Open all the gate of dam and Proper
function made by all cannel and their
distributaries.
Protection of Flora and fauna
Plantation and Making a new
sanctuaries
Financial Risk
Hurdle
s
Engineered solution
Provision financial strategic plan
syncing with proper project
implementation plan
15. 15
Funding
Under supervision of Planning commission, Gov. of INDIA
4,103.72
1,100
40.63
0.35
252.5
Sources of Funds (Rs in Cr)
Equity Share Capital
Loan from GSFS Ltd.
Increase in other Long Term Liabilities
Increase in long term provisions
Decrease in Working Capital
5,497.5
162.27
1,100
197.3
264.26
264.26
3,368.99
Application of Funds (Rs in Cr)
Repayment of Long Term Loans of Banks
Repayment of Loan of P.F.C. Ltd.
Redemption of Deep Discount Bonds
Repayment of GSFS Loan
Purchase of Fixed Assets
Capital Expenditure on Project
4,716.9
16. 1616
Grand Coulee Dam Sardar Sarovar Dam
Project Proposed 1925 1946
Construction Period 1933-1942 & 1967-1975 1987-2017
Cost of Construction $ 893mn ($ 4.95bn in 2016)
$ 8bn ($ 1.25bn initial
estimate in 1988)
Quantity of Concrete 91,74,658 m3 91,55,942 m3
Irrigated Land 6,70,000 acres 21,28,500 acres
Electricity Generation 21bn kWh-per year 1bn kWh-per year
Catchment Area 1,91,918 km2 88000 km2
https://www.usbr.gov/pn/grandcoulee/about/faq.html
Comparison of Major Dams
17. 1717
Schedule of Resettlement and Rehabilitation
• Calculation of
Catchment Area
• Calculating Max.
Flood Level
Step 1:
Identification of
Catchment Area
• Identification of
Rehabilitation Area
• Identification of
Funds Required
Step 2:
Rehabilitation • Allocation of Funds
to the PAFs
• Rehabilitation of
PAFs
Step 3: Allocation
of Funds
18. 1818
Recommendation and Conclusion
• The controlling authority such as Narmada Management Authority needs to ensure that
such Environment Management Plan does not remain only on paper but is implemented
• The required height of the dam needs to be specified during the Pre-Construction Phase
and all the Environmental, Political and Financial clearances to be taken prior to avoid
delay in the project
20. 20
Reference
• Annual, A. R., 2014. National Crime Reports Bureau, Government Of India. [Online] [Accessed 28 October 2018].
• Anon., 2017. The Economic Times. [Online] Available At: Https://Economictimes.Indiatimes.Com/News/Politics-and-nation/Modi-to-inaugurateworlds-second-biggest-dam-on-
september-17/Closed-to-raise-the-height/Slideshow/60512619.Cms [Accessed 28 October 2018].
• Anon., 2018. Catchment Area Treatment. [Online].
• Anon., 2018. Sardar Sarovar Dam (SSD), Gujarat. [Online] Available At: Https://Www.Water-technology.Net/Projects/Sardar-sarovar-dam-gujarat/ [Accessed 28 October 2018].
• Anon., 2018. Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Ltd. [Online] Available At: Http://Www.Sardarsarovardam.Org/Features-of-project.Aspx [Accessed 28 October 2018].
• Cleveland, C., 2018. China's Monster Three Gorges Dam Is About To Slow The Rotation Of The Earth. [Online] Available At: Https://Www.Businessinsider.Com/Chinas-three-
gorges-dam-really-will-slow-the-earthsrotation-2010-6?IR=T [Accessed 28 October 2018].
• Flood, L. U., 1997. Sardar Sarovar Dam: A Case Study Of Development-induced Environmental Displacement. August, 16(3), Pp. 12-17.
• Goyal, D., April 2013. Environmental Impact And Risk Assessment For The Proposed Barrage Across Narmada River, Gandhinagar: Narmada, Water Resources, Water Supply
And Kalpasar Department.
• Kumar, S., 2018. Youtube. [Online] Available At: Https://Youtu.Be/1GTDX58K_G0 [Accessed 27 October 2018].
• Parasuraman, S., Upadhyaya, H. & Balasub, G., 2010. Sardar Sarovar Project: War Of Attrition. Economic & Political Weekly, 30 Jan, Volume Vol-xlv No 5, P. 39.
• Sardar Sarovar Punarvasvat Agency, 2017. Sardar Sarovar Punarvasvat Agency. [Online] Available At: Https://Sspa.Gujarat.Gov.In/ [Accessed 28 10 2018].
• Sardar Sarovar Punarvasvat Agency, 2018. About SSPA. [Online] Available At: Https://Sspa.Gujarat.Gov.In/About-us [Accessed 27 October 2018].
• Shelat, U., N.D. Report On Rehabilitation And Resettlement, Gandhinagar: S.N.
• Shelat, U., N.D. Resettlement In River Narmada Basin, Baroda: S.N.
• Thakurta, P. G., 2013. World Bank Threatens To Withdraw Support To Sardar Sarovar Project. [Online] Available At:
Https://Www.Indiatoday.In/Magazine/Environment/Story/19890531-world-bankthreatens-to-withdraw-support-to-sardar-sarovar-project-816135-1989-05-31 [Accessed 28
October 2018].
Editor's Notes
Sardar Sarovar Project became a part of Narmada Valley Development Project (NVDP)
It was based on Narmada river which is the 5th Longest River in South Asia and Longest Indian River Flowing Westward Direction. NVDP comprises of 30 Large Dam, 135 Medium Dam and 300 Small Dams.
This Project is Situated in Navagam, Gujarat where also new Statue of Unity is at downstream of Sardar Sarovar Dam
The estimated cost of the project in the year 2010-11 was ₨ 400bn from ₨ 64bn in 1988 as per Anon, 2018
due to which the project was extended.
Sardar Sarovar Dam (SSD) is a part of Narmada Development Project (NDP)
To meet the supply of electricity, drinking water and irrigation for the states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.
Length of Reservoir = 214 km
Max. width = 16.10 km
Average width = 1.77 km
Spillway Capacity = 87,000 cumecs
Shoot Spillway = 7 (60’ x 60’)
Service Spillway = 23 (60’ x 55’)
Human Settlement
Improper rehabilitation for 12,000 Families
Insufficient Cash Payment
Improper Provision of Basic Amenities
Provision of resettlement outskirt of the city
Requirement of purchasing of water.
MH, MP GUJ and Raj were having dispute regarding water distribution. Body like NWDT narmada water dispute tribunal was set up. Balance benefit and cost among states was estimated.
MP govt requested NCA for reduction of dam height from 455 feet to 436 feet. But the proposal was was beyond jurisdiction of NCA. By reducing 19 feet 38000 people would save from displacement & 25000 acre of land with good productive could be save from submergence.
Mp govt requested NCA to
Wildlife – 1) tiger and wolf species was almost going to obsolute.
Plants and trees.. as contonious increase in height cause more submergence of plants and tress.
Economical impact- stoppage of funding..due to NBA protest world bank stop there funding in 92
Earth masss—shifting of earth mass will affect the rotation of earth due to moment of inetia. The longer the distance of mass to it axis of rotation the slower it will spin. You make not know that earth is slightly round in middle and flat on top. It has also change it pole position by about 2 CM.
Seismic effect… dam are susceptible to earth quake motion. Because there is sudden change in mass at upstream and downstream side.
Water logging and salination --- due to increase in salt in land it adversely affetct plant growth and survival.
Waster logging – casue due to choking of drainage.. heavy losses due to seppage from canal…poor drainage .. and heavy rrainfall..